<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alvarez, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epstein, H.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial patterns of grasses and shrubs in an arid grassland environment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosphere</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Press</style></year></dates><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3272</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barger, N. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archer, S.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. L. Campbell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C. H. Huang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Morton</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapp, A.K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woody plant proliferation in North American drylands: a synthesis of impacts on ecosystem carbon balance</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Press</style></year></dates><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3273</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barnes, P. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Throop, H.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hewins, D. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abbene, M. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archer, S.R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil coverage reduces photodegradation and promotes the dvelopment of soil-microbial films on dryland leaf litter</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosystems</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">decomposition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">litter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">photodegradation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil-microbial films</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Press</style></year></dates><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN6547</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wiens, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regan, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayward, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Safford, H.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Is the historical range of variation relevant to rangeland management?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Historical Environmental Variation in Conservation and Natural Resources Management: Past, Present, and Future</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">book</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chapter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental variation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">historical natural resource management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">report</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Press</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wiley-Blackwell</style></publisher><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3299</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rahn, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Throop, H.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An accounting of C-based trace gas release during abiotic plant litter degradation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C-based trace gas</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">decomposition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant litter</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Press</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Press</style></date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN6548</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Throop, H.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reichmann, L.G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, O. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archer, S.R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Response of dominant grass and shrub species to water manipulation: An ecophysiological basis for shrub invasion in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grassland community</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water manipulation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Press</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Press</style></date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN6550</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, Dean M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, Rick E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Managing livestock suing animal behavior: Mixed-species stocking and flerds</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">animal behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bonding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">livestock</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">predation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">02/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/12-006.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-11</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Mixed-species stocking can foster sound landscape management while offering economic and ecological advantages compared to mono-species stocking.&amp;nbsp; Producers contemplating a mixed-species enterprise should reflect on several considerations before implementing this animal management strategy.&amp;nbsp; Factors applicable to a particular producer&amp;rsquo;s landscape must be considered together with goals and economic constraints before implementing mixed-species stocking.&amp;nbsp; A major consideration when using mixed-species stocking is how to deal with predation losses, especially among small ruminants.&amp;nbsp; An approach being adopted in some commercial operations capitalizes on using innate animal behaviors to form cohesive groups of two or more livestock species that consistently remain together under free-ranging conditions.&amp;nbsp; These groups are referred to as flerds.&amp;nbsp; The mixing of a flock of sheep and/or goats with a herd of cattle into a flerd has been shown to protect sheep and goats from coyote predation as well as offering other husbandry advantages.&amp;nbsp; Some of the added advantages include more efficient conversion of forage into animal protein.&amp;nbsp; Creation of flerds, their maintenance and advantages are discussed.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7703</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, Dean M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murray, Leigh W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep Laterality</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laterality</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">behavioural lateralisation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">handedness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">livestock behaviour</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">T-maze</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/12-008</style></url></web-urls></urls><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-15</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica&quot;&gt;Turning preferences among 309 white-faced ewes were individually evaluated in an enclosed, artificially lit T-maze, followed by each ewe choosing either a right or left return alley to return to peers. Data recorded included time in the start box, time in the T-maze, exit arm chosen to leave the T-maze, and return alley. Right and left arms of the T-maze were chosen 65.7% and 34.3% of the time, respectively, while right and left return alleys were chosen 32.4% and 67.6%, respectively. Exit arm and return alley were not independently chosen (pB.0001), with observed counts being higher than expected under independence when ewes made the same choice for exit and alley (RR or LL turn patterns) and being lower than expected for alternating choices (RL or LR). Out of the 309 ewes, 28.2% and 30.1% chose RR and LL turn patterns, respectively, while 37.5% chose the RL turn pattern, but only 13 (4.2%) chose the LR turning pattern. Overall, ewes that initially turned right when presented a second turning opportunity had a slight preference to alternate their turning direction, while ewes that initially turned left tended to continue turning left when given another chance to turn. Exit arm and return alley laterality was not related (a_.05) to time of day the test was administered, ewe&lt;span style=&quot;font: 12.0px Times&quot;&gt;&amp;rsquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font: 12.0px Arial&quot;&gt;s age or genetics, most recent liveweight, or most recent shorn fleece weight. The mean time spent in the start box (21 s) was not related to exit arm (p_.947) or return alley (p_.779).&amp;nbsp; Mean time (15 s) spent in the T-maze was not related to exit arm (p_.086) or return alley (p_.952). More research will be required to understand sheep turning laterality and how it can impact working facilities and research equipment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">iFirst</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7714</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Klass, Jeremy R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Debra P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trojan, Jacqueline M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomas, Stephen H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nematodes as an indicator of plant–soil interactions associated with desertification</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied Soil Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bouteloua eriopoda</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">connectivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nematode communities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nematode diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prosopis glandulosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">semi-arid grasslands</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/12-009</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66-77</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Conversion of perennial grasslands to shrublands is a desertification process that is important globally.&lt;br /&gt;
	Changes in aboveground ecosystem properties with this conversion have been well-documented, but&lt;br /&gt;
	little is known about how belowground communities are affected, yet these communities may be important&lt;br /&gt;
	drivers of desertification as well as constraints on the reversal of this state change. We examined&lt;br /&gt;
	nematode community structure and feeding as a proxy for soil biotic change across a desertification&lt;br /&gt;
	gradient in southern NM, USA. We had two objectives: (1) to compare nematode trophic structure and&lt;br /&gt;
	species diversity within vegetation states representing different stages of desertification, and (2) to compare&lt;br /&gt;
	nematode community structure between bare and vegetated patches that may be connected via a&lt;br /&gt;
	matrix of endophytic fungi and soil biotic crusts. The gradient included a perennial grassland dominated&lt;br /&gt;
	by Bouteloua eriopoda, the historic dominant in the Chihuahuan Desert, a duneland dominated by the&lt;br /&gt;
	shrub, Prosopis glandulosa, and the ecotone between them. We also sampled a relatively undisturbed,&lt;br /&gt;
	ungrazed B. eriopoda grassland at a nearby site to serve as an end member of our gradient. Nematode&lt;br /&gt;
	communities were sampled using soil cores to depth of 50 cm at each location in 2009 and 2010. Results&lt;br /&gt;
	showed that grasslands and mesquite dunelands had different trophic groupings and herbivorous nematode&lt;br /&gt;
	communities with lower species diversity and evenness compared with the ecotone. Nematode&lt;br /&gt;
	trophic structure and herbivore communities were significantly different in all vegetation states with&lt;br /&gt;
	the highest observed diversity in the undisturbed, ungrazed B. eriopoda grassland in 2010. Vegetated and&lt;br /&gt;
	bare ground patches within the two grassland sites had similar herbivore communities, especially species&lt;br /&gt;
	from the family Tylenchinae. However, the mesquite duneland showed the lowest sampled diversity of&lt;br /&gt;
	all sites, but had significantly larger nematode abundances in vegetated dunes than interdune areas that&lt;br /&gt;
	are void of vegetation and soil biotic crusts where bacteriovores dominated. Decreased nematode trophic&lt;br /&gt;
	structure and species diversity in the Jornada black grama grassland samples compared with the undisturbed&lt;br /&gt;
	grassland illustrate the effect of desertification on the soil biotic community. Our results show&lt;br /&gt;
	that nematodes can be used to identify changes in belowground community structure based on trophic&lt;br /&gt;
	interactions. Large-scale disturbances like desertification can have consequences on the diversity and&lt;br /&gt;
	soil biotic functioning at finer spatial scales.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7723</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>19</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, Andrea S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mapping rangelands with unmanned aircraft</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Professional Surveyor Magazine</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">03/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=71086 </style></url></web-urls></urls><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40-44</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;At the Jornada Experimental Range in southern New Mexico, ongoing research is aimed at determining the utility of UAS for rangeland mapping and monitoring and developing an operational UAS-based remote sensing program for ecological applications.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spring 2012</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7707</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Debra, P.C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grassland simulation models: A synthesis of current models and future challenges</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Handbook of Ecological Models Used in Ecosystem and Environmental Management</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/12-004.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CRC Pess</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baco Raton, FL</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">175-201</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">978-1-4398-1812-1</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;This chapter synthesizes the different kinds of simulation models commonly used to address questions about controls on dynamics of perennial grasslands. Five major classes of models are described using specific models as examples: (1) demographic, (2) physiological, (3) physical, (4) biogeochemistry, and (5) dynamic global vegetation. Each class of model is described relative to the types of questions that can be addressed, and then its advantages and limitations are stated. Recommendations on which model to select for different kinds of questions are given as well as future challenges in grassland modeling are described. The chapter contains five tables, one for each model class, that provide detailed information on input parameters, spatial and temporal resolution, and response variables for specific models that will aide readers in selecting models for use in different situations. In addition, a comprehensive literature cited includes many of the more commonly used and published models for grasslands.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7694</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Debra C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, Jin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, Osvaldo E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, John P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Directional climate change and potential reversal of desertification in arid and semiarid ecosystems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">extreme events</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grasslands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">regime shift</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrublands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial content</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wet-dry climatic periods</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/12-002.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">151-163</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Our objective was to determine if long-term increases in precipitation can maintain grasslands susceptible to desertification, and initiate a reversal of historic regime shifts on desertified shrublands. Perennial grass production and species richness in a multi-year wet period were hypothesized to be greater than expected based on precipitation in a sequence of dry years. These responses were expected to differ for grasslands and shrublands with different dominant species and topo-edaphic properties. Long-term trends in desertification were documented using vegetation maps beginning in 1858, 1915, 1928, and 1998). These trends were compared with herbaceous and woody species responses to a sequence of dry (1994&amp;ndash;2003) and wet years (2004&amp;ndash;2008) for two grassland (uplands, playas) and three desertified shrubland types (honey mesquite, creosotebush, tarbush) in the Chihuahuan Desert. Analyses showed that both types of grasslands decreased in spatial extent since 1858 whereas areas dominated by mesquite or creosotebush increased. Production of upland grasslands in the wet period was greater than expected based on responses during the dry period whereas the relationships between species richness and precipitation was the same for both periods. Precipitation was not important to responses in playa grasslands in either period. For all ecosystem types, the production response in wet years primarily was an increase in herbaceous plants, and the most pronounced responses occurred on sandy sites (upland grasslands, mesquite shrubland). Results suggest that multiple wet years are needed to initiate a sequence of grass establishment and survival processes that can maintain upland grasslands without management inputs and lead to a state change reversal in desertified shrublands. Restoration strategies need to take advantage of opportunities provided by future climates while recognizing the importance of ecosystem type.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7559</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">151</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Throop, H.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archer, S.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waltman, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">When bulk density methods matter: implications for estimating soil organic carbon pools in coarse soils</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bulk density</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon pool</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOC</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil organic carbon</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">02/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/12-001.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66-71</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Resolving uncertainty in the carbon cycle is paramount to refining climate predictions. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a major component of terrestrial C pools, and accuracy of SOC estimates are only as good as the measurements and assumptions used to obtain them. Dryland soils account for a substantial portion of global SOC, but the pool dynamics are highly uncertain. One crucial component of accurate estimates of SOC on an areal basis is bulk density (&amp;rho;b), the mass of soil per unit volume. Here, we review methods used for calculating &amp;rho;b and assess their prevalence. We show how treatment of coarse fragments (particles &amp;gt;2 mm diameter) influences &amp;rho;b values and discuss the implications for SOC estimates in drylands. In four dryland examples, methods that varied in their treatment of coarse fragments led to substantial (up to 26%) differences in &amp;rho;b. Calculated SOC pools responded proportionally, with SOC differing by up to 518 g C m&amp;minus;2. We suggest a revised method for accounting for coarse fractions in &amp;rho;b calculations. A large portion of the world&amp;rsquo;s soils, particularly in drylands, are fine enough to allow &amp;rho;b determination with cores, but contain coarse fragments that substantially impact SOC mass estimates if not explicitly considered.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3291</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weems, Stacey, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. Curtis</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Banded vegetation-dune development during the Medieval Warm Period and 20th century, Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico, USA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosphere</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon isotopes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desert geomorphology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emergence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Little Ice Age</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medieval Warm Period</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">object-based image analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">positive feedback mechanisms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil radiocarbon dating</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">03/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/12-010</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">art21</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;With the advent of systematic high-resolution satellite photography, striking geometric shapes of banded vegetation several km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in size, but not apparent from the ground, have been documented for many areas of the arid and semiarid world. Banded vegetation, in which dense perennial vegetation alternates with bands of bare soil may originate from geomorphic processes, ecological self-organization, or human land use. In the Chihuahuan Desert of New Mexico prominent arc-shaped bands of vegetation and dunes occur along the contact of a piedmont slope (bajada) and basin floor. The origin and chronology of this banded vegetation-dune complex was investigated using early aerial photography (1936&amp;ndash;1942), landscape photography (1918), vegetation and soil surveys (1858, 1918), soil stratigraphy, &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C/&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;C ratios, and &lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C dating. These methods reveal two periods of eolian deposition. The first began in the Medieval Warm Period (ca. AD 900&amp;ndash;1300) and was followed by a period of landscape stability during the Little Ice Age (ca. AD 1500 to 1850). The second began in the late-1800s when widespread desertification occurred throughout the American Southwest. Banded vegetation was initiated after formation of erosional scarplets that functioned as obstacles upon which eolian sand accumulated, thus becoming a dam to overland flow and causing strips of vegetation to form. Banded vegetation in this study is an emergent pattern produced by a coupled ecologic-geomorphic-climatic system. The stratigraphic record produced by this system enables us to compare current ecological responses to climate change with baseline prehistorical responses to climate change.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7706</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">art21</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, W. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steinberger, Y.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of seasonal grazing, drought, fire, and carbon enrichment on soil icroarthropods in a desert grassland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon enrichment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cattle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">drought</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fire</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perennial grass cover</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prostigmatid mite</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rain-out shelter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil microarthropods</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10-14</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;This study was designed to test hypotheses about the combined effects of short-term, seasonal grazing with seasonal drought, fire, and carbon enrichment on soil microarthropod communities in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland. The study was conducted in eighteen 0.5 ha plots following three consecutive years of treatment: six plots intensively grazed in summer, six in winter, and six not grazed. There was no difference in perennial grass cover on the summer-grazed and winter-grazed plots. Intensive seasonal grazing had no effect on the abundance and community composition of soil microarthropods. Within each plot there were six subplots: summer rain-out, winter rain-out, burned, glucose amendment, rainout control and burn-glucose control. Fire and carbon enrichment had no significant effect on soil microarthropod abundance or community composition. The average number of microarthropods ranged from 8915 &amp;plusmn; 1422 m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; in the ungrazed, unburned plots to 7175 &amp;plusmn; 1232 m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; in the winter-grazed, unburned plots. Microarthropod densities in the glucose-amended plots were 8917 &amp;plusmn; 4902 m-2 in the winter-grazed plots and 10,731 &amp;plusmn; 863 m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; in the glucose-amended, summer-grazed subplots. The prostigamatid mite, Tydeus sp., was the most abundant microarthropod taxon in all treatment plots. &amp;copy; 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, Walter G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ginzburg, Orit</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berg, Naama</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steinberger, Yosef</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Do long-lived ants affect soil microbial communities?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology and Fertility of Soils</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aphaenogaster cockerelli</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate-Community-level physiological profile</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CLPP</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">functional diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">honeypot ant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microbial biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MicroResp method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myrmecocystus debilis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pogonomyrmex rugosus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">227-233</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;This study was designed to test the hypothesis that desert ant species that build nests that remain viable at a particular point in space for more than a decade produce soil conditions that enhance microbial biomass and functional diversity. We studied the effects of a seed-harvester ant, &lt;em&gt;Pogonomyrmex rugosus&lt;/em&gt;, and two generalist ant species, &lt;em&gt;Aphaeonogaster cockerelli&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Myrmecocystus depilis&lt;/em&gt;, on soil microbial communities. Microbial biomass was higher in &lt;em&gt;P. rugosus&lt;/em&gt;-modified soils than in reference soils when soil water content was higher than 3%. Microbial biomass was either higher in reference soils or exhibited no difference in reference soils and nest-modified soils of &lt;em&gt;A. cockerelli &lt;/em&gt;and &lt;em&gt;M. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;depilis&lt;/em&gt;. There were differences in microbial functional diversity and microbial community level physiological profiles (MicroResp method) between ant-nest-modified and reference soils of the three ant species on some sampling dates. Temporal pattenrs of soil microbial communities associated with the ant species resulted from differences in soil moisture, density, and species composition of the annual plant c0ommunities associated with the ant nests and in reference areas. Differences in annual plant communities associated with ant nests and surrounding areas resulted in different chemical inputs into the soil organic-matter pools. This study shows that generalizations about the effects of long-lived ant nests on soil biota in arid regions must consider feeding behaviors of the ant species and temporal patterns of rainfall.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7680</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williamson, Jeb C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, Brandon T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Debra P. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatiotemporal patterns of production can be used to detect state change across an arid landscape</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosystems</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aboveground net primary production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert state change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grassland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">normalized difference vegetation index</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">precipitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub encroachment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrubland</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/12-003.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34-47</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Methods to detect and quantify shifts in the state of ecosystems are increasingly important as global change drivers push more systems towards thresholds of change. Temporal relationships between precipitation and aboveground net primary production (ANPP) have been studied extensively in arid and semiarid ecosystems, but rarely has spatial variation in these relationships been investigated at a landscape scale, and rarely has such information been viewed as a resource for mapping the distribution of different ecological states. We examined the broad-scale effects of a shift from grassland to shrubland states on spatiotemporal patterns of remotely sensed ANPP proxies in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. We found that the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), when averaged across an eight-year period, did not vary significantly between these states, despite changes in ecosystem attributes likely to influence water availability to plants. In contrast, temporal relationships between precipitation and time-integrated NDVI (NDVI-I) modeled on a per-pixel basis were sensitive to spatial variation in shrub canopy cover, a key attribute differentiating ecological states in the region. The slope of the relationship between annual NDVI-I and two year cumulative precipitation was negatively related to, and accounted for 71% of variation in, shrub canopy cover estimated at validation sites using high spatial resolution satellite imagery. These results suggest that remote sensing studies of temporal precipitation-NDVI relationships may be useful for deriving shrub canopy cover estimates in the region, as well as for mapping other ecological state changes characterized by shifts in long-term ANPP, plant functional type dominance, or both.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7695</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remenyi, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murray, L.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using time-series intervention analysis to model cow heart rate affected by programmed audio and environmental/physiological cues</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied Statistics In Agriculture Conference Proceedings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">audio cue</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">direction virtual fencing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DVM</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">free-ranging beef cattle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">heart rate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polar hear rate monitors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">time-series analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-045.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kansas State University</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manhattan, Kansas</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107-136</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;This research is the first attempt at using time -series analysis to describe changes in the heart rate (HR) of free-ranging cows receiving programmed audio cues from directional virtual fencing (DVF&amp;trade;) devices designed to control the animal&amp;#39;s location on the landscape as well as non-programmed environmental/physiological cues. Polar Accurex&amp;reg; devices were used to capture HR every minute between March 19-24, 2003 when three mature free-ranging beef cows previously habituated to DVF&amp;trade; control were confined to a brush-infested area of an arid rangeland paddock. Global positioning system (GPS)electronics were used to locate each cow&amp;#39;s location approximately every minute while it was in a 58 ha virtual paddock (VP&amp;trade;) and every second when it penetrated a virtual boundary (VB&amp;trade;). The cows never escaped through the VB&amp;trade; though they penetrated it a total of 26 times in 11 different events at which time they received programmed audio cues lasting from 1 to 56 s. These data reveal that HR spikes from programmed audio cues all fell within the textbook range for cow HR (40-186 beats per minute, bpm). For both audio and selected evironmental /physiological events, HR spikes returned to pre-cuing &amp;quot;baseline&amp;quot; values in about one minute. However, the longest return time to baseline lasted (about 4 minutes) and this was for an environmental/physiological event. HR, animal location, weather and other electronic data should be measured at equally-spaced time intervals using a single time stamp so as to accurately associate HR changes with possible causes.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN98</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Original journal Applied Animal Behavior (rejected) - change to Physiology &amp;amp; Behavior10/12/2007 resbumitted to Livestock Science&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;October 12, 2007&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom5></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Danielson, T.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obeidat, S.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rayson, G.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bai, B,</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Differentiating among plant spectra by combining pH dependent photoluminescence spectroscopy with multi-way principal component analysis (MPCA)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Open Agriculture Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">botanical composition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemometrics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fluorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">luminescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-005.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photoluminescence spectroscopic probes offer the potential for real-time measurements of animal diet composition. Spectral emission signatures (excitation at 365 nm) from three different pH (2.2, 7.5 and 12.5) phosphate buffered saline (PBS) extracts from two grasses, Sporobolus flexuosus (Thurb. ex Vasey) Rydb., [mesa dropseed], and Pleuraphis mutica  Buckley [tobosa], two forbs, Dimorphocarpa wislizenii (Engelm.) Rollins [spectacle pod], and Sphaeralcea incana Torrey [pale globemallow], and leaves and twigs from two shrubs Flourensia cernua DC. [tarbush], and Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt., [fourwing saltbush] were examined. Since pH has been shown to be pivotal in affecting extraction efficiency of other plant compounds pH seemed appropriate as an additional dimension within our multi-way principal component analysis (MPCA) to differentiate among six different plant species. In particular, MPCA allowed differentiation between Sporobolus and Pleuraphis that was not possible using only principal component analysis (PCA).  This research suggests MPCA may be a more appropriate tool than PCA when attempting to discriminate among plant species.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN57</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 31, 2007</style></custom5><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murray, L.W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nakamatsu, V.B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterizing foraging patterns among cattle and bonded and non-bonded small ruminants using spatial point process techniques</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22nd Annual Conference Proceedings on Applied Statistics in Agriculture</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">animal distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">animal locations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cattle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flerds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">goats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mixed-species stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sheep</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-046.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kansas State University</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manhattan, Kansas</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12-35</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Two mixed-species livestock groups were monitored during foraging on 466 ha of brush-infested Southern New Mexico rangeland during July and August 1988. The groups consisted of crossbred Bos taurus and Bos indicus beef cattle with white-faced sheep and mohair goats. The treated group consisted of small ruminants that had their behaviors modified through bonding to form a flerd in which small ruminants consistently remain near cattle. Small ruminants in the control group were not bonded. Animal locations were measured during the morning (0700-0800 hr) and afternoon (1700-1800 hr) over five days. Distance measures and Monte Carlo simulations for spatial point processes were used to analyze the data. Only data for five morning periods are reported because morning and afternoon spatial patterns were similar. Results suggested bonded and control groups were similar in spatial patterns of intra-specific distances for both cattle and small ruminants. Bonding changed the repulsive relationship observed between large and non-bonded small ruminants stocked together (control treatment) to one of inter-specific attraction. Bonded small ruminants remained close to and formed inter-specific clusters with cattle. In addition, the mean number of bonded small ruminants near an arbitrary cow was consistently high. Finally, the spatial pattern of cattle across the paddock did not differ between treatment groups, while bonded small ruminants tended to disperse more uniformly across the paddock than did controls. These findings suggest paddock utilization may be more uniform using flerds compared to flocks and herds.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN88</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;August 14, 2008&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom5></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, Dean M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tools to study and manage grazing behavior at multiple scales to enhance the sustainability of livestock production systems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Rangeland Congress</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bio-logging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GPS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">telemetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">virtual fencing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-018.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Rangeland Congress</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosario, Argentina</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IX</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">559-564</style></pages><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3124</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, Dean M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remenyi, Norbert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murray, Leigh W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using time-series intervention analysis to model cow heart rate affected by programmed audio and environmental/physiological</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22nd Annual Conference Proceedings on Applied Statistics in Agriculture</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">audio cues</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">directional virtual fencing (DVFTM)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">free-ranging crossbred beef cattle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polar® heart rate monitors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">time-series analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-045.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kansas State University</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manhattan, Kansas</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107-136</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;This research is the first use of the Box-Jenkins time-series models to describe changes in heart rate (HR) of free-ranging crossbred cows (Bos taurus) receiving both programmed audio cues from directional virtual fencing (DVFTM) devices and non-programmed environmental/physiological cues.&amp;nbsp; The DVFTM device is designed to control the animal&amp;#39;s location on the landscape.&amp;nbsp; Polar Accurex&amp;reg; devices were used to capture HR every minute between 19 and 24 March 2003, when three mature free-ranging beef cows, previously habituated to the DVFTM device, were confined to a brush-infested area of an arid rangeland paddock.&amp;nbsp; Global positioning system (GPS) electronics were used to record each cow&amp;#39;s location approximately every minute while it was in a 58 ha virtual paddock (VPTM) and every second when it penetrated a virtual boundary (VBTM).&amp;nbsp; The cows never escaped through the VBTM, although they penetrated it a total of 26 times in 11 different events, at which times they received programmed audio cues lasting from 1 to 56 s.&amp;nbsp; Plots of these data reveal that HR spikes from programmed audio cues all fell within textbook range for cow HR (40-186 beats per minute, bpm).&amp;nbsp; Heart rate spikes were analyzed using Box-Jenkins intervention analysis models, which showed that for both audio and selected environmental/physiological events, HR spikes typically returned to pre-cuing &amp;quot;baseline&amp;quot; levels in about one minute.&amp;nbsp; However, the longest return-time to baseline (about four minutes) was for an environmental/physiological event of unknown origin.&amp;nbsp; HR, animal location, weather and other electronic data should be measured at equally-spaced time intervals using a single time stamp to accurately associate HR changes with possible causes.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3584</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archer, S. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davies, K. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fulbright, T. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McDaniel, K. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilcox, B.P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predick, K. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brush management as a rangeland conservation strategy: a critical evaluation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation benefits of rangeland practices: assessment, recommendations, and knowledge gaps</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">book</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">brush management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chapter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">report</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allen Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lawrence, KS</style></pub-location><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3298</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baddock, Matthew C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zobeck, Teddy M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van Pelt, Robert S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, Ed L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dust emissions from undisturbed and disturbed, crusted playa surfaces: cattle trampling effects</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aeolian Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">anthropogenic dust</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mineral aerosols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">playas</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wind erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wind tunnel</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-008.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31-41</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	Dry playa lake beds can be significant sources of fine dust emission. This study used a portable field wind tunnel to quantify the PM10 emissions from a bare, fine-textured playa surface located in the far northern Chihuahua Desert. The natural, undisturbed crust and its subjection to two levels of animal disturbance (one and ten cow passes) were tested. The wind tunnel generated dust emissions under controlled conditions for firstly an initial blow-off of the surface, followed by two longer runs with sand added to the flow as an abrader material. Dust was measured using a GRIMM particle monitor. For the study playa, no significant differences in PM10 concentration and emission flux were found between the untrampled surface and following a single animal pass. This was the case for both the initial blow-offs and tests on plots under a steady abrader rate. Significantly higher dust loading was only associated with the effect of 10 animal passes. In the blow-offs, the higer PM10 yield after 10 passes reflected the greater availability of easily entrainable fine particles. Under abrasion, the effect of the heaviest trampling increased the emission flux by a third and abrasion efficiency by around 50% more than values on the untrampled surface. This enhanced abrasion efficiency peristed for a 30 minute period under abrasion before the positive effect of the disturbance was no longer evident. The findings highlight the role of a threshold of disturbance that determines if supply-limited surfaces will exhibit enhanced wind erosion or not after undergoing perturbation.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3020</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>25</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrow, Jerry R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, Mary E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transfer and incorporation of heritable symbiotic fungi into non-host plants</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 8, 2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://patents.com/us-7901927.html</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60706648</style></number><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">United States</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	A first plant species or a part thereof may be produced which has stably and heritably integrated therein one or more endophytic fungi which are derived from a second, different plant species. This first plant species is not a host plant for the endophytic fungi in nature. These resultant first plant species containing the endophytic fungi exhibit substantially increased vigor, altered morphology and chemistry, and increased reproductive potential compared to non-treated controls.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2874</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goolsby, D.P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archer, S.R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial perspectives in state-and-transition models: A missing link to land management?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Applied Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contagion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iceland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">patch dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">regime shift</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">southern Great Plains</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial dependence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thresholds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">03/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-007.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">746-757</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Conceptual models of alternative states and thresholds are based largely on observations of ecosystem processes at a few points in space. Because the distribution of alternative states in spatially-structured ecosystems is the result of variations in pattern-process interactions at different scales, we argue that data and models need to explicitly consider ecosystem processes in the context of the spatial pattern of drivers, spatial dependence in responses to drivers, and the spatial structure of feedbacks. Here, we review the literature on spatial patterns and processes in the context of state transitions (or regime shifts) and draw upon examples from semiarid ecosystems to illustrate these linkages. We suggest three spatial perspectives be used to expand conceptual state-and-transition (S&amp;amp;T) models to landscape systems. First, S&amp;amp;T models should represent how spatial patterns of natural and anthropogenic drivers interact to initiate transitions. This would account for often observed situations wherein contrasting states occur along gradients of disturbance intensity or in different management units. Second, spatial dependence in response to drivers and triggers should be represented. This would help account for observed differences in ecological resilience tied to inherent spatial variation in environmental variables (e.g., soil and landform attributes) that mediate driver effects and lead to variation in the likelihood of state transitions. Third, the nature of feedbacks, how they propagate over time and space, and how they are conditioned by patterns of spatial dependence and drivers should be represented. At fine scales, changes in the nature and intensity of feedbacks may be associated with predictable changes in patch structure (e.g., fragmentation or coalescence processes foreshadowing thresholds). At coarser scales, feedbacks may be associated with the spatial extent and arrangement of land cover states, broad-scale resource redistribution (e.g., wind/water erosion/deposition) or land surface/climate interactions. S&amp;amp;T conceptual models with a spatial component would make use of readily-obtainable patch-scale data to predict how the likelihood of transitions might vary across landscapes and to forecast changes leading to degradation or recovery. Such predictions would be valuable in the design of monitoring schemes aimed at adjusting management to avert crossing degradation thresholds and to take advantage of environmental conditions required to restore desired states.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN259</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">746</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wu, X.B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fuhlendorf, S. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fults, G.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Briske, D.D.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscape approaches to rangeland conservation practices</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation Benefits of Rangeland Practices: Assessment, Recommendations, and Knowledge Gaps</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">book</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chapter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conservation practices</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape approaches</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">report</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-035.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allen Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lawrence, KS</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">337-370</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">978-0-9849499-0-8</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Our review indicates that landscape perspectives are needed to ensure the long-term success conservation practices in rangelands. We recommend that conservation practitioners consider several scales of spatial pattern and related spatial processes, including cumulative effects, each time a practice is applied. A large body of literature supports the utility of a landscape perspective. The core concepts include spatial heterogeneity, spatial pattern, and spatial scaling. Spatial heterogeneity is used to understand why a practice succeeds or fails in different areas. Spatial heterogeneity can also be a primary goal of practices. Spatial patterns are used to indicate critical processes that are not reflected in other measures, such as connectivity for wildlife movement or runoff and erosion potential. Patterns too can be a conservation objective. Spatial scaling is used to understand the dimensions of the land area over which spatial interactions link practices in one place to effects in other places, and conversely, how characteristics of the landscape affect the local success of a practice. The concepts are increasingly being connected to practical tools that can be used by planners. The tools can be used both to help design practices and to design the monitoring programs that evaluate their effects.&amp;nbsp; A spatial hierarchy focuses attention on the data needed at each spatial scale governing ecological processes of interest. In order of decreasing scale, major land resource areas, soil geomorphic systems, watersheds, ecological sites, states or plant communities, and patches each relate to processes governing the management of rangelands. Furthermore, consideration of societal information such as land ownership is usually needed at broad scales. Each of these data sources can be consulted in a systematic way, which we described in nine steps, to design and evaluate practices in a landscape. While some of the tools are already used by conservation planners, the development of others will require a scientific and institutional investment by the federal government and support by universities and other science providers. Spatial data information systems should be developed that link maps, models, and pattern-based metrics to support planning and monitoring design. Databases are needed to house the resulting data alongside information on their landscape context. The interpretations of these data should be linked to ESDs. Foremost, we must invest in training and research to instill an understanding of the concepts and a capacity for reasoning about landscape processes. We suspect that such investments would pay for themselves, and then some, by improving conservation effectiveness in the millions of acres of rangelands that will be treated in years to come.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3302</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, Brandon T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peinetti, H. Raul</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, Jeffrey E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steinaker, Diego</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adema, Edgardo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">State-and-transition model archetypes: A global taxonomy of rangeland change</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Rangeland Congress</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conservation practices</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological sites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">succession</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thresholds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roxario, Argentina</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IX</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;State and transition models (STMs) synthesize science-based and local knowledge to formally represent the dynamics of rangeland and other ecosystems. Mental models or concepts of ecosystem dynamics implicitly underlie all management decisions in rangelands and thus how people influence rangeland sustainability. STMs use a combination of elements, including structured inventory and mapping, historical reconstruction, process-based comparisons and experiments, and local knowledge to develop formal models of ecosystem function. The models describe the mechanisms by which transitions among states occur and thus the interventions needed to achieve or sustain desired states. STMs are very useful tools, but are often difficult to construct. We ask whether we can identify a series of basic, archetypal models globally that could be matched to local ecosystems and assist in the development of local STMs.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3048</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, Brandon T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ellison, Aaron</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fraser, William R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gorman, Kristen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holbrook, Sally J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laney, Christine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ohman, Mark D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Debra C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pillsbury, Finn C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rassweiler, Andrew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmitt, Russell J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of abrupt transitions in ecological systems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosphere</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alternative states</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bouteloua eriopoda</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desert grassland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">krill</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leading indicators</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nyctiphanes simplex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pachythyone rubra</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penguins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pygoscelis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">regime shifts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sea cucumbers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thresholds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-036.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-26</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The occurrence and causes of abrupt transitions, thresholds, or regime shifts between ecosystem states are of great concern and the likelihood of such transitions is increasing for many ecological systems. General understanding of abrupt transitions has been advanced by theory, but hindered by the lack of a common, accessible, and data-driven approach to characterizing them. We apply such an approach to 30 &amp;ndash; 60 years of data on environmental drivers, biological responses, and associated evidence from pelagic ocean, coastal benthic, polar marine, and semi-arid grassland ecosystems. Our analyses revealed one case in which the response (krill abundance) linearly tracked abrupt changes in the driver (Pacific Decadal Oscillation), but abrupt transitions detected in the three other cases (sea cucumber abundance, penguin abundance, and perennial grass production) exhibited hysteretic relationships with drivers (wave intensity, sea-ice duration, and amounts of monsoonal rainfall, respectively) through a variety of response mechanisms. The use of a common approach across these case studies illustrates that: the utility of leading indicators is often limited and can depend on the abruptness of a transition relative to the lifespan of responsive organisms and observation intervals; information on spatiotemporal context is useful for comparing transitions; and ancillary information from associated experiments and observations informs interpretations of response-driver relationships. The understanding of abrupt transitions offered by this approach provides information that can be used to manage state changes and underscores the utility of long-term observations in multiple sentinel sites across a variety of ecosystems.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12 Article 129</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7702</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, Brandont T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ellison, Aaron M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fraser, William R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gorman, Kristen B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holbrook, Sally J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laney, Christine M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ohman, Mark D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Debra P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pillsbury, Finn C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rassweiler, Andrew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmitt, Russell J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sharma, Sapna</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of abrupt transitions in ecological systems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosphere</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alternative states</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bouteloua eriopoda</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desert grassland krill</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leading indicators</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nyctiphanes simplex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pachythyone rubra</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penguins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pygoscelis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">regime shifts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sea cucumbers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thresholds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/09/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-036</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Article 129</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The occurrence and causes of abrupt transitions, thresholds, or regime shifts between ecosystem states are of great concern and the likelihood of such transitions is increasing for many ecological systems. General understanding of abrupt transitions has been advanced by theory, but hindered by the lack of a common, accessible, and data-driven approach to characterizing them. We apply such an approach to 30 &amp;ndash; 60 years of data on environmental drivers, biological responses, and associated evidence from pelagic ocean, coastal benthic, polar marine, and semi-arid grassland ecosystems. Our analyses revealed one case in which the response (krill abundance) linearly tracked abrupt changes in the driver (Pacific Decadal Oscillation), but abrupt transitions detected in the three other cases (sea cucumber abundance, penguin abundance, and perennial grass production) exhibited hysteretic relationships with drivers (wave intensity, sea-ice duration, and amounts of monsoonal rainfall, respectively) through a variety of response mechanisms. The use of a common approach across these case studies illustrates that: the utility of leading indicators is often limited and can depend on the abruptness of a transition relative to the lifespan of responsive organisms and observation intervals; information on spatiotemporal context is useful for comparing transitions; and ancillary information from associated experiments and observations informs interpretations of response-driver relationships. The understanding of abrupt transitions offered by this approach provides information that can be used to manage state changes and underscores the utility of long-term observations in multiple sentinel sites across a variety of ecosystems.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7700</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, Joel R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MacLeod, Neil</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A site-based approach to delivering rangeland ecosystem services</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Rangeland Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">06/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-011.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99-108</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Rangeland ecosystems are capable of providing an array of ecosystem services important to the wellbeing of society. Some of these services (e.g. meat, fibre) are transported to markets and their quantity, quality and value are established via a set of widely accepted standards. Other services (e.g. climate mitigation, water quality, wildlife habitat) do not leave the land, but are, in fact, most valuable when they remain in situ. Determining their quantity, quality and value presents a challenge that must be met if there is to be a credible, accessible ecosystem services market for rangelands. In this paper we describe some of the ecosystem services that may be extracted from rangelands, discuss their unique ecological nature and relate those unique ecological properties to soil and vegetation attributes that can serve as a basis for measurement, both quality and quantity. We suggest the use of a soil/vegetation-based system in which similar climate, geomorphology and edaphic properties are grouped into ecological sites based on their response to disturbance. Within each ecological site, a unique state and transition model describes the dynamics of vegetation and soil surface properties, provides state indicators (vegetation structure, soil properties), predicts ecosystem services that may be derived at multiple scales, and organizes information related to management to achieve ecosystem service objectives, including sustainability.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3035</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Browning, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archer, S.R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protection from livestock fails to deter shrub proliferation in a desert landscape with a history of heavy grazing</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Applications</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arid rangelands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use legacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landcover change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">livestock grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mesquite</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prosopis velutina</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub encroachment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub proliferation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sonoran Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">woody biomass</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-014.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1629-1642</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Desertification is often characterized by the replacement of mesophytic grasses with xerophytic shrubs. Livestock grazing is considered a key driver of shrub encroachment, although most evidence is anecdotal or confounded by other factors. Mapping of velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina) shrubs in and out of exclosures in 1932, 1948, and 2006 in semiarid grasslands of southeastern Arizona, USA, afforded the opportunity to quantify livestock grazing effects on mesquite proliferation over 74 years in the absence of fire to test the widespread assumption that livestock grazing promotes shrub proliferation. In 1932, shrub cover, density, and aboveground biomass were compared on grazed (12%, 173 plants/ha, 4182 kg/ha) and newly protected areas (8%, 203 plants/ha, 3119 kg/ha). By 1948, cover on both areas increased to 18%; yet, density on the protected area increased 300% (to 620 plants/ha), nearly twice that of the grazed area (325 plants/ha). From 1932 to 1948, differences in recruitment of new plants and growth of existing plants were reflected in biomass, which was higher on the protected area (415 plants/ha, 8788 kg/ha) relative to the grazed area (155 plants/ha, 7085 kg/ha), although mortality was equally low (0.06%). In 2006, 42 years after an herbicide application reset mesquite cover to 10% on both areas, aboveground mesquite mass was comparable on both areas (4700 kg/ha), but cover and density on the protected area (22%, 960 plants/ha) exceeded that on the grazed area (15%, 433 plants/ha). Mesquite mass in 2006 was substantially below 1948 levels, so continued accrual is likely. That shrub recovery from herbicides on a biomass basis was much less than recovery on a cover basis suggests that remotely sensed biomass estimates should integrate land management history. Contrary to widely held assumptions, protection from livestock since 1932 not only failed to deter woody-plant proliferation, but actually promoted it relative to grazed areas. Results suggest (1) that thresholds for grassland resistance to shrub encroachment had been crossed by the 1930s, and (2) fire management rather than grazing management may be key to maintaining grassland physiognomy in this bioclimatic region.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN352</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1629</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Browning, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temporal dynamics of shrub proliferation: Linking patches to landscapes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Geographical Information Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-scale analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hill slopes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscapes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">object-oriented classification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">patches dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant interspaces</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proliferation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub encroachment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-020.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">913-930</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Shifts in vegetation composition and cover are generally characterized by processes acting at different levels such as landscapes, hill slopes, or plant interspaces. Object-oriented analytical approaches are based upon the inherently hierarchical nature of complex systems and are well-suited to research applications conducted at a range of spatial scales. We quantified long-term vegetation dynamics from two perspectives (i.e., landscape and vegetation patches) in a Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem in southern New Mexico, U.S.A. from 1937 to 2008. Our multi-scale approach comprised object-based analysis of time series aerial photography with automated image analysis at the landscape scale and manual delineation of shrub image objects at the patch scale. We sought to identify mechanisms associated with changes in shrub patch density and percent cover by classifying the fate of individual shrub patches from one image to the next in the time series. The classification scheme captured colonization by new shrub patches, growth or decline in patch area, and patch stability (i.e., change in size of less than 15%). Patch growth was categorized as growth by coalescence with neighboring patches or canopy expansion. Similarly, patch decline was distinguished as either loss of patch area due to fragmentation of conglomerate patches or canopy die-back. Interpretations of change in patch density based solely on shrub establishment and mortality can be too simplistic. Increases in patch density can result from an influx of new patches or fragmentation of patches into its constituent patches; conversely, decreases in density may be due to mortality of patches or coalescence of existing patches. We illustrate that patches grew in size at the beginning of the study period in conjunction with increases in shrub cover (0.5% in 1937 to 11% in 1960) and patch density (4 patches ha-1 in 1937 to 80 patches ha-1 in 1960) increased during the initial encroachment phase of shrub proliferation. Shrub cover remained stable at 7% from 1967 to 1989 and over this period, patch dynamics were broadly characterized by maintenance of patch area with roughly equal proportions of mortality and establishment. Shrub cover increased linearly from 8% in 1989 to 14% in 2008, approaching a maximum projected shrub cover of 18% based on mean annual precipitation of 230 mm from Sankaran et al. (2005). Shrub patch fate over this period constituted growth and maintenance of patch area whereas appearance of new patches remained relatively stable. Patch dynamics signify a shifting mosaic in which shrub patch establishment, growth, and mortality wax and wane. Monitoring patch dynamics will become increasingly important in these actively managed ecosystems as broad-scale measures of percent cover approach and fluctuate about a dynamic equilibrium.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN359</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;August 12, 2009&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;May 28, 2010&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom6><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">913</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Browning, Dawn M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, John P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Deb</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patterns in reproductive phenology for dryland grasses and shrubs from 1993 to 2010 in the Chihuahuan Desert</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96th ESA Annual Meeting, Earth Stewardship: Preserving and enhancing earth's life-support systems</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESA</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Austin, TX</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern USA are especially sensitive to changes in temperature as well as drought frequency and intensity. Timing of periodic life cycle events (i.e., phenology) is an integrated and salient indicator of plant responses to climate change. Spatially extensive phenology observations in these environments are uncommon and with few exceptions, there is a paucity of long-term records collected using standardized protocols. We examine an 18-year dataset of monthly observations of reproductive phenology for two species of perennial grasses and a deciduous shrub distributed across three upland grassland sites and three mesquite-dominated sites on the Jornada Basin LTER in southern New Mexico, USA. Our objective was to compare and contrast timing and duration of flower and fruit production for two perennial grass species (&lt;em&gt;Bouteloua eriopoda&lt;/em&gt; [black grama], &amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sporobolus flexuosus&lt;/em&gt; [mesa dropseed]) with one co-existing shrub that has historically displaced grasses in this system (&lt;em&gt;Prosopis glandulosa&lt;/em&gt; [honey mesquite]). Field observations are made monthly along two 75-m x 1-m belt transects at each site and constitute a count of individual plants in each of five phenophases: (1) dormant, (2) leaf-out with no reproductive structures, and producing (3) flowers, (4) seeds, or (5) fruits. The protocol simultaneously yields estimates of status and abundance. The appearance of first fruit for grasses (i.e., grains) occurred consistently in August or September, although the number of plants producing fruit was highly variable from year to year. Mesquite demonstrated remarkable synchrony in the production of first leaves (in April), flowers (in May), and fruit (in June) across four sites. The appearance of first fruit and peak fruit production was most often in the same month for mesquite and mesa dropseed. The time from first to peak fruit production in black grama was one month at two sites and in the same month at a third, suggesting local variability in rainfall or soil moisture dynamics may play a role in peak fruit production. Future analyses will examine relationships between the amount and seasonal distribution of rainfall with timing and abundance of fruit production. Understanding the role of abiotic factors in influencing the timing and success of reproductive events is especially relevant to the conservation and restoration of species of concern as well as in predicting plant responses to changes in climate.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3127</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Browning, Dawn M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duniway, Michael C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digital soil mapping in the absence of field training data: A case study using terrain attributes and semiautomated soil signature derivation to distinguish ecological potential</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied and Environmental Soil Science</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-006.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">421904</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatially-explicit data for soil properties governing plant water availability are needed to understand mechanisms influencing plant species distributions and predict plant responses to changing climate. This is especially important for arid and semi-arid regions. Spatial data representing surrogates for soil forming factors are becoming widely available (e.g. spectral and terrain layers). However, field-based training data remain a limiting factor, particularly across remote and extensive drylands. We present a method to map soils with Landsat ETM+ imagery and high resolution (5 m) terrain (IFSAR) data based on statistical properties of the input data layers that do not rely on field training data. We then characterize soil classes mapped using this semi-automated technique. The method distinguished spectrally distinct soil classes that differed in subsurface rather than surface properties. Field evaluations of the soil classification in conjunction with analysis of long-term vegetation dynamics indicate the approach was successful in mapping areas with similar soil properties and ecological potential.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Article ID 421904</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2992</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">421904</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laura M Burkett</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, Brandon T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arlene J Tugel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A Field Guide to Pedoderm and Pattern Classes Version 1.1</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">field guide</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pattern classes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedoderm</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://jornada.nmsu.edu/sites/default/files/FieldGuidePedodermPattern.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Las Cruces, NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0-9755552-4-3</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Pedoderm and Pattern Classes (PPCs) describe the spatial arrangement of plants, the soil pedoderm (i.e., the air-soil interface) and soil redistribution. PPCs provide a record of soil surface features and plant patterns that influence ecosystem function and complement snapshot observations of plant community composition and soil profiles. In essence, PPCs provide a simple language to describe soil surface features and plant patterns much in the same way we recognize plant communities or soil types using standardized names.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;PPCs have categorical or ordinal values and are designed to be assessed quickly within field plots during inventory, soil survey, or when characterizing site conditions of monitoring plots. The class values provide a record of soil surface features and plant patterns that affect the site&amp;#39;s ability to respond to management actions, restoration, and natural drivers. To date, obtaining information about these types of attributes has required highly technical and/or time-intensive procedures, so soil surface and plant pattern data have not been regularly collected. We developed PPCs to help remedy this limitation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;PPCs closely correspond to several of the indicators described in Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health (IIRH; Pellant et al., 2005) and Landscape Function Analysis (LFA; Tongway and Hindley 2004). Unlike IIRH, PPCs are not based on deviation from site potential, but rather describe existing conditions. Furthermore, PPCs integrate observations of multiple attributes that are dealt with individually in IIRH and LFA (such as pedestals, water flow patterns, rills and coppicing) to arrive at a single class value. Thus, a trained observer can evaluate a site quickly without rating and interpreting numerous individual indicators. PPCs are especially useful when multiple observations must be gathered quickly over extensive areas.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">field guide</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2883</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chopping, Mark</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schaaf, Crystal B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhao, Feng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Zhuosen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nolin, Anne W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisen, Gretchen G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martonchik, John V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bull, Michael</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest structure and aboveground biomass in the southwestern United States from MODIS and MISR</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remote Sensing of Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aboveground biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">canopy reflectance model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Earth Observing System</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest structure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MISR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modeling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MODIS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-033.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2943-2953</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Red band bidirectional reflectance factor data from the NASA MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) acquired over the southwestern United States were interpreted through a simple geometric&amp;ndash;optical (GO) canopy reflectance model to provide maps of fractional crown cover (dimensionless), mean canopy height (m), and aboveground woody biomass (Mg ha-1) on a 250 m grid. Model adjustment was performed after dynamic injection of a background contribution predicted via the kernel weights of a bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) model. Accuracy was assessed with respect to similar maps obtained with data from the NASA Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) and to contemporaneous US Forest Service (USFS) maps based partly on Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data. MODIS and MISR retrievals of forest fractional cover and mean height both showed compatibility with the USFS maps, with MODIS mean absolute errors (MAE) of 0.09 and 8.4 m respectively, compared with MISR MAE of 0.10 and 2.2 m, respectively. The respective MAE for aboveground woody biomass was ~10 Mg ha-1, the same as that from MISR, although the MODIS retrievals showed a much weaker correlation, noting that these statistics do not represent evaluation with respect to ground survey data. Good height retrieval accuracies with respect to averages from high resolution discrete return lidar data and matches between mean crown aspect ratio and mean crown radius maps and known vegetation type distributions both support the contention that the GO model results are not spurious when adjusted against MISR bidirectional reflectance factor data. These results highlight an alternative to empirical methods for the exploitation of moderate resolution remote sensing data in the mapping of woody plant canopies and assessment of woody biomass loss and recovery from disturbance in the southwestern United States and in parts of the world where similar environmental conditions prevail. &amp;copy; 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3330</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2943</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coffman, John M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding bird responses to 30 years of grassland restoration on southern New Mexico public lands</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">birds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dissertation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grassland restoration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Mexico</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">public lands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thesis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Mexico State University</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Las Cruces, NM</style></pub-location><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M.S. Thesis</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3296</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Courtright, Ericha M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van Zee, Justin W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The database for inventory, monitoring, and assessment (DIMA)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-025.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21-26</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Land managers increasingly need to collect, store, and analyze monitoring and assessment datasets that include multiple methods and occur over multiple years. The Database for Inventory,Monitoring and Assessment (DIMA) is a highly customizable software tool for data collection, management, and interpretation. DIMA is a free Microsoft Access database that can be used easily without extensive knowledge of Access (download DIMA from http://jornada.nmsu.edu/monit-assess/dima/download). Data can be entered for common, nationally accepted vegetation and soil monitoring methods in the field using a Tablet PC (touch screen entry) or in the office on a standard computer (keyboard entry) with user-specified choice lists.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3269</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blair, J.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lugo, A. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laney, C.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D. P. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cross-site comparisons of precipitation and surface water chemistry</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-site comparisons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long term trends</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">precipitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">surface water chemistry</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7541</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duniway, Michael C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karl, Jason W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schrader, T. Scott</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baquera, Noemi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, Jeffrey E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland and pasture monitoring: an approach to interpretation of high-resolution imagery focused on observer calibration for repeatability</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental Monitoring and Assessment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aerial photography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessment and monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">image interpretation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">large-scale</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">repeatability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/23/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-038</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">178</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1007/s10661-011-2224-2</style></pages><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3277</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duniway, Michael C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, Jeffrey E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disentangling road network impacts: the need for a holistic approach</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Soil and Water Conservation</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-003.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31A-36A</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2888</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31A</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, Richard E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, Ed L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James, Darren</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, Dean M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distribution of antiherbivory compounds in Flourensia cernua</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Society of Animal Science Joint Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemical distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leaf age</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">terpenes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Animal Science</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Orleans, LA</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Flourensia cernua is serving as a shrub model to study the influence of terpenes on intake by livestock at this location. Two studies (n=20 plants per study) were conducted to examine within plant distribution of volatile compounds to improve sampling protocol. Leaves from 3 positions (outer canopy, subcanopy, and basal) were collected from 4 quadrants (based on ordinal direction) in Exp. 1. Leaves were removed from 2 leaders of current year&amp;#39;s growth for each position in each quadrant. In Exp. 2, 10 leaders of current year&amp;#39;s growth were collected from the outer canopy in each quadrant and 3 leaf age categories were formed by separating leaders into thirds and removing leaves. Chemicals were extracted from 5 leaves in duplicate with ethanol and analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Data were log transformed and analyzed by univariate ANOVA and means were separated using Tukey&amp;#39;s HSD. Ninety-three volatile compounds (including 15 unknowns) were present on the leaf surface of F. cernua. Only 7 compounds (including 3 unknowns) in Exp. 1 and 9 in Exp. 2 differed (P&amp;lt;0.05) among quadrants, and no consistent effect of quadrant was observed in either study. In Exp. 1, 31 compounds differed (P&amp;lt;0.05) among leaf positions, but outer canopy and subcanopy leaves did not differ for any compound. Basal leaves contained greater concentrations than outer canopy and subcanopy leaves for 10 compounds, and less than the other 2 positions for 10 compounds. Thirty-two compounds differed for leaf age in Exp. 2, with immature leaves containing greater concentrations than mature leaves for 30 compounds and greater than the middle age category for 26 compounds (P&amp;lt;0.05). Total concentration (cumulative concentration of all compounds) did not differ among leaf positions but differed for leaf age (greater in immature than mature leaves; P&amp;lt;0.05). Compounds that differed in Exp. 1 were represented about equally by mono- and sesquiterpenes, whereas compounds affected by leaf age were predominantly sesquiterpenes (only 3 of 32 were monoterpenes). Both leaf position and age affect terpene concentrations and sampling variability in this shrub.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3072</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field, J. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belnap, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breshears, D.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neff, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, G.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whicker, J. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Painter, T. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ravi, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reheis, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reynolds, R. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The ecology of dust</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aeolian processes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biogeochemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">drylands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dust</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dust emissions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dust flux</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological processes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resource management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wind erosion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">423-430</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Wind erosion and associated dust emissions play a fundamental role in many ecological processes and provide important biogeochemical connectivity at scales ranging from individual plants up to the entire globe. Yet, most ecological studies do not explicitly consider dust-driven processes, perhaps because most relevant research on aeolian (wind-driven) processes has been presented in a geosciences rather than an ecological context. To bridge this disciplinary gap, we provide a general overview of the ecological importance of dust, examine complex interactions between wind erosion and ecosystem dynamics from the scale of plants and surrounding space to regional and global scales, and highlight specific examples of how disturbance affects these interactions and their consequences. It is likely that changes in climate and intensification of land use will lead to increased dust production from many drylands. To address these issues, environmental scientists, land managers, and policy makers need to consider wind erosion and dust emissions more explicitly in resource management decisions.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3279</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goolsby, Darroc</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, Brandton T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archer, Steven R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Incorporating spatial patterns into a state and transition model for arid grasslands and shrublands in southern New Mexico</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96th Ecological Society of America Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESA</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Austin, Texas</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;State and transition models synthesize and communicate information about alternative states in arid rangelands and other ecosystems but often do not adequately account for processes interacting across a range of temporal and spatial scales. Grassland to shrubland transitions have occurred as patchy and asynchronous patterns in arid lands across the world and remain poorly understood beyond local-scale drivers and regional land use trends. A landscape perspective that acknowledges the role of heterogeneity in land history, soil-geomorphic patterns and processes, and other broad-scale interactions can be used to interpret and predict local state-transitions.&amp;nbsp; We ask: what governs the abundance and distribution of alternative states and what spatially structured processes are related to transition mechanisms? A broad range of historical and contemporary data was used to produce a spatial state-and-transition model for a relict basin floor landscape on the Jornada Experimental Range in south-central New Mexico, USA.&amp;nbsp; We quantified the spatial pattern of state transition from repeat aerial photography and historical land cover maps and identified temporal and spatial patterns and thresholds of grass production from historical field data, historical maps, and management records. We used repeated plot based soil-vegetation inventory spatially linked to mapped patterns of transition to identify past drivers and constraints defining current state functioning in grass-shrub-soil interactions. We present a spatially explicit state and transition model that addresses:&amp;nbsp; (1) spatial variation in land use driver history which explains transition pattern differences in otherwise uniform areas, (2) spatial dependence in response to drivers filtered by soils, landform, and climate, and (3) contagious processes mediated by vegetation-environment feedbacks which propagate transitions beyond the point of initial impact in a predictable way. We illustrate how variation in soil development, land-use decisions in the early 20th century, and contagious processes related to shrub spread and erosion have shaped the pattern of transition in this landscape.&amp;nbsp; We also note the implications of these patterns for management responses at different points in time and in different parts of the landscape.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3322</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrews, S.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baldi, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davies, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duniway, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quinton, J. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riginos, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaver, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steinaker, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Twomlow, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Are we ready for the (range)land revolution?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the IX International Rangeland Congress</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosario, Argentina</style></pub-location><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7540</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hestir, Kristen Lee</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land cover classification and change detection in drylands: an evaluation of remote sensing approaches</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geography</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">drylands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land cover change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land cover classification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesilla Valley</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technique</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yuma Valley</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Mexico State University</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Las Cruces</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Master of Applied Geography</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">156</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Land cover change is occurring at unprecedented rates worldwide and is believed to contribute to environmental concerns such as altered biogeochemical cycles, loss of wildlife habitat, decreases in biodiversity, and reduction of soil productivity. Of particular concern are dryland regions of the world because they are experiencing rapid population growth which is a driver of land cover change. The Southwestern United States is one dryland region which is experiencing rapid population growth and associated expansion of urban land cover. The Mesilla Valley of Southern New Mexico is no exception. In this region, which has experienced rapid growth during the last four decades, it is unclear at what rate land cover is changing and what effects this has had on desert ecosystems. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Satellite remote sensing can be of great value for mapping land cover and assessing land cover change. However, accurate land cover mapping of arid and semi-arid environments is challenging due to the natural characteristics of these environments. Few researchers have systematically investigated which combinations of image bands, image derivatives, and hard classification algorithms address the difficulties of mapping land cover in arid environments. This is important because hard classifications are by far the most commonly used technique for mapping land cover and drylands are particularly vulnerable to land cover change due to human population pressures. This study examined a series of hard classification techniques and image feature stacks in order to determine which combinations may provide accurate land cover maps in the Mesilla Valley of New Mexico. The tests were repeated for a second dryland region (Yuma Valley, Arizona) to see if they were generalizable to another dryland region. The feature combination that gave the highest accuracy was used to provide land cover information and land cover change maps of the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico between 1985 and 2009.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7276</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karl, Jason</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turning information into knowledge for rangeland management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-022.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-5</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The kind of knowledge system that will be capable of meeting the needs of rangeland managers will evolve as scientists, technology specialists, managers, and biologists find ways to integrate the ever expanding array of information systems and tools to meet their needs. The tools and techniques highlighted in this issue of Rangelands were selected because they have immediate application, and illustrate the various types of tools necessary to support management decision making. The challenge is figuring out how to combine such new tools and knowledge sources in a way that increases understanding of rangeland systems and promotes good decision making.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3266</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karl, Jason W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colson, Karen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swartz, Heather</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland assessment and monitoring methods guide</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-026.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48-54</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;A common concern expressed by land managers and biologists is that they do not know enough about the strengths and weaknesses of different field and remote-sensing methods for rangeland assessment and monitoring. The Methods Guide is a web-based tool and resource that provides researchers and managers information necessary to make informed decisions about which field and remote-sensing method or combination of methods could be most useful and cost effective for their management needs. The Methods Guide helps users make more informed decisions about which method or combination of methods best fits their individual assessment and monitoring information needs.bib&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3271</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karl, Jason</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, Jeffrey E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Courtright, Ericha</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIMA quick start; database for inventory, monitoring and assessment</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-027.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA ARS Jornada Experimental Range</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-37</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The Database for Inventory, Monitoring and Assessment (DIMA) is a highly-customized Microsoft Access database for collecting data electronically in the field and for organizing, storing and reporting those data for monitoring and assessment.&amp;nbsp; While DIMA can be used for any number of different monitoring data collection needs, it is particularly well suited to collecting data for the BLM&amp;rsquo;s Assessment, Inventory and Monitoring (AIM) Strategy following the BLM Core Indicators and Methods.&amp;nbsp; It is much easier to use DIMA if you have a basic understanding of what data base being stored in it and how they are organized.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3265</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Klass, Jeremy R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trojan, Jacqueline M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomas, Stephen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Debra C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utilizing the tropic interactions of nematodes as indicators of change in soil biota associated with the loss of bouteloua eiopda grasslands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96th Ecological Society of America Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESA</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Austin, Texas</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Conversion of perennial grasslands to shrublands is a desertification process that is important globally. Changes in aboveground ecosystem properties with this conversion have been well-documented, but little is known about how belowground communities are affected, yet these belowground communities may be important constraints on the reversal of this state change. We examined nematode community structure and feeding as a proxy for soil biotic change across a desertification gradient in southern NM, USA. We had two objectives: (1) to compare nematode trophic structure and species diversity within vegetation states representing different stages of desertification and (2) to compare nematode community structure between bare and vegetated patches because research has shown that semi-arid grasslands are highly connected via a matrix of endophytic fungi and soil biotic crusts that link vegetated and bare ground patches. The gradient included a perennial grassland dominated by Bouteloua eriopoda, the historic dominant in the Chihuahuan Desert, a duneland dominated by the native invasive shrub, Prosopis glandulosa, and the ecotone between them. We also sampled a relatively undisturbed, ungrazed B. eriopoda grassland at a nearby site to serve as an end member of our gradient.&amp;nbsp; Nematode communities were sampled using soil cores to depth of 15 cm at each location in 2009 and 2010. Results showed that grasslands and mesquite dunelands had different trophic groupings; herbivorous nematode communities with lower species diversity and evenness occurred in both ends of our established gradient compared with the ecotone. Nematode communities had significantly greater numbers in 2009 than 2010 in the duneland.&amp;nbsp; Herbivorous nematodes were found in greater numbers in 2009 than 2010 in the ecotone. Nematode trophic structure and herbivore communities were significantly different from all vegetation states with the highest observed diversity in the undisturbed, ungrazed B. eriopoda grassland sampled in 2010. Vegetated and bare ground patches within the two grassland sites had similar herbivore communities, especially species from the family Tylenchinae. However, dunes in the mesquite dunelande areas had significantly larger nematode abundance than interdune areas where bacteriavores dominated, mediating N transformations and possibly perpetuating the &amp;ldquo;islands of fertility&amp;rdquo; found in dunelands.&amp;nbsp; Decreased nematode trophic structure and species diversity in the Jornada samples compared with the undisturbed grassland illustrate the effect of desertification on the soil biotic community. Our results show that nematodes can be used to identify changes in belowground community structure based on trophic interactions. Large-scale disturbances like desertification can have consequences on the diversity and soil biotic functioning at finer spatial scales.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3324</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapp, A.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, M. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D. P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, S.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patterns of net primary production across sites. Cross-site comparisons of state change dynamics</style></title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in ecological systems: a basis for understanding responses to global change</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-site comparisons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">net primary production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NPP</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7542</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapp, Corrine N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandez-Gimenez, Maria E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Briske, David D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, Brandon T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wu, X. Ben</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An assessment of state-and-transition models: Perceptions following two decades of development and implementation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland Ecology &amp; Management</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bibliography/11-037</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">598-606</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;State and transition models (STMs) are being developed for many areas in the United States and represent an important tool for assessing and managing public and private rangelands. Substantial resources have been invested in model development, yet minimal efforts have been made to evaluate the utility of STMs for rangeland assessment and management. We interviewed 47 rangeland professionals, equally divided between managers and researchers, in four ecoregions to determine their perceptions of the purpose, development, and strengths and weaknesses of STMs to assess the status of the STM framework. Our analysis identified three primary perspectives regarding the purpose of STMs: a decision-making tool for land managers, a means to represent the complex dynamics of rangeland ecosystems, and an effective communication tool. These diverse views of STM purposes were associated with differing perspectives concerning model development that identified five major issues in need of further development and refinement: 1) the relative importance of management practices and ecological processes in driving transitions, 2) the criteria used to define thresholds, 3) the appropriate level of model complexity, 4) the respective roles of expert knowledge and ecological data in model development, and 5) processes for model review and revision. We recommend greater dialogue among researchers and managers to further clarify STM terminology and develop standard protocols for model development and validation. Mechanisms are critically needed to assure peer review and revision of existing models so that STMs are continually updated to reflect current understanding of rangeland dynamics.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7701</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">598</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, Andrea S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Browning, Dawn M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, Al</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A comparison of three feature selection methods for object-based classification of sub-decimeter resolution UltraCam-L imagery</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Press</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The availability of numerous spectral, spatial, and contextual features with object-based image analysis (OBIA) renders the selection of optimal features a time consuming and subjective process. While several feature election methods have been used in conjunction with OBIA, a robust comparison of the utility and efficiency of approaches would facilitate broader and more effective implementation. In this study, we evaluated three feature selection methods, 1) Jeffreys-Matusita distance (JM), 2) classification tree analysis (CTA), and 3) feature space optimization (FSO) for object-based vegetation classifications with sub-decimeter digital aerial imagery in arid rangelands of the southwestern U.S. We assessed strengths, weaknesses, and best uses for each method using the criteria of ease of use, ability to rank and/or reduce input features, and classification accuracies. For the five sites tested, JM resulted in the highest overall classification accuracies for three sites, while CTA yielded highest accuracies for two sites. FSO resulted in the lowest accuracies. CTA offered ease of use and ability to rank and reduce features, while JM had the advantage of assessing class separation distances. FSO allowed for determining features relatively quickly, because it operates within the OBIA software used in this analysis (eCognition). However, the feature ranking in FSO is not transparent and accuracies were relatively low. While all methods offered an objective approach for determining suitable features for classifications of sub-decimeter resolution aerial imagery, we concluded that CTA was best suited for this particular application. We explore the limitations, assumptions, and appropriate uses for this and other datasets.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Special Issue:GEOBIA</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2884</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, Andrea S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goforth, Mark A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steele, Caitriana M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, Albert</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multispectral remote sensing from unmanned aircraft: image processing workflows and applications for rangeland environments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remote Sensing</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multispectral</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reflectance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unmanned AircraftSystem (UAS)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-034.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2529-2551</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Using unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) as remote sensing platforms offers the unique ability for repeated deployment for acquisition of high temporal resolution data at very high spatial resolution. Multispectral remote sensing applications from UAS are reported in the literature less commonly than applications using visible bands, although light-weight multispectral sensors for UAS are being used increasingly. . In this paper, we describe challenges and solutions associated with efficient processing of multispectral imagery to obtain orthorectified, radiometrically calibrated image mosaics for the purpose of rangeland vegetation classification. We developed automated batch processing methods for file conversion, band-to-band registration, radiometric correction, and orthorectification. An object-based image analysis approach was used to derive a species-level vegetation classification for the image mosaic with an overall accuracy of 87%. We obtained good correlations between: (1) ground and airborne spectral reflectance (R2 = 0.92); and (2) spectral reflectance derived from airborne and WorldView-2 satellite data for selected vegetation and soil targets. UAS-acquired multispectral imagery provides quality high resolution information for rangeland applications with the potential for upscaling the data to larger areas using high resolution satellite imagery.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN6546</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2529</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, Andrea S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, Albert</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) for vegetation mapping: very high resolution multispectral imagery and terrain extraction</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Society for Phtogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) 2011 Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DSM</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multispectral camera</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangelands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unmanned Aerial Vehicles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">very high resolution</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In recent years, the interest in using unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) for remote sensing of natural resources has been growing considerably. Over the last few years, we have used a small UAS equipped with a low-cost digital camera to acquire thousands of images (6-8 cm GSD), which have been orthorectified and mosaicked using a custom processing procedure. The mosaics were used to create vegetation maps of arid rangelands. While the classification results have been positive, the low radiometric and spectral resolution imagery has its limits, and we are investigating 1) the fusion of the imagery with digital surface models (DSM) extracted from the images, and 2) a small multispectral camera. DSM extraction was done at two resolutions: a general terrain model of a 30 ha area at 1 m resolution, and a dense DSM at 6 cm resolution for deriving vegetation heights. The dense DSM extraction results in a lidar-like point cloud, which permits visualizing the data in 3D format and fuses the RGB values and the elevation data. This allows for differentiation of vegetation based on height information. Data derived from the DSM will be used to estimate parameters for hydrologic and erosion models. The lightweight multispectral camera integrated into the UAS acquires 10-bit data in 6 narrow bands ranging from blue to near infrared, with band centers at 450, 550, 650, 720, 750, and 850 nm. At a flying height of 210 m, the nominal GSD is 13 cm. We performed a camera calibration to determine the camera’s interior orientation parameters. Processing steps were developed to convert the proprietary image format into a format compatible for processing with photogrammetric software. Preliminary results for the UAS-acquired multispectral imagery and DSMs are promising. We report on the accuracy assessment of the DSMs and classification results of the multispectral imagery. </style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2991</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, Andrea S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winters, Craig</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, Al</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UAS remote sensing missions for rangeland applications</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geocarto International</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital camera</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">photogrammetry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangelands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UAS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">unmanned aircraft systems</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">03/01/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-002.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">141-156</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands cover about 50% of the earth’s land surface, are in remote areas and have low population densities, all of which provide an ideal opportunity for remote sensing applications from unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). In this paper, we describe a proven workflow for UAS-based remote sensing, and discuss geometric errors of image mosaics and classification accuracies at different levels of detail. We report on several UAS missions over rangelands in Idaho and New Mexico, USA, where we acquired 6-8-cm resolution aerial photography and concurrent field measurements. The geometric accuracies of the image mosaics were in the 1-2 m range, and overall classification accuracies for vegetation maps ranged from 78% to 92%. Despite current FAA regulations that restrict UAS operations to distances within line-of-sight of the UAS, our results show that UAS are a viable platform for obtaining very high resolution remote sensing products for applied vegetation mapping of rangelands.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2887</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">141</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, Andrea S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, Albert</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image processing and classification procedures for analysis of sub-decimeter imagery acquired with an unmanned aircraft over arid rangelands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GIScience &amp; Remote Sensing</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-001.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-23</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) have great potential as a platform for acquiring very high resolution aerial imagery for vegetation mapping. However, image processing and classification techniques require adaptation to images obtained with low-cost digital cameras. We developed and evaluated an image processing workflow that included the integration of resolution-appropriate field sampling, feature selection, and object-based image analysis for the purpose of classifying rangeland vegetation from a five-centimeter-resolution UAS image mosaic. Classification tree analysis was used to determine the optimal spectral, spatial, and contextual features. Segmentation and classification rule sets were developed on a test plot and were applied to the remaining study area, resulting in an overall classification accuracy of 78% at the species level and 81% at the structure-group level. The image processing approach provides a roadmap for deriving quality vegetation classification products from UAS imagery with very high spatial, but low spectral resolution.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2881</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-23</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, Andrea S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winters, Craig</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, Al</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orthorectification, mosaicking, and analysis of sub-decimeter resolution UAV imagery for rangeland monitoring</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64th Annual Society for Range Management Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">02/09/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Billings, Montana</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) offer an attractive platform for acquiring imagery for rangeland monitoring. UAVs can be deployed quickly and repeatedly, and they can obtain sub-decimeter resolution imagery at lower image acquisition costs than with piloted aircraft. Low flying heights result in imagery highly suitable for mapping soil and vegetation types, structure, and pattern in great detail. Small UAVS are commonly equipped with lightweight digital cameras due to low payload capabilities, resulting in challenges associated with photogrammetric processing and creation of orthomosaics from large number of small footprint images. We developed a custom, semi-automated approach that is suitable for processing hundreds of UAV images into orthorectified image mosaics. A customized algorithm improves the accuracy of the UAV’s exterior orientation data, comprised of position (X, Y, Z) and attitude (roll, pitch, heading) information derived from the UAV’s flight computer. The corrected exterior orientation data are subsequently used as inputs for orthorectification and mosaicking with minimal or no need for  tie- and/or ground control points, greatly reducing time and cost of processing. The workflow has been tested on 65 image mosaics of arid rangelands with few distinguishing features. Orthomosaics created using this process have positional accuracies of 1 m in flat terrain and 1.9 m in hilly terrain. Object-based image analysis of the image mosaics has resulted in classification accuracies of 78%–92%, depending on vegetation type and number of classes. The results show that UAVs are viable remote sensing platforms and that quality products can be derived from the imagery. </style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2885</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laney, C.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D. P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baker, K. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">History and organization of the EcoTrends Project</style></title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in ecological systems: a basis for understanding responses to global change</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EcoTrends Project</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">history</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">organization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7544</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laney, C.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baker, K. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D. P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramsey, K. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recommendations for data accessibility</style></title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in ecological systems: a basis for understanding responses to global change</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">data accessibilty</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long term trends</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7543</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, M.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unc, Adrian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cooke, Peter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dowd, Scot</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Shulei</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endophyte Microbiome Diversity in Micropropagated Atriplex canescens and Atriplex torreyi var griffithsii</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS ONE</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-004.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microbial diversity associated with micropropagated &lt;em&gt;Atriplex&lt;/em&gt; species was assessed using microscopy, isolate culturing, and sequencing. Light, electron, and confocal microscopy revealed microbial cells in aseptically regenerated leaves and roots. Clone libraries and tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (TEFAP) analysis amplified sequences from callus homologous to diverse fungal and bacterial taxa. Culturing isolated some seed borne endophyte taxa which could be readily propagated apart from the host. Microbial cells were observed within biofilm-like residues associated with plant cell surfaces and intercellular spaces. Various universal primers amplified both plant and microbial sequences, with different primers revealing different patterns of fungal diversity. Bacterial and fungal TEFAP followed by alignment with sequences from curated databases revealed 7 bacterial and 17 ascomycete taxa in &lt;em&gt;A. canescens&lt;/em&gt;, and 5 bacterial taxa in &lt;em&gt;A. torreyi&lt;/em&gt;. Additional diversity was observed among isolates and clone libraries. Micropropagated &lt;em&gt;Atriplex&lt;/em&gt; retains a complex, intimately associated microbiome which includes diverse strains well poised to interact in manners that influence host physiology. Microbiome analysis was facilitated by high throughput sequencing methods, but primer biases continue to limit recovery of diverse sequences from even moderately complex communities.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2873</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e17693</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, Mary E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrow, Jerry R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reyes-Vera, Isaac</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sedillo, Ruth</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Examining endophyte interactions within fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15th Wildland Shrub Symposium</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrublands: Wildlands and Wildlife Habitats</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atriplex canescens</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">browsing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cryptic endophyte consortia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">embryonic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fire</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbivory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proceedings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sagebrush</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wildland shrubs</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">06/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-056.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Berkeley Electronic Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bozeman, Montana</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">XVI</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">159-164</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Cryptic endophyte consortia associated with embryonic tissues of fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens) are believed to serve mutualistic functions. However, the complexity of these endophyte communities makes cause-and-effect relationships difficult to establish. In fourwing saltbush, cryptic endophytes are thought to enhance drought and salt tolerance, nutrient acquisition, germination, and establishment. Some of these traits can be conferred to alternate host plants by co-culturing seedlings in vitro with micropropagated fourwing saltbush callus. Here we describe an evolving process for; 1) identifying arrays of cryptic, seed borne endophytes associated with fourwing saltbush; 2) evaluating early vigor of grasses and other plants endowed with fourwing saltbush endophytes; 3) selecting plant-endophyte combinations with increased tolerance to abiotic stressors, and 4) monitoring the persistance of transferred endophytes across plant generations in increasingly complex habitats. This process is designed to evaluate specific plant-fungal interactions that influence host tolerance to salinity, but may be broadly adaptable for selecting endophyte-enhanced plant germplasms with a variety of desired traits.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3027</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mackinnon, W. Craig</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, Jeffrey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toevs, Gordon R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karl, Jason W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karl, Michael S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spurrier, Carol S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taylor, Jason J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BLM core terrestrail indicators and methods</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-021.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BLM, National Operations Center</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-13</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Assessment, Inventory, and Monitoring (AIM) Strategy was initiated, in part, to evaluate current monitoring activities and recommend procedures to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of these activities. To this end, the AIM Strategy supports an integrated approach to: (1) document the location and abundance of natural resources on public lands; (2) facilitate the description of resource conditions; and (3) identify natural resource trends or changes. This recommendation will be accomplished through the integration of fundamental processes including: (a) development and application of a consistent set of ecosystem indicators (i.e., quantitative core indicators) and consistent measurement methods; (b) development and implementation of a statistically valid sampling framework; (c) application and integration of remote sensing technologies; and (d) implementation of related data acquisition and management plans. The purpose/intent of this report is to provide an introduction to, and describe, the Core Indicators and Methods component of the AIM Strategy. Further, this report provides guidance on how to maintain consistency of effort and resources (i.e., cited materials) for further details on established protocols. This Core Indicators and Methods component identifies a small set of core indicators (i.e., measurements) that, when collected, can be used for many purposes across ecosystem types including rangeland, forest, and riparian areas. This set of core indicators, based on quantitative land cover and vegetation data using standardized measurements, will allow data to be integrated across field, district, and state office boundaries.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3204</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Southard, R. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boettinger, J. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aridisols</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Handbook of Soil Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aridisols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil classification</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2nd</style></edition><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CRC Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boca Raton</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33-125 to 33-154</style></pages><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7545</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Munson, Seth M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belnap, Jayne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, Gregory S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Responses of wind erosion to climate-induced vegetation changes on the Colorado Plateau</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1014947108</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">108</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3854-3859</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3283</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nordt, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, M. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fanning, D. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entisols</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Handbook of Soil Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">entisols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil classification</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2nd</style></edition><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CRC Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boca Raton</style></pub-location><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7546</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, G.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baker, A. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tegen, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahowald, N. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dentener, F. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duce, R. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Galloway, J. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hunter, K. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kanakidou, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kubilay, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prospero, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarin, M. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surapipith, V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uematsu, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhuo, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Impacts of atmospheric nutrient deposition on marine productivity: Roles of nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Biogeochemical Cycles</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">atmospheric deposition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">iron</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">marine productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nutrient deposition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phosphorus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GB2022</style></pages><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3286</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, G.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bullard, J. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reynolds, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ballantine, J.-A. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schepanski, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todd, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belnap, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baddock, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gill, T. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller, M.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dust: small-scale processes with global consequences</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desert dust</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dust emissions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">small-scale processes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">92</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">241-243</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3285</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peinetti, H.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cibils, A.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roacho-Estrada, J.O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foraging behavior of heritage versus recently introduced herbivores on desert landscapes of the American Southwest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosphere</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">criollo cattle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GPS monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbivory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape foraging patterns</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resource selection functions</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-009.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-14</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	Since the 1800s managed grasslands and shrublands of the arid American Southwest have been grazed predominantly by cattle originally bred for temperate climates in northern Europe. A heritage breed, the criollo cattle, has survived in northern Mexico for more than 400 years under desert-like conditions of low and variable rainfall, hot temperatures in the growing season, and both spatially and temporally scarce levels of primary production. We tested the hypothesis that the heritage breed has a broader spatial foraging distribution under harsh environmental conditions, and that its distribution is driven by environmental variables which differ from those that control the distribution of the introduced European breed. Movements of individual criollo and Angus breed animals were monitored autonomously in the northern Chihuahuan desert of southern New Mexico, USA. Georeferenced foraging locations acquired at 5-minute intervals for each animal were fit to a logistic regression using environmental factors as predictors. In the spring, when forage availability was high and more uniformly distributed across the landscape, animal foraging patterns were similar for both breeds. In the fall when forage availability was low and non-uniformly distributed, the two breeds exhibited very different foraging patterns: heritage animals foraged across a much larger spatial extent whereas their domestic counterparts remained in close proximity to the permanent source of water. These differences in foraging behavior driven by environmental variables have important implications for sustainability of rangelands in spatially and temporally variable environments. Heritage breeds of animals that are generalist foragers during unfavorable conditions can reduce environmental impacts compared to more recently introduced breeds.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1840</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	September 23, 2008&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom5><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Article 57</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D. P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laney, C.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lugo, A. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, S.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grove, J.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapp, A.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kratz, T. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ohman, M. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waide, R. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in precipitation and surface water chemistry</style></title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in ecological systems: a basis for understanding responses to global change</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term trends</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">precipitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">surface water chemistry</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7552</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D. P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laney, C.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lugo, A. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, S.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grove, J.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapp, A.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kratz, T. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ohman, M. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waide, R. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in climate and climate-related drivers</style></title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in ecological systems: a basis for understanding responses to global change</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate drivers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate-related drivers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term trends</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7551</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D. P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapp, A.K.</style></author></authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scheiner, S.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willing, M.R.</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perspectives on global change theory</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Theory of Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">book</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chapter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological drivers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human-caused</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nitrogen</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-032.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Chicago Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chicago</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">261-281</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Human-caused global changes in ecological drivers, such as carbon dioxide concentrations, climate, and nitrogen deposition, as well as direct human impacts (land use change, species movements and extinctions, etc.) are increasingly recognized as key to understanding contemporary ecosystem dynamics, but a coherent theory of ecological responses to global change has not yet been developed. There are four attributes that characterize phenomena considered under global change (the direct and indirect effects of human actions) that collectively present unique challenges to existing theories. Two of these attributes occur under current conditions: (1) there is natural variation in environmental drivers and system responses within a hierarchy of interacting spatial and temporal scales, and (2) drivers and processes interact across scales such that spatial context and connectivity among spatial units are important to system dynamics; the other two attributes are unique to systems undergoing global change: (3) by definition, global change drivers have an anthropogenic origin that in many cases act outside the realm of natural selection, and (4) these drivers are changing in magnitude, frequency, and direction that result in trajectories of responses that differ from those studied in the past, and are often characterized by threshold behavior and regime shifts. We outline the characteristics of a theory of global change based on propositions derived from the four system attributes, and that draws upon existing theories from a range of sub-disciplines of ecology and other disciplines. This interacting scale theory has the potential to integrate much of our information about global change drivers and responses.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1905</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;September 9, 2008&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom5><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D. P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laney, C.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lugo, A. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, S.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grove, J.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapp, A.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kratz, T. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ohman, M. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waide, R. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in ecological systems: an introduction to cross-site comparisons and relevance to global change studies</style></title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in ecological systems: a basis for understanding responses to global change</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global chagne</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term trends/ ecological systems/ cross-site comparisons/ cross-site research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7550</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D. P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lugo, A. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chapin III, F.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tepley, A. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swanson, F. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disturbance regimes and ecological responses across sites</style></title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in ecological systems: a basis for understanding responses to global change</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-site comparisons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disturbance regimes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological responses</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global change</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7555</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D. P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fraser, W. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kratz, T. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ohman, M. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rassweiler, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holbrook, S. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmitt, R. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cross-site comparisons of state change dynamics</style></title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in ecological systems: a basis for understanding responses to global change</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-site comparisons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-site reserarch</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">state change dynamics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7549</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D. P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laney, C.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lugo, A. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, S.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grove, J.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapp, A.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kratz, T. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ohman, M. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waide, R. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in production, abundance, and richness of plants and animals</style></title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in ecological systems: a basis for understanding responses to global change</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">animal abundance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">animal production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">animal species richness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term trends</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant abundance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant species richness</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7554</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D. P. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term research across sites, ecosystems, and disciplines: synthesis and research needs</style></title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in ecological systems: a basis for understanding responses to global change</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-site research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">synthesis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7548</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D. P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laney, C.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lugo, A. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, S.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, C. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grove, J.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapp, A.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kratz, T. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ohman, M. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waide, R. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in human demography and economy across sites</style></title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in ecological systems: a basis for understanding responses to global change</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-site comparisons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">economy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human demography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term trends</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7553</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Debra P. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grassland simulation models: a synthesis of current models and future challenges</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Handbook of Ecological Models used in Ecosystem and Environmental Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biogeochemical models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">demographic models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dynamic global vegetation models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grassland simulation models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physical models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physiological models</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CRC Press</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">175-201</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ebook: 978-1-4398-1813-8</style></isbn><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7547</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Debra C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, Jin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, John P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, Osvaldo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant-soil feedbacks and the reversal of desertification with climate change</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Rangeland Congress</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IX</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grasslands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">precipitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">regime shift</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrublands</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-017.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Rangeland Congress</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosario, Argentina</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">292-296</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Our objective was to provide a conceptual framework for perennial grass recovery in a series of wet years, which includes both plant-soil feedbacks that increase available water to grasses and effects of precipitation on a sequence of recovery-related processes. We tested hypotheses based on this framework for grasslands and shrublands in the Chihuahuan Desert, the largest desert in North America. Results show that a sequence of 5 wet years following 14 years of variable rainfall increased production in resource conserving ecosystem types greater than predicted based on rainfall alone. The increase in production was primarily by herbaceous plants, which captured water locally to increase plant available water to both existing plants and new recruits. The sequence of wet years allowed a series of linked plant processes to occur that resulted in the establishment and survival of perennial grasses and forbs. We predict that a continued series of wet years will maintain the herbaceous component of these systems, and may act to reverse desertification on degraded shrublands, and to maintain perennial grasslands without management inputs. Degraded shrublands located on slopes susceptible to runoff of water responded linearly to annual precipitation in multiple wet years, and are expected to be resistant to a shift back towards grasslands under a directional increase in precipitation.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3123</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Debra P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lugo, Ariel E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chapin III, F. Stuart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pickett, Steward T.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duniway, Michael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rocha, Adrian V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swanson, Frederick J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laney, Christine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jones, Julia</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cross-system comparisons elucidate disturbance complexities and generalities</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosphere</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disburbance event</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disturbance type</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">drought</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological theory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hurricane legacies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">overgrazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thresholds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wildfire</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-015.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Article 81</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Given that ecological effects of disturbance have been extensively studied in many ecosystems, it is surprising that few quantitative syntheses across diverse ecosystems have been conducted. Multi-system studies tend to be qualitative because they focus on disturbance types that are difficult to measure in an ecologically relevant way. In addition, synthesis of existing studies across systems or disturbance types is challenging because sufficient information needed for analysis is not easily available. Theoretical advances and improved predictions can be advanced by generalizations obtained from synthesis activities that include multiple sites, ecosystems, and disturbance events. Building on existing research, we present a conceptual framework and an operational analog to integrate this rich body of knowledge and to promote quantitative comparisons of disturbance effects across different types of ecosystems and disturbances. This framework recognizes individual disturbance events that consist of three quantifiable components: (1) environmental drivers, (2) initial system properties, and (3) physical and biological mechanisms of effect, such as deposition, compaction, and combustion. These components result in biotic and abiotic legacies that can interact with subsequent drivers and successional processes to influence system response. Through time, a coarse-scale quasi-equilibrial state can be reached where variation in drivers interacting with biotic processes and feedbacks internal to the system results in variability in dynamics. At any time, a driver of sufficient magnitude can push the system beyond its realm of natural variability to initiate a new kind of event. We use long-term data from diverse terrestrial ecosystems to illustrate how our approach can facilitate cross-system comparisons, and provide new insights to the role of disturbance in ecological systems. We also provide key disturbance characteristics and measurements needed to promote future quantitative comparisons across ecosystems.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3099</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Debra C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Globalization: Ecological consequences of global-scale connectivity in people, resources, and information</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Systemic Dimension of Globalization</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-019.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">InTech</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">211-232</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">978-953-307-384-2</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Globalization is a phenomenon affecting all facets of the Earth System. Within the context of ecological systems, it is becoming increasingly apparent that global connectivity among terrestrial systems, the atmosphere, and oceans is driving many ecological dynamics at finer scales and pushing thresholds of change. In addition, fine-scale ecological dynamics can propagate spatially to influence broad spatial extents with feedbacks to global drivers. Because global change drivers and ecosystem dynamics are changing nonlinearly through time for many locations, it is critical that connections across different aspects of the Earth System be examined to improve both understanding and prediction of future dynamics. Here, three classes of connectivity events are described that emerge from a common, integrated framework. Each class has different characteristics that connect ecological systems at fine to broad scales. Examples are provided to illustrate how various global change drivers can influence and interact with heterogeneity in land surface properties of vegetation and soil pattern to either synchronize, attenuate or amplify impacts of drivers on ecological systems. Approaches are also described to quantifying global change impacts and ecological responses when locations are connected spatially.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3125</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pillsbury, Finn C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Deb</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, Jin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, Greg S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patchiness in wind erosion-deposition patterns in response to a recent state change reversal in the Chihuahuan Desert</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">US-International Association for Landscape Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Portland, OR</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Shifts from shrub-dominated states to grasslands are believed to be irreversible as a result of positive feedbacks between woody plants and soil properties. In the Chihuahuan Desert, mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) expansion into black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda) grasslands is maintained by wind redistribution of material from bare soil gaps to canopies beneath woody plants. However, a series of wet years starting in 2006 resulted in increased grass production, biomass, and lateral cover. We hypothesized that this increase in grasses modified the spatial distribution of gaps and therefore the patchiness of wind erosion-deposition dynamics. Further, we expected that positive feedbacks promoting grass recovery would act to interrupt long-term patterns of mesquite expansion. We tested this hypothesis by examining patterns of sand flux and changes in the spatial distribution of gaps through time in grasslands and shrublands at the Jornada Basin LTER from 1998 &amp;ndash; 2010. Wind-driven sediment deposition decreased markedly at mesquite-dominated sites beginning in 2007. The spatial variability of sediment deposition also decreased, indicating that an increase in the amount and homogeneity in herbaceous vegetation in previously unvegetated gaps reduced saltation by sand particles and stabilized the soil surface. These results indicate that a reduction in the spatial variability of bare gaps and changes in the structure of vegetated patches reduce the patchiness of wind erosion and deposition.&amp;nbsp; Successful remediation of arid grasslands depends on our ability to exploit the altered spatial dynamics that have accompanied recent state change reversals.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3130</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pillsbury, Finn C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Deb</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, Jin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, Greg S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiscale drivers of spatially variable grass production and loss in the Chihuahuan Desert</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96th ESA Annual Meeting, Earth Stewardship: Preserving and enchancing earth's life-support systems</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESA</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Austin, TX</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Historic regime shifts from grass- to shrub-dominated states have been widespread in the Chihuahuan Desert and other arid and semiarid regions globally. These patterns of grass production and shifts to shrub dominance are spatially variable, and show a weak correlation with precipitation, suggesting that drivers and processes at different spatial and temporal scales are important determinants of the production and recruitment of grasses. Using long-term data from the Jornada Basin USDA-LTER site, we tested the hypothesis that spatially contagious processes of soil redistribution and shrub invasion can overwhelm the importance of fine-scale drivers (e.g., precipitation, soil depth, vegetation composition) to explain variation in grass production and loss. We found that both fine-scale drivers and contagious spatial processes explain variation in grass production in different parts of the landscape. Grass production on locations surrounded by stable soils is primarily a function of precipitation, soil characteristics, and vegetation composition. However, locations in close proximity to invasive shrubs and erosive soils have poor relationships with local drivers. In these locations, spatial processes of sand deposition and dune formation associated with invading shrubs limit the ability of grasses to exploit otherwise favorable conditions for establishment and growth. These results suggest that focusing on fine-scale processes, such as competition, is of limited utility when spatial processes interact with broad-scale drivers to produce observed patterns. A more explicit focus on multiple interacting spatial and temporal scales is often necessary to more fully understand significant ecological regime shifts.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3128</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, Al</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, Kris M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, Rick E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The utilization of historical data and geospatial technology advances at the Jornada Experimental Range to support western America ranching culture</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remote Sensing</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geospatial technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">historical data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unmanned Aerial Vehicles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Western American culture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">09/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-031.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2089-2109</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;By the early 1900s, concerns were expressed by ranchers, academicians, and federal scientists that widespread overgrazing and invasion of native grassland by woody shrubs were having severe negative impacts upon normal grazing practices in Western America. Ranchers wanted to reverse these trends and continue their way of life and were willing to work with scientists to achieve these goals. One response to this desire was establishment of the USDA Jornada Experimental Range (783 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) in south central New Mexico by a Presidential Executive Order in 1912 for conducting rangeland investigations. This cooperative effort involved experiments to understand principles of proper management and the processes causing the woody shrub invasion as well as to identify treatments to eradicate shrubs. By the late 1940s, it was apparent that combining the historical ground-based data accumulated at Jornada Experimental Range with rapidly expanding post World War II technologies would yield a better understanding of the driving processes in these arid and semiarid ecosystems which could then lead to improved rangeland management practices. One specific technology was the use of aerial photography to interpret landscape resource conditions. The assembly and utilization of long-term historical aerial photography data sets has occurred over the last half century. More recently, Global Positioning System (GPS) techniques have been used in a myriad of scientific endeavors including efforts to accurately locate historical and contemporary treatment plots and to track research animals including livestock and wildlife. As an incredible amount of both spatial and temporal data became available, Geographic Information Systems have been exploited to display various layers of data over the same locations. Subsequent analyses of these data layers have begun to yield new insights. The most recent technological development has been the deployment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that afford the opportunity to obtain high (5 cm) resolution data now required for rangeland monitoring. The Jornada team is now a leader in civil UAV applications in the USA. The scientific advances at the Jornada in fields such as remote sensing can be traced to the original Western America ranching culture that established the Jornada in 1912 and which persists as an important influence in shaping research directions today.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3321</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2089</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ravi, Sujith</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D'Odorico, Paolo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breshears, David D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field, Jason P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goudie, Andrew S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huxman, Travis E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Junran</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, Gregory S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swap, Robert J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomas, Andrew D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van Pelt, Scott</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whicker, Jeffrey J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zobeck, Ted M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aolian processes and the biosphere</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reviews of Geophysics</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aeolian processes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biogeochemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biosphere</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">drivers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dust emissions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">feedbacks</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">impacts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interactions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">methods</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RG3001</style></pages><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3289</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reichmann, Lara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, Osvaldo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gherardi, Laureano</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Debra C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-linear ecosystem response to long-term changes in precipitation and nitrogen availability in a desert grassland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96th ESA Annual Meeting, Earth Stewardship: Preserving and enhancing earth's life-support systems</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESA</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Austin, Texas</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Our objective was to assess ecosystem responses to long-term changes in precipitation and nitrogen availability in the Northern Chihuahuan Desert (NM, USA), using rainfall manipulations (80% reduced PPT, ambient, 80% increased) and fertilization additions (with and without ammonium nitrate) for five consecutive years. Our results show that differences in ANPP among treatments increased with time since the beginning of the manipulation. After year one, ANPP decreased 20% with drought and increased 30% with irrigation. But after the fourth year, drought treatments were 50% less productive than ambient PPT treatments, and irrigated plots were 50% more productive than ambient. This response was mostly driven by changes in grass productivity because shrub and forb ANPP did not change among treatments or with time. After 5 years of manipulations, species richness, diversity, and evenness? were higher in ambient PPT treatments. Drought and irrigated plots had similar species richness but differed in species identity. Fertilization did not have a significant effect on ANPP across years, but had higher diversity compared to ambient nitrogen plots. Soil nitrogen availability decreased with increasing PPT after the first year of manipulations, and this response was similar across all years. Soil organic carbon increased with PPT but decreased with fertilization. Long-term manipulations revealed time-lags in the ecosystem response to changes in PPT and N. We found hierarchical responses ranging from changes in ANPP and functional group cover to species composition and soil properties that were manifest in a short-term study.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3129</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reichmann, Lara G</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Precipitation legacies on the functioning of arid ecosystems: biogeochemical and meristem density controls</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arid ecosystems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biogeochemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">black grama</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boutoloua eriopoda</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon cycle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dissertation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grassland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">meristem density controls</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nitrogen cycle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">precipitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rainout shelters</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thesis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown University</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Providence, RI</style></pub-location><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ph.D Dissertation</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3297</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riginos, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sundaresan, S. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farley, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simple method for monitoring rangeland health and wildlife habitat</style></title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the IX Internatoinal Rangeland Congress</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">methods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wildlife habitat</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosario, Argintina</style></pub-location><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7556</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riginos, Corinna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, Jeffrey E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sundaresan, Siva R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farley, Carey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belnap, Jayne</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A simple graphical approach to quantitative monitoring of rangelands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-023.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6-13</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3267</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, O. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vivanco, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flombaum, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grassland ecosystems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Encyclopedia of Biodiversity</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biodiversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grassland ecosystems</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier</style></publisher><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7557</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schrader, T. Scott</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duniway, Michael C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image interpreter tool: An ArcGIS tool for estimating vegetation cover from high-resolution imagery</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-028.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35-40</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Land managers need increased temporal and spatial resolution of rangeland assessment and monitoring data. However, with flat or declining land management and monitoring agency budgets, such increases in sampling intensity are unlikely unless new methods can be developed that capture data of key rangeland indicators at a lower cost. Remote sensing techniques have shown promise for collecting plant community composition and ground cover data efficiently. However, many image analysis techniques require software and expertise not always available to field offices. This article describes Image Interpreter Tool (IIT): a series of ArcGIS 9.3 tools and workflow procedures that have been developed to meet this need. The tool and procedures were designed to streamline: 1) the calibration of image interpretation users, and 2) the collection of vegetation and ground-cover types for a study site or project. IIT is distributed as a customized ArcMap document or template with nothing to install, and is compact enough to be used on portable storage devices such as USB thumb drives. IIT can be used by people with little or no GIS experience and reduces recording errors by providing an automated system for attributing data files. IIT mimics point-intercept field-sampling methods using remotely sensed data, &amp;ldquo;virtual&amp;rdquo; points along transects, and a simple and intuitive interface-to-estimate cover. Three main cover categories are used: noncanopy (rock, litter, soil, and lichens), herbaceous cover (grass and forbs), and woody canopy (subshrub, shrub, tree, and succulent). Additionally, users can toggle between true color and color-infrared versions of the imagery (assuming four-band imagery is used as a source) with a simple click of a button on the interface. IIT is easy to learn and is designed to facilitate multiple users producing consistent results. IIT is divided into two modules: 1) an observer training and calibration module that includes quality assurance and quality control procedures, and 2) a data collection module.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3270</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schwab, Lori K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unc, Adrian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, Mary E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil distrubance increases soil microbial enzymatic activity in arid ecoregion</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4th International Conference Enzymes in the Environment</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Activity, Ecology and Applications</style></tertiary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://jornada.nmsu.edu/bibliography/11-029.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature Proceedings</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bad Nauheim, Germany</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Functional diversity of the soil microbial community is commonly used in the assessment of soil health as it relates to the activity of soil microflora involved in carbon cycling. Soil microbes in different microenvironments will have varying responses to different substrates, thus catabolic fingerprint information of each location-specific community can be obtained. The purpose of this study was to evaluate total-soil enzymatic activity profiles across three disturbance regimes in an arid desert grassland in the Southwestern United States. Microbial enzymatic activity was measured using the MicroResp&amp;trade; system, which measures respiration of microbes within whole soil samples supplemented with various carbon sources (simple and polymeric sugars, amino acids, carboxylic acids, and fatty acids). Total bacterial diversity was assessed by 16sRNA pyrosequencing. Microbial activity was greatest and most variable in sites exposed to disturbance (grazing, natural gas extraction). The introduction of disturbance, and therefore enhanced heterogeneity, may drive changes in soils towards higher functional diversity to adapt to the disturbance.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3300</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schwilch, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bunning, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Critchley, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kellner, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liniger, H. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nachtergaele, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ritsema, C. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schuster, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tabo, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van Lynden, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winslow, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experiences in monitoring and assessment of sustainable land management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land Degradation and Development</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">impact assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">methodological framework</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple scales</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">participatory approaches</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable land management</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-039</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">214-225</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Although sustainable land management (SLM) is widely promoted to prevent and mitigate land degradation and desertification, its monitoring and assessment (M&amp;amp;A) has received much less attention. This paper compiles methodological approaches which to date have been little reported in the literature. It draws lessons from these experiences and identifies common elements and future pathways as a basis for a global approach. The paper starts with local level methods where the World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies (WOCAT) framework catalogues SLM case studies. This tool has been included in the local level assessment of Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands (LADA) and in the EU-DESIRE project. Complementary site-based approaches can enhance an ecological process-based understanding of SLM variation. At national and sub-national levels, a joint WOCAT/LADA/DESIRE spatial assessment based on land use systems identifies the status and trends of degradation and SLM, including causes, drivers and impacts on ecosystem services. Expert consultation is combined with scientific evidence and enhanced where necessary with secondary data and indicator databases. At the global level, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) knowledge from the land (KM:Land) initiative uses indicators to demonstrate impacts of SLM investments. Key lessons learnt include the need for a multi-scale approach, making use of common indicators and a variety of information sources, including scientific data and local knowledge through participatory methods. Methodological consistencies allow cross-scale analyses, and findings are analysed and documented for use by decision-makers at various levels. Effective M&amp;amp;A of SLM [e.g. for United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)] requires a comprehensive methodological framework agreed by the major players.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3290</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">214</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skaggs, Rhonda</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edwards, Zach</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, Brandon T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wright, John B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williamson, Jeb</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, Phil</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetation maps at the passage of the Taylor Grazing Act (1934): A baseline to evaluate rangeland change after a regime shift</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1934</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">range-survey maps</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">regime shift</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taylor Grazing Act</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation maps</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">02/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-016.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13-19</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Data from New Mexico range survey maps created shortly after the passage of the Taylor Grazing Act in 1934 have been preserved and are being used to document changes in vegetation. The range survey data were collected at the time of a critical shift in rangeland policy and practice in federal lands of the United States. This paper describes the historical context of the post-Taylor range surveying, documents the process of creating the 1930s vegetation cover data from the maps, and illustrates how the data are being used to understand patterns of ecosystem change&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3121</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tahtamouni, Mohammad E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unc, Adrian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, Mary E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khresat, Sa'eb</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discriminatory power of MicroResp analyses across variable spatial scales in semiarid ecological zones</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4th International Confrence on Enzymes in the Environment</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Activity, Ecology and Applications</style></tertiary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://jornada.nmsu.edu/bibliography/11-030.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature Proceedings</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bad Nauheim, Germany</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;ndirect assessment of enzymatic activity potential via substrate induced respiration is a common tool used to evaluate variability in soil microbial activity induced by environmental or management variables. The MicroResp&amp;trade; method for total soil sample catabolic profiling has been employed to estimate divergence in microbial activities under contrasting conditions. Here we evaluate the potential for the method to discriminate across samples exposed to similar ecological conditions at distinct geographical locations, and across samples exposed to distinct soil management conditions. Samples used in this report came from four spatially distinct arid or semi arid locations in New Mexico, USA and Jordan. For all scales of comparison, similar conditions such as rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, disturbance levels, soil depth and distance from plants were considered as factors. Catabolic profiles vary within and between sampling locations as a function of soil characteristics as induced by proximity to plants, plant species, sampling depth and land disturbance.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3301</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Templeton, Ryan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insights on seasonal fluxes in a desert shrubland watershed from a distributed sensor network</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon dioxide flux</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CO2 flux</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eddy covariance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evapotranspiration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NAMS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">North American Monsoon System</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rainfall</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">runoff</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tromble Weir Watershed</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arizona State University</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">171</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The North American Monsoon System (NAMS) contributes ~55% of the annual rainfall in the Chihuahuan Desert during the summer months. Relatively frequent, intense storms during the NAMS increase soil moisture, reduce surface temperature and lead to runoff in ephemeral channels. Quantifying these processes, however, is difficult due to the sparse nature of coordinated observations.&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In this study, I present results from a field network of rain gauges (n = 5), soil probes (n = 48), channel flumes (n = 4), and meteorological equipment in a small desert shrubland watershed (~0.05 km2) in the Jornada Experimental. Using this high-resolution network, I characterize the temporal and spatial variability of rainfall, soil conditions and channel runoff within the watershed from June 2010 to September 2011, covering two NAMS periods. In addition, CO2, water and energy measurements at an eddy covariance tower quantify seasonal, monthly and event-scale changes in land-atmosphere states and fluxes.&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Results from this study indicate a strong seasonality in water and energy fluxes, with a reduction in Bowen ratio (B, the ratio of sensible to latent heat fluxes) from winter (B = 14) to summer (B = 3.3). This reduction is tied to shallow soil moisture availability during the summer (s = 0.040 m3/m3) as compared to the winter (s = 0.004 m3/m3). During the NAMS, I analyzed four consecutive rainfall-runoff events to quantify the soil moisture and channel flow responses and how water availability impacted the land-atmosphere fluxes. Spatial hydrologic variations during events occur over distances as short as ~15 m.&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The field network also allowed comparisons of several approaches to estimate evapotranspiration (ET). I found a more accurate ET estimate (a reduction of mean absolute error by 38%) when using distributed soil moisture data, as compared to a standard water balance approach based on the tower site. In addition, use of spatially-varied soil moisture data yielded a more reasonable relationship between ET and soil moisture, an important parameterization in many hydrologic models. The analyses illustrates the value of high-resolution sampling for quantifying seasonal fluxes in desert shrublands and their improvements in closing the water balance in small watersheds.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Masters</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7561</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Throop, H.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archer, S.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waltman, S. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">When bulk density methods matter: Implications for estimating soil organic carbon pools in rocky soils</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66-71</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Resolving uncertainty in the carbon cycle is paramount to refining climate predictions. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a major component of terrestrial C pools, and accuracy of SOC estimates are only as good as the measurements and assumptions used to obtain them. Dryland soils account for a substantial portion of global SOC, but the pool dynamics are highly uncertain. One crucial component of accurate estimates of SOC on an areal basis is bulk density (p&lt;sub&gt;b&lt;/sub&gt;), the mass of soil per unit volume. Here, we review methods used for calculating p&lt;sub&gt;b&lt;/sub&gt; and assess their prevalence. We show how treatment of coarse fragments (particles &amp;gt;2 mm diameter) influences p&lt;sub&gt;b&lt;/sub&gt; values and discuss the implications for SOC estimates in drylands. In four dryland examples, methods that varied in their treatment of coarse fragments led to substantial (up to 26%) differences in p&lt;sub&gt;b&lt;/sub&gt;. Calculated SOC pools responded proportionally, with SOC differing by up to 518 g C m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;. We suggest a revised method for accounting for coarse fractions in p&lt;sub&gt;b&lt;/sub&gt; calculations. A large portion of the world&amp;rsquo;s soils, particularly in drylands, are fine enough to allow p&lt;sub&gt;b&lt;/sub&gt; determination with cores, but contain coarse fragments that substantially impact SOC mass estimates if not explicitly considered.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN6549</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Throop, Heather L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reichmann, Lara G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, Osvaldo E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archer, Steven R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Response of dominant grass and shrub species to water manipulation: an ecophysiological basis for shrub invasion in a Chihuahuan Desert Grassland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">drought</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grassland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">photosynthesis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">precipitation manipulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water potential</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">woody encroachment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7692</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toevs, Gordon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karl, Jason</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taylor, Jason</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spurrier, Carol</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karl, Michael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bobo, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, Jeffrey E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Consistent indicators and methods and a scalable sample design to meet assessment, inventory, and monitoring information needs across scales</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-024.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14-20</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Within the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), as in many land management agencies throughout the world, much effort is invested in monitoring and assessment for specific management needs. The BLM Assessment, Inventory, and Monitoring (AIM) Strategy was initiated, in part, to evaluate and make recommendations to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of monitoring activities. A goal of the AIM Strategy is to provide the BLM and its partners with information needed to understand terrestrial resource location and abundance, condition, and trend, and to provide a basis for effective adaptive management.&amp;nbsp; The Strategy supports an integrated approach that includes three components: 1) a standard set of field measurement indicators and associated methods for terrestrial vegetation and soils that reflect the status of key attributes of ecosystem sustainability ; 2) a statistically valid sampling framework that allows datasets collected in different areas and for different objectives to be aggregated at different scales to address regional and national information needs; and 3) integration of remote sensing and ground-based technologies to maximize BLM&amp;rsquo;s capacity to cost-effectively address management questions at multiple spatial scales. Collectively, these components help ensure that data collected to support local decision-making are defensible and can be easily integrated to address multiple questions at multiple scales. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the three components.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3268</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Zhongwu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiao, Shuying</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Han, Guodong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhao, Mengli</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willms, Walter D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hao, Xiying</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Jian'an</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Din, Haijun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, Kris M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Impact of stocking rate and rainfall on sheep performance in a desert steppe</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland Ecology &amp; Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazing management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inner Mongolia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">live weight gain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">optimal stock rate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stipa breviflora Griseb</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-012.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">249-256</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3047</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">249</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, Walter G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steinberger, Yosef</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of simulated storm sizes and nitrogen on three Chihuahuan Desert perennial herbs and a grass</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abundance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fertilization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">irrigation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">09/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/11-010.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">861-864</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Establishment and growth of three perennial herbs and a small tussock grass were studied in an experiment that provided simulated rainfall of 6 mm week_1 or 25 mm once per month and nitrogen fertilization in combination with the different simulated rainfall regimes. Wild onion, Allium macropetalum, failed to establish in plots receiving 25 mm month_1 simulated rainfall. The perennial composite, Bahia absinthifolia, occurred at higher densities in plots that were not irrigated but there were no differences in biomass in any of the irrigation or fertilization treatments. Desert holly, Perezia nana, failed to establish in nitrogen fertilized plots and developed higher abundance and biomass in plots receiving 25 mm month_1. Nitrogen fertilization had either no effect or an adverse effect on the perennial herbs. The tussock grass, Dasychloa pulchella exhibited highest abundance and biomass with 6 mm week_1 added water plus nitrogen. Since global climate change will affect both rain storm frequency and size and atmospheric nitrogen deposition, the results of this study are applicable to understanding vegetation responses climate change.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3029</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">861</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yahdjian, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gherardi, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, O. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen limitation in arid-subhumid ecosystems: A meta-analysis of fertilization studies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arid ecosystems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">meta-analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nitrogen fertilization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resource limitation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">675-680</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3293</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, O. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D. P. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cross-site studies &quot;by design&quot;: experiments and observations that provide new insights</style></title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term trends in ecological systems: a basis for understanding responses to global change</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-site comparisons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-site studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">study design</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7558</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, Jin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Deb</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial heterogeneity in aboveground net primary production and species richness at multiple scales in the Chihuahuan Desert</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">US-International Association for Landscape Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Portland, OR</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;We analyzed patterns in spatial heterogeneity and the processes driving these patterns in two ecosystem properties, aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and species richness, at multiple scales in the Chihuahuan Desert.&amp;nbsp; We used long-term data (1990-2009) to examine the importance of a suite of drivers and ecosystem properties to patterns in ANPP and species richness at two spatial scales: patch and landscape unit.&amp;nbsp; Three patches were sampled annually within each of five landscape units: upland and playa grasslands, and mesquite, creosotebush, and tarbush shrublands. Spatial heterogeneity at the patch scale was measured as the coefficient of variation across quadrats (n = 48 or 49).&amp;nbsp; Spatial heterogeneity at the landscape unit scale was measured as the coefficient of variation across patches.&amp;nbsp; At the patch scale, heterogeneity was affected by growth form of the dominant plant species and by precipitation. Grasslands were more homogeneous than shrublands under drought conditions, but shrublands were more homogeneous in wet years. At the landscape unit scale, heterogeneity was mainly affected by variation in distance between patches and variation in precipitation. Because of high spatial heterogeneity across these diverse landscapes, we concluded that estimates of ANPP and species richness from fine scales can not be directly extrapolated to broader scales in the Chihuahuan Desert without accounting for both local and spatial drivers of processes.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3131</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">York, Abigail M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrestha, Milan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boone, Christopher G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Sainan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land fragmentation under rapid urbanization: A cross-site analysis of Southwestern cities</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uurban Ecosystems</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">drivers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">exurbanization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">institutions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land fragmentation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">population dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">topography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">transportation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">urban ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">US Southwest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water provisioning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">429-455</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Explosive population growth and increasing demand for rural homes and lifestyles fueled exurbanization and urbanization in the western USA over the past decades. Using National Land Cover Data we analyzed land fragmentation trends from 1992 to 2001 in five southwestern cities associated with Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites. We observed two general fragmentation trends: expansion of the urbanized area leading to fragmentation in the exurban and peri-urban regions and decreased fragmentation associated with infill in the previously developed urban areas. We identified three fragmentation patterns, riparian, polycentric, and monocentric, that reflect the recent western experience with growth and urbanization. From the literature and local expert opinion, we identified five relevant drivers &amp;ndash; water provisioning, population dynamics, transportation, topography, and institutions &amp;ndash; that shape land use decision-making and fragmentation in the southwest. In order to assess the relative importance of each driver on urbanization, we linked historical site-specific driver information obtained through literature reviews and archival analyses to the observed fragmentation patterns. Our work highlights the importance of understanding land use decision-making drivers in concert and throughout time, as historic decisions leave legacies on landscapes that continue to affect land form and function, a process often forgotten in a region and era of blinding change.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3294</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Yang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Land-use decision-making and landscape degradation: a case study in the American Southwest </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Geography</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Southwest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land degradation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">urban development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wildland-urban interface</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The University of Sheffield</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheffield, UK</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Doctor of Philosophy</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">277</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;This study examines the role of land-use decision-making of different actor groups, including land developers, politicians, residents, NGOs and city planners, in contributing to land degradation in the American Southwest. Perceptions of different actor groups of the desert landscape are first explored then the motivations and priorities of actor groups to make land-use decisions are investigated. It was found that perceptions of landscape are connected with its functional and intrinsic values. Different groups appreciated functional values with their specific needs and interests. Also, an appreciation of intrinsic values of landscape is partly associated with functional values. By taking a political ecology approach, this study investigates the complex relationships between human land-use decisions and environmental changes and between different actor groups. Issues of power were found to be significant in land use and management practice, and a small number of actors were perceived by others to have more power to control the use and access to the resources. Relationships between and within different actor groups are complex, and conflict when special interests and needs of actors are apparent with some actors considering their rights and power to be limited and diminished by others. Decisions made at local scale are often affected by the regulations and policies operating at regional and national scales. Results also revealed that historical and cultural influences played a role in the decision-making process. In addition, it was found that poor communications exist between actor groups and between different levels of government, and misunderstanding and lack of negotiation between each other can result in conflicts and competition. Land managers and planners need to incorporate opinions and expectations from a wider public and balance the complex diversity of needs of different actor groups.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dissertation</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN7534</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abbott, Laurie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, Jeffrey E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young, Kendall</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grassland restoration following mesquite invasion in the northern Chihuahuan Desert: Persistence, patience, and perspectives from the past and present</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">restoration</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Denver, CO</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63rd Society for Range Management</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sym-22</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The widespread invasion of grasslands by woody plants in the northern Chihuahuan Desert over the past 100-150 years is well-documented, and has stimulated a large body of research about the mechanisms driving this conversion, as well as approaches to grassland restoration. Progressive invasion and eventual domination by mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr.) is often associated with dramatic redistribution of soils, loss of herbaceous cover, and severely reduced ecological function. Restoration in this region is problematic due to low soil moisture availability and the instability of mesquite-dominated communities, particularly on coarse sandy soils. Historical efforts to rehabilitate invaded sites initially focused on implementing individual control methods and reseeding to restore vegetation structure. Progressively, the focus of restoration research has incorporated integrated management approaches aimed at recovering both structure and function. We provide a brief review of historical approaches, lessons learned, and the results of recent research involving simultaneous manipulations of vegetation, soils, and the soil seedbank.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN13</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 1, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 1, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, Dean M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murray, Leight M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, Rick E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nakamatsu, V.B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterizing foraging patterns among cattle and bonded and non- bonded small ruminants using spatial point process techniques</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22nd Annual Conference Proceedings on Applied Statistics in Agriculture</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">animal disribution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">animal locations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cattle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flerds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">goats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mixed-species stocking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sheep</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-046.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kansas State University</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manhattan, Kansas</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12-35</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Two mixed-species livestock groups were monitored while foraging on 410 ha of brush-infested Southern New Mexico rangeland during July and August 1988. The groups consisted of crossbred Bos taurus and Bos indicus beef cattle with white-faced sheep (Ovis aries) and mohair goats (Capra hircus).&amp;nbsp; The bonded group consisted of small ruminants that had their behaviours modified through socialization with cattle to form a flerd in which small ruminants consistently remained near cattle.&amp;nbsp; Small ruminants in the non-bonded group had not been socialized with cattle.&amp;nbsp; A subset of animal location data measured during the morning over five days for both the bonded and non-bonded groups was analyzed for spatial patterns.&amp;nbsp; Only data for five morning periods (0700-0800 h) are reported because morning and afternoon spatial patterns were similar.&amp;nbsp; Distance measures and Monte Carlo simulations for spatial point processes were used to analyze the data.&amp;nbsp; Results suggested bonded and non-bonded groups were similar in spatial patterns of intra-specific distances for both cattle and small ruminants.&amp;nbsp; However, bonding changed the repulsive relationship observed between cattle and non-bonded small ruminants stocked together to one of inter-specific attraction.&amp;nbsp; Bonded small ruminants remained close to and formed inter-specific clusters with cattle.&amp;nbsp; In addition, the mean number of bonded small ruminants near an arbitrary cow was consistently high.&amp;nbsp; Finally, the spatial pattern of cattle across the paddock did not differ between bonded and non-bonded groups, while bonded small ruminants tended to disperse slightly more uniformly across the paddock than did non-bonded small ruminants. These findings suggest paddock utilization may be positively influenced using flerds compared to flocks and herds.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3345</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayarza, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huber-Sannwald, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reynolds, J.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garcia-Barrios, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Welchez, L.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lentes, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pavon, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morales, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changing human-ecological relationships and drivers using the Quesungual Agroforestry System in western Honduras</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renewable Agriculture and Food System</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">QSMAS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-018.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The development of sustainable agricultural production systems in the tropics is challenging in part because the local and external conditions that affect sustainability are constantly in flux. The Quesungual Agroforestry System (QSMAS) was developed in response to these changing conditions. The history and potential future of the QSMAS provide an opportunity to consider the factors that are affecting small-scale agricultural production systems on marginal lands throughout the world. In this paper we report the results of an analysis of the sustainability of the QSMAS using the five principles of the Drylands Development Paradigm (DDP) for three periods: pre-QSMAS, QSMAS adoption and the future. The analysis from the first two periods provides lessons that can be extended to other regions. The system must continue to evolve, however, if the long-term benefits of the system are to be conserved. Finally, we concluded that while the DDP was a useful framework for systematically identifying the critical drivers and processes that determine the sustainability of QSMAS, it is ultimately no more able to predict the future than the collective knowledge of those who choose to apply it. It can, however, facilitate the integration and application of this knowledge.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN149</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 2, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 6, 2010</style></custom6><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baquera, Noemi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterization of historical water retention structures and assessment of treatment effects in the Chihuahuan Desert</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">history</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remediation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">restoration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">treatment effects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water retention structures</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://libcat.nmsu.edu/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=1487385</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Mexico State University</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Las Cruces, New Mexico</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69</style></pages><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M.S. Thesis</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3295</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Mexico State University library: S 1999 .B27 2010</style></call-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, Brandon T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, Joel R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An introduction to the special issue on ecological sites</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-041.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The establishment of the Rangeland Interagency Ecological Site Manual by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), Forest Service (FS), and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) heralds a new era of rangeland management in the United States (http://www.fs.fed.us/biology/soil/Signed_RIESM_2010.pdf). The manual promises to establish a land stratification system and approaches for describing ecosystem structures, functions, and dynamics in the form of ecological site descriptions, such that they can be applied to all rangelands, no matter their jurisdiction or ownership. The common basis for decision-making will lead to improved coordination and more consistent, transparent, and useful application of science concepts in rangeland management. NRCS has had primary responsibility for the development of ecological site descriptions in the past. This responsibility will be now be shared by all three agencies. At this juncture, we summarize in this special issue the state of the art in the development of ecological site descriptions, recognizing that this art will evolve over the coming decades.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3117</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, Brandon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moseley, Kendra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaver, Pat</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanchez, Homer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Briske, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandez-Gimenez, Maria</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Practical guidance for developing state-and-transition models</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-042.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23-30</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;State-and-transition models (STMs) are synthetic descriptions of the dynamics of vegetation and surface soils occurring within specific ecological sites. STMs consist of a diagram and narratives that describe the dynamics and its causes. STMs are developed using a broad array of evidence including historical information, local and professional knowledge, general ecological knowledge, and monitoring and experimental data from a specific ecological site or similar sites. We provide general guidance on the production of rangeland state-and-transition models with special attention to recent concepts. We describe preparation and a sequence of steps in the development of STMs that parallels the steps in ecological site development. STMs are usually developed alongside ecological site concepts because STMs help to define differences among sites. We follow the steps with a discussion of some common problems encountered by model developers and provide some advice for how to resolve them. We then conclude with some forward-looking ideas that bear upon the present-day development of STMs.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3120</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Browning, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Local and global patterns of shrub proliferation - changes in autocorrelation in an arid rangeland ecosystem from 1937-2008.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">US - International Association for Landscape Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 25-30, 2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The proliferation of trees and shrubs in grassland and savanna ecosystems has been widely observed, although future trajectories remain difficult to ascertain. Spatial manifestations of shrub proliferation bear relevance on surface hydrology and the spread of disturbance. We quantify changes in spatial autocorrelation in shrub cover in an arid grassland ecosystem to test the validity of a conceptual framework highlighting the role of shrub patch dynamics in the shrub encroachment process. We build upon the framework to suggest how the encroachment and stabilization phases manifest spatially. We suggest that indicators of spatial autocorrelation illustrate where local interactions are more prevalent, thereby functioning as an indicator of biotic regulation and stabilization in shrub cover. We analyzed binary maps of shrub cover from 1937 to 2008 derived from time series aerial photography. Spatial analyses entailed resampling 1-m depictions of shrub patches to percent shrub cover within 20-m X 20-m quadrats to examine the spatial autocorrelation with Moran’s I using GeoDa software. We decomposed the global index of spatial association into contributions from local neighborhoods using Local Indicator of Spatial Association, which quantifies the extent to which cells are similar to or different from their neighbors. Shrub cover in 1937 was highly heterogenous and became more dispersed and less patchy over the 71 years. As shrub cover increased, it became increasingly positively autocorrelated with Moran’s I increasing from 0.383 in 1937 to 0.742 in 2008. We found no clear evidence of self-organization, although we did detect clear evidence of local effects that resulted in broad scale patterns with hot-spots of low and high cover. The trend highlights the potential for edaphic or geomorphic constraints on shrub cover.  We anticipate collecting field data on vegetation structure, cover, and soil properties to discern whether segregated patterns in autocorrelation are related to land surface conditions.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN356</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Browning, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steele, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field validation of biomass retrieved from Landsat for rangeland assessment and monitoring</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Geoscience adn Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 25-30, 2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Measures of terrestrial biomass that are accurate and repeatable are important to monitoring and modeling productivity in the world’s grassland and savanna (i.e., rangeland) ecosystems. Remote sensing offers potential to characterize seasonal changes in biomass in a consistent non-destructive manner. We capitalized on long-term measurements of aboveground biomass at the Jornada Basin (JRN) Long-Term Ecological Research site in the northern Chihuahuan desert. We sought to answer two questions (1) Does Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery serve as a reliable and accurate proxy for vegetation biomass in this highly heterogeneous arid ecosystem? and (2) How do differences in vegetation structure influence biomass/SVI relationships? For this pilot study, seven images corresponding to biomass sampling dates from Nov 2006 to Nov 2008 were selected from the Landsat image archive to relate biomass to image-based indicators of vegetative vigor. TM images were processed to yield top of atmosphere radiance values corrected for atmospheric effects using the image-based COST method. We evaluated the performance of four SVIs normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), and modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI2). To facilitate comparison of results from Landsat and the MODIS sensor in this arid ecosystem, we report values for EVI. EVI values are reported as the mean of 25 TM pixel values corresponding to the 150-m X 150-m area centered on the fifteen 0.5-ha study sites.  Relationships between EVI and biomass were linear and consistent for sites within each of five vegetation communities (i.e. creosote, mesquite, tarbush, grassland, and playas). Field measurements of biomass ranged widely over time and across sites (0 to 422.2 g/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). EVI tracked changes in biomass reasonably well with R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; values ranging from 0.238 (for playa sites) to 0.789 (for mesquite sites). EVI exhibited a low dynamic range in values across large differences in plant biomass. Grassland EVI responses do not always clearly reflect changes in biomass which may be due to the prominence of senescent vegetation at grassland and playa sites or confounded by the prominence of bare soil in arid ecosystems. On-going analyses will evaluate the performance of other SVIs. The range in physiognomy and productivity at the JRN is well-suited for field validation exercises for biophysical parameters retrieved via remote sensing. Accurate and robust relationships between spectral vegetation indices derived from freely available satellite imagery and field measurements of biomass are powerful tools for monitoring landscape condition in arid and semi-arid rangelands.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN361</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Browning, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Species–specific contributions to moderate resolution vegetation indices derived from sub-decimeter aerial photography – Prospects for phenological monitoring</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote sensing Proceedings</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Diego, California</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;High spatial heterogeneity in ground cover, large amounts of exposed bare soil, and modest cover from shrubs and grasses in arid and semi-arid ecosystems challenge the integration of field observations of phenology and remotely sensed data to monitor changes in land surface phenology. This research conducted at the Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site in southern New Mexico capitalizes on object-based classification of sub-decimeter (4 cm) aerial photography to examine species-specific contributions to vegetation index values calculated across a range of grain sizes. Drawing on established field protocols for reproductive phenology, sub-decimeter imagery (4 cm), and object-based image analysis, we explore the relationship between field phenology and vegetation index values and quantify the contribution of individual species to spectral vegetation index values derived from 4 cm imagery aggregated incrementally to 30 m spatial resolution. Color-infrared imagery from a digital mapping camera was collected June 2007 across 15 LTER study sites that transect five distinct vegetation communities along a continuum of grass to shrub dominance. Object-based image analysis of 4 cm imagery provides a detailed depiction of ground cover and allows us to extract species-specific contributions to spectral vegetation indices. The ability to discern species- or functional-group contributions to remotely sensed signals of vegetation greenness can greatly enhance the design of field sampling protocols for phenological research. Furthermore, imagery from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) is a cost-effective and increasingly available resource and generation of UAV mosaics has been accomplished so that larger study areas can be addressed. This technology can provide a robust basis for scaling relationships for phenology-based research applications.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN360</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Browning, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moreno, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial autocorrelation of shrub cover in an arid rangleand ecosystem from 1937-2008</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub cover</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The proliferation of trees and shrubs in grassland and savanna ecosystems has been widely observed, although future trajectories remain difficult to ascertain. Spatial manifestations of shrub proliferation bear relevance on surface hydrology and the spread of disturbance. We quantify changes in spatial autocorrelation in shrub cover in an arid grassland ecosystem to test the validity of a conceptual framework highlighting the role of shrub patch dynamics in the shrub encroachment process. We build upon the framework to suggest how the encroachment and stabilization phases manifest spatially. We suggest that indicators of spatial autocorrelation illustrate where local interactions are more prevalent, thereby functioning as an indicator of biotic regulation and stabilization in shrub cover. We analyzed binary maps of shrub cover from 1937 to 2008 derived from time series aerial photography. Spatial analyses entailed resampling 1-m depictions of shrub patches to percent shrub cover within 20-m X 20-m quadrats to examine the spatial autocorrelation with Moran&amp;rsquo;s I using GeoDa software. We decomposed the global index of spatial association into contributions from local neighborhoods using Local Indicator of Spatial Association, which quantifies the extent to which cells are similar to or different from their neighbors. Shrub cover in 1937 was highly heterogenous and became more dispersed and less patchy over the 71 years. As shrub cover increased, it became increasingly positively autocorrelated with Moran&amp;rsquo;s I increasing from 0.383 in 1937 to 0.742 in 2008. We found no clear evidence of self-organization, although we did detect clear evidence of local effects that resulted in broad scale patterns with hot-spots of low and high cover. Assessment of shrub patch dynamics (i.e., coalescence, fragmentation of patches) is on-going to identify mechanisms associated with changes in autocorrelation.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN358</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Buenemann, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wright, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Southwest transformation: eras of growth and land change in Las Cruces, New Mexico</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Southwestern Geographer</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape fragmentation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Las Cruces</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">population growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Southwest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">urbanization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57-87</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The United States Southwest is the incubator of the country&amp;#39;s fastest growing urban landscapes, but few studies have quantified urbanization in the region. Using geospatial and archival research techniques our objectives are to assess rates, patterns, and drivers of land change in Las Cruces, New Mexico between 1955 and 2007, thereby stimulating more dialogue on the transformation of Southwestern landscapes. Our results suggest that Las Cruces may be on a path toward urban immensity. During the last fifty years, the city&amp;#39;s population has grown at an average annual rate of 4.5%. The landscape became transformed concomitantly: almost 30% of the study area was converted from farm- and rangeland to residential and urban development. The pattern of development changed over time. Between 1955 and 1980, farm- and rangeland were perforated and dissected to make room for housing and infrastructure developments, causing the landscape to become increasingly fragmented and heterogeneous. Between 1980 and 2007, fragmentation continued, but was replaced in some areas by the shrinking and attrition of left-over farm- and rangeland and by the coalescence and growth of residential and urban clusters. Major drivers of growth included natural gain; in-migration from Mexico and the United States due to Sun Belt climate, federal employment, and other factors; as well as the conversion of a large government land base to private development. Absent viable land conservation programs, the formerly little known community of Las Cruces may face the same growth trajectory as major Southwest urban centers, slowed only temporarily by the current recession. land change/ urbanization/ landscape fragmentation/ population growth/ southwest/ Las Cruces&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3274</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chopping, Mark J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aslan, Aslan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hofton, Michelle</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blair, James</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, Andrea S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, Albert</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Precision of LVIS and MISR canopy height estimates for desert grassland shrub canopies assessed with field and UAV estimates in multiscale approach</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/25/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-025.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Honolulu, Hawaii</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TUP2. PM.7</style></volume><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Many science questions in large-scale terrestrial ecology are concerned with changes in the Earth’s carbon cycle and ecosystems and the consequences for the Earth's carbon budget, ecosystem sustainability, and biodiversity [1]. To address these questions, we must know the distribution of aboveground woody carbon stocks; how much, where, and why woody carbon stocks are changing; and what proportion of the annual net flux to/from land is the result of disturbance and recovery [2]. These questions can be addressed using measures of forest canopy physical structure (horizontal and vertical distributions) through the synergistic use of data from lidar and radar remote sensing instruments [3]. Although satellite systems with global observing capability are at least eight years away [4] many studies are being conducted to assess the capabilities and limitations of these technologies. It is known that full waveform lidar can provide good estimates of various canopy parameters, including height, in mediumdensity temperate forests, while performance in dense tropical and boreal forest and in shrub canopies is less well-defined. While savannas and grasslands with shrubs are low biomass environments, they are extensive, occupying around 40% of the terrestrial land area. The goal of the research described here was thus to determine the performance of the NASA Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor (LVIS) in estimating canopy height and aboveground standing live woody biomass in desert grasslands in southern New Mexico, USA, a region in which shrubs have mostly displaced native grasslands over the last 120 years.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2899</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duniway, M.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial and temporal variability of plant-available water in calcium carbonate-cemented soils and consequences for arid ecosystem resilience</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">calcic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desert grassland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">horizon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petrocalcic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">precipitation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-03.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">163</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">215-226</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Increased variability in precipitation, including frequency of drought, is predicted for many arid and semiarid regions of the world. The ability of soils to retain water can increase resilience by buffering vegetation communities against precipitation extremes. Little is known, however, about water retention by carbonate cemented soil horizons, which occur extensively in arid and semiarid ecosystems. It has been speculated that they may significantly modify vertical and temporal distribution of plant-available water (PAW). To investigate this hypothesis, PAW was monitored at three sites in a mixed shrub-grass community in southern New Mexico, USA, across soils with differing degrees of carbonate horizon development: no carbonate horizon, a partially cemented calcic horizon, and a continuously cemented petrocalcic horizon. Results are presented from three years that included extremely dry and wet periods. Calcic and petrocalcic horizons absorbed and retained significantly greater amounts of PAW for several months following an extremely wet winter and summer compared to the non-carbonate soil. Following a wet summer, petrocalcic horizons retained very high PAW (16 to 18% volumetric or ~72 to 80% of soil water holding capacity) through early spring of the following year, more than double the PAW retained by similar depths in the non-carbonate soil. Drying dynamics indicate calcic and petrocalcic horizons release stored water into the grass rooting zone during growing seasons following extreme events. Water dynamics of calcic and petrocalcic horizons during extreme events provide a mechanism to explain previous observations that perennial grasses exhibit greater resilience to drought when high carbonate horizons occur at shallow depths (&amp;lt; 50 cm). Water holding capacity of the entire profile, including rock-like material such as calcium carbonate, should be considered when evaluating the potential resilience of vegetation communities to disturbance, including the increased variability in precipitation expected to occur as a result of global climate change.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN605</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;August 14, 2008-Ecology; resubmitted to Oecologia 3-19-2009 w/new title&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;March 19, 2009&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;November 26, 2009&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;2010&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">215</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duniway, M.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snyder, K.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial and temporal patterns of water availability in a grass-shrub ecotone and implications for grassland recovery in arid environments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecohydrology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biogeochemical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grass-shrub</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">patterns</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub-dominated</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temporal</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-01.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55-67</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Encroachment of woody shrubs into historic desert grasslands is a major problem throughout the world.  Conversion of grasslands to shrub-dominated systems may result in significant alteration of biogeochemical processes and reduced resource availability in shrub interspaces, making grassland recovery difficult.  Soil petrocalcic horizons, which are common in arid and semiarid regions globally, have been shown to dramatically alter plant water availability.  To assess how soil water dynamics are affected by woody encroachment in petrocalcic soils under contrasting precipitation patterns, we conducted a three year replicated study in a mixed shrub-grass system measuring soil water in unvegetated interspaces and under mesquite canopies.  Plots were instrumented with TDR moisture probes, both above and within the soil petrocalcic horizon.  Soils in both vegetation strata maintained large increases in available water content for several months during a wetter than normal winter and summer (increases of 0.08 to 0.16 m3 m-3).   Interspace soils absorbed significantly greater quantities of water during the winter and retained more water into the spring than soils under shrubs.  In contrast, soils under shrubs initially absorbed greater volumes of water during and following summer rains.  Differing seasonal dynamics were attributed to interactions between the unique properties of soils with petrocalcic horizons and canopy induced variability in evapotranspiration.  Observed patterns of plant available water do not support the hypothesis of greater resource availability under shrubs.   Similar or greater water availability in shrub interspaces indicates that concentration of soil water under shrubs may not be a process limiting grass recovery on these soils.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN608</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 19, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 26, 2009</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duniway, Michael C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, Jeffrey E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pyke, David A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toledo P., David</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessing transportation infrastructure impacts on rangelands: Test of a standard rangeland assessment protocol</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IIRH</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">indicators</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">off-highway vehicles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">oil and gas</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">roads</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">524-536</style></pages><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3276</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duniway, Michael C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, Brandon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tugel, Arlene</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil processes and properties that distinguish ecological sites and states</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-043.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-15</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Differences in ecological sites, and sometimes ecological states, are ultimately due to differences in soil properties and processes within a climatic zone. Soil properties are features of a soil, such as soil texture or soil depth.&amp;nbsp; Soil processes are a series of actions in the soil that bring about a result, for example, water percolating into the soil that determines soil water amounts. Measured relationships between soil properties and soil processes allow us to estimate soil processes given information on a set of soil properties and other variables, such as rainfall amounts. For example, we can predict the rate at which water will percolate into a soil profile if we have data on soil properties such as texture, soil structure, bulk density, and organic matter. How do we determine which soil properties and processes differ among ecological sites or ecological states?&amp;nbsp; This is typically done by observing relationships between soils and the plant communities occurring on them.&amp;nbsp; We inventory plant communities and soil properties within a climatic zone and look for statistical relationships among them. We then draw on research to infer the soil processes that occur and develop hypotheses about how those processes explain plant community patterns.&amp;nbsp; Although soil and landform properties are used to describe the characteristics of ecological sites, it is the soil processes that are controlled by the properties that actually cause differences between ecological sites. Soil processes explain why ecological sites (and sometimes states) differ. The goal of this article is to equip developers and users of ecological site descriptions with a basic understanding of how differences in soils arise, the relationship between soil maps and ecological sites, and how soil properties affect soil processes to create differences among ecological sites and states. Our hope is that this understanding can be used to guide data collection and help develop narratives to explain the properties of ecological sites and states.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3119</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durand, Nicolas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. Curtis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canti, Matthew G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calcium carbonate features</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interpretation of Micromorphological Features of Soils and Regoliths</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN-LTER-N0104</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier B.V.</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">149-194</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">978-0-444-53156-8</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The precipitation of calcium carbonate is widespread in soils and regoliths and common under different environmental settings, especially in soils of arid environments. This topic is of particular interest as calcareous features are characterised by a wide variety of forms, from isolated crystals and discrete elementary features to differentiated calcrete profiles. Their development in interaction with the biosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere makes them useful proxies to identify the processes affecting soils. An extensive literature exists on calcite features in soils, but only few systematic and comprehensive reviews have been made from a micromorphological point of view. This chapter deals with the different morphologies of calcium carbonate accumulation in soils and regoliths, as observed in thin sections. The main calcareous pedofeatures are presented here, including coatings, hypo- and quasi-coatings, infillings and nodules, which comprise specific features such as needle-fibre calcite and pisoliths. Also considered are root-related features, calcified filaments and biogenic crystal intergrowths. The microscopic characteristics of recrystallisation and dissolution features are described, which is an important topic because carbonates are frequently subjected to transformation, increasing with age of the soil. Calcareous features associated with palustrine carbonates are also reported. Each feature is reviewed considering the main earliest studies and views expressed by various later authors, on features whose origin often remains controversial. Finally, the potential of the micromorphological study of recent or inherited features to (palaeo)environmental reconstructions is also discussed.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3303</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utsumi, S.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cibils, A.F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Measurement of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in serum, plasma, and rumen fluid from sheep</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animal Feed Science and Technology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plasma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">recovery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rumen fluid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ruminants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">serum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sheep</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">terpene</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-04.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">158</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">104-109</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studies involving the consumption, metabolism, and elimination of terpenes by small ruminants consuming terpene-laden shrubs as well as those exploring the potential for natural products as rumen modifiers could benefit from a procedure that measures terpenes in both blood and rumen fluid and that is suitable for either serum or plasma. The objective of this study was to modify an existing procedure for plasma utilizing solid phase extraction/gas chromatography, and extend its use for measurement of structurally diverse mono- and sesquiterpenes in three fluids (serum, plasma, and rumen fluid) from sheep. Generally, terpene recovery was lower from rumen fluid than from serum or plasma, although the extent and direction of differences varied among chemicals. Fourteen terpenes (camphene, ß-pinene, a-terpinene, p-cymene, cis-ß-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, '-terpinene, terpinolene, linalool, camphor, longifolene, ß-caryophyllene, a-humulene, and caryophyllene oxide) were recovered from serum at approximately 100%. Recovery from rumen fluid was lower than for serum or plasma for most terpenes, but eight terpenes (p-cymene, 1,8-cineole, cis-sabinene hydrate, terpinolene, borneol, terpin-4-ol, a-terpineol, and caryophyllene oxide) were recovered at near 100%. Yet, 15 terpene recoveries were below 75% (tricyclene, a-pinene, camphene, sabinene, ß-pinene, myrcene, 2-carene, 3-carene, a-terpinene, cis-ß-ocimene, limonene, '-terpinene, longifolene, ß-caryophyllene, and a-humulene). Oxygenated monoterpenes were typically recovered in greater quantities and hydrocarbon monoterpenes were least effectively recovered with this method. The procedure is suitable for measurement and recovery adjustment of terpenes from serum, plasma, and rumen fluid of sheep.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN680</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 23, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marach 12, 2010</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utsumi, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cibils, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quantifying terpenes in rumen fluid, serum, and plasma from sheep</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Animal Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">daily gain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mesquite</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">steers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-011.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">88</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determining the fate of terpenes consumed by browsing ruminants require methods to quantify their presence in blood and rumen fluid. Our objective was to modify an existing procedure for plasma terpenes to quantify 25 structurally diverse mono- and sesquiterpenes in serum, plasma, and rumen fluid from sheep. The terpenes examined were tricyclene, α-pinene, camphene, sabinene, β-pinene, myrcene, 2-carene, 3-carene, α-terpinene, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;-cymene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, &lt;i&gt;cis&lt;/i&gt;-β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, &lt;i&gt;cis&lt;/i&gt;-sabinene hydrate, terpinolene, linalool, camphor, borneol, terpin-4-ol, α-terpineol, longifolene, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and caryophyllene oxide. Terpenes were extracted with SPE columns and quantified using gas chromatography (n = 8 per terpene/fluid combination). Data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure of SAS with fluid as the independent factor, and means were separated by LSD in the event of a significant &lt;i&gt;F &lt;/i&gt;test (α = 0.05). Recovery estimates were 100± 5% for 14, 7, and 4 terpenes from serum, plasma, and rumen fluid, respectively. Recovery from plasma and serum differed for 12 terpenes (&lt;i&gt;P &lt;/i&gt;&lt; 0.05), although typically differences were &lt;10%. Recovery from rumen fluid differed (&lt;i&gt;P &lt;/i&gt;&lt; 0.05) from both serum and plasma for 16 compounds (lower in each case except linalool). Recovery did not differ (&lt;i&gt;P &lt;/i&gt;&gt; 0.05) among the 3 matrices for only 2 compounds (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;-cymene and terpinolene). Greater recovery was generally observed for oxygenated terpenes than hydrocarbon compounds, particularly for monoterpenes. This procedure is applicable to a wide array of terpenes in fluids from sheep, but differential recoveries among terpenes and fluids require that estimated concentrations of each analyte be corrected for recovery using that specific compound in the same matrix collected under the same set of experimental conditions, and that caution be exercised in generalizing responses among different compounds with this procedure.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN679</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">02/11/2010</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">03/12/2010</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Han, Guodong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, Jeffrey E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, Brandon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pyke, David A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaver, Patrick L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hong, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pellant, Mike</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Busby, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, Kris M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learning indicators of rangeland health: Lessons from an international workshop in Inner Mongolia, China</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-015.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Learning to complete natural resource assessments requires hands-on training. This paper illustrates eight elements of successful international workshops illustrated by data and experiences from a workshop in Inner Mongolia, China: translation, integration of a site potential-based land classification system, integration of quantitative data, participant diversity, participant commitment to training, discussion of applications, connection to decision makers, and proximity of field and classroom locations. Success in transferring knowledge is seen via consistent, positive courseevaluations by participants, but ultimate success of these types of workshops will be reflected in theparticipants use of the information in future decision making.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN937</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;02/03/2010&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;03/17/2010&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;2010&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Essays of a peripheral mind: Wyatt Earp, T.rex, and other dinosaurs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-031.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-40</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There are many examples of science reforming and expanding and building on what we know in a fashion very different from what we had previously learned.  The scientific method is doing exactly what it is supposed to do.  We always start research from an incomplete understanding, so we interpret based on what we now know, hypothesize, and experiment.  In other words, we accept the fact that we continue to learn.  This is the basic adaptation in adaptively managing our resources and ourselves. There is a article published in 1996 (Rangeland Journal 18: 351-369) by the Australian scientists Watson, Burnside and Holm that addressed the issue of how science relates to the needs of natural resource managers.  They discussed how scientific measurements and hypotheses should be used to support beliefs and local knowledge. They state that all knowledge is provisional, meaning that what we learn from science, from measurements and inductive logic, is provisional.  That point is only partially correct.  What they should really state is that all knowledge, including local knowledge and personal observations as well as science based measurement is provisional.  In an effort to defend what we believe, we often resort to a tactic of pitting the art of observation against science, where we attempt to place a greater value on one form of knowledge vs another.  What experience has taught us is that adaptive management in any field, including management of natural resources, is about learning and re-evaluating all forms of observation and knowledge.  We need to convey to the public not only our subjective observations, but also our hypotheses and our related measurements.  Both subjective local knowledge and science based knowledge are subject to incompleteness, misinterpretation, and/or inaccuracies.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN986</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trade Journal</style></notes><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 6, 2010</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 15, 2010</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prescribed burning to affect a state transition in a shrub-encroached desert grassland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">black grama</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bouteloua eriopoda</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological sites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mesquite control</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prosopis glandulosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland restoration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sandy ecological site</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1324-1328</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3281</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Essays of a Peripheral Mind: Invasions of the landscape snatchers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-032.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Literally thousands of species have invaded the North American continent over recent centuries/millennia. Some, like creosote bush, have been here so long we do not even think of them as exotic. Others, like Kentucky bluegrass, pheasants and wine grapes are so imbedded in our native or cultivated landscapes that they are regarded as naturalized. In fact, the collapse of one, the honey bee, has created real concern and caused considerable resources to be mobilized in an effort to recover this exotic species. Some, like hemp, that were brought here for certain purposes have taken on different dimensions and create a certain madness that won’t recede until we view them in a more mature and balanced light. One, the variola virus that causes small pox, has been eradicated in response to a globally organized effort. Some are relatively benign. At this time only a few dominate our thinking and our energies. In reality, one of the values of governments and government-sponsored research is the ability to coordinate and mobilize efforts across political boundaries. Our capacities today to contend with the real threats of exotic origins, like new viruses, the Asian citrus psyllid sweeping into the southern U.S., and the round goby threatening the Great Lakes, require this blending of scientific, management and policy strategies and tactics across our artificial boundaries which don’t constrain these species. Without this coordination these species introductions, which a time line of invasion history teaches us are inevitable in many regards, can have severe and unacceptable impacts beyond our capacities to either mitigate or adapt.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN987</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trade Journal</style></notes><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 29, 2010</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 15, 2010</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karl, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land health and ecological sites: application to land use planning and management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Memorias del I Congreso Internacional de Pastizales Chiapas 2010</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conference proceedings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological sites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use planning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proceeding</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48-57</style></pages><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3304</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riginos, C.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kenya Government</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monitoring rangeland health: A guide for pastoralists and other land managers in Eastern Africa</style></title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Version II</style></tertiary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-06.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Version II</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USAID</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nairobi, Kenya</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96 pp.</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This guide provides is written for people who want to design and implement a simple rangeland monitoring programme in eastern Africa that is based on ecological priniciples and reflects the status of key ecological processes. It outline a series of steps that enable community members and other land managers to decide what, where, when, and how to monitor, as well as how to interpret and apply the results of their monitoring. It is based on a simple set of methods for  monitoring  plant and ground cover, gaps between plants, plant height, and plant density. It also also provides instructions for collecting  basic site information and observational data for interpreting monitoring results. The methods require only a pencil, a 1m stick, and a single datasheet, but generate data that are for the most part comparable with those collected using standardized monitoring protocols such as those applied by the United States National Resources Inventory (NRI).</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1194</style></accession-num><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ELMT-USAID</style></custom1><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 15, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 12, 2010</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, Jeffrey E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lessard, Veronica C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spaeth, Kenneth E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaver, Patrick L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dayton, Robert S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pyke, David A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jolley, Leonard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goebel, J. Jeffrey</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">National ecosystem assessment supported by scientific and local knowledge</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.esajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1890/100017</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">403-408</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;An understanding of the extent and severity of land degradation and recovery is necessary to guide land use policy and management, yet currently available assessments are widely known to be inadequate. We describe results of the first statistically-based application of a new approach to national assessments that integrates scientific and local knowledge. Qualitative observations completed at over 10,000 plots in the United States showed that while soil degradation remains an issue, loss of biotic integrity is more widespread. Quantitative soil and vegetation data collected at the same locations support the assessments and serve as a baseline for monitoring the effectiveness of policy and management, including responses to climate change. For example, non-native species currently occur on nearly 50% of non-federal rangelands, and account for at least 50% of plant cover on over 5% of these lands. These results provide information necessary to support strategic decisions by land managers and policy-makers.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1178</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;February 16, 2010&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom5></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, Jeffrey E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duniway, Michael C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karl, Jason</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van Zee, Justin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monitoring and assessing global impacts of roads and off-road vehicle traffic</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interpreting indicators</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">off-road</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vehicles</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Denver, CO</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63rd Society for Range Management</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rapid increases in the number of vehicles, urban sprawl, exurban development and infrastructure development for energy and water have led to dramatic increases in both the size and extent of the global road network. Anecdotal evidence suggests that off-road vehicle traffic has also increased in many areas, particularly in parts of many developing countries where the road network is non-existent or poorly maintained. The impacts of roads, road networks and off-road vehicle traffic on rangelands have received little attention. This is in part due to the complexity of monitoring and assessing their effects on rangeland health and productivity, including hydrology and wildlife populations, across multiple spatial scales. We briefly review current challenges, and present new strategies for applying new and existing tools to monitoring and assessment of road and off-road vehicle impacts at multiple spatial scales. Tools include an adaptation of Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health, LIDAR, laser rangefinders, various types of penetrometers and a checklist for describing hydrologic. We illustrate the application of these tools with examples from a several pilot studies on unpaved road networks in the United States and Mongolia. We conclude by showing how currently available online programs can be used to help design cost-effective monitoring and assessment systems to answer specific questions about road impacts at multiple spatial scales.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1167</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 1, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 1, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, Jeffrey E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van Zee, Justin W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belnap, Jayne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johansen, J.R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fine gravel controls hydrologic and erodibility responses to trampling disturbance for coarse-textured soils with weak cyanobacterial crusts</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CATENA</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arid soils</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological soil crusts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land degradation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">recreation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-032.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119-126</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;We compared short-term effects of lug-soled boot trampling disturbance on water infiltration and soil erodibility on coarse-textured soils covered by a mixture of fine gravel and coarse sand over weak cyanobacterially-dominated biological soil crusts. Trampling significantly reduced final infiltration rate and total infiltration and increased sediment generation from small (0.5 m2) rainfall simulation plots (p&amp;lt;0.01). Trampling had no effect on time to runoff or time to peak runoff. Trampling had similar effects at sites with both low and very low levels of cyanobacterial biomass, as indicated chlorophyll a concentrations. We concluded that trampling effects are relatively independent of differences in the relatively low levels of cyanobacterial biomass in this environment. Instead, trampling appears to reduce infiltration by significantly reducing the cover of gravel and coarse sand on the soil surface, facilitating the development of a physical crust during rainfall events. The results of this study underscore the importance of carefully characterizing both soil physical and biological properties to understand how disturbance affects ecosystem processes.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3062</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karl, Jason</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, Andrea S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, Albert</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial dependence of predictions from image segmentation: a methods to determine appropriate scales for producing land-management information</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing, and Spatial Information Sciences</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geostatistics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">image segmentation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scale</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial dependence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variogram</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-047.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ghent, Belgium</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">No. XXXVIII-4/C7</style></volume><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A challenge in ecological studies is defining scales of observation that correspond to relevant ecological scales for organisms or processes. Image segmentation has been proposed as an alternative to pixel-based methods for scaling remotely-sensed data into ecologically-meaningful units. However, to date, selection of image object sets has been largely subjective. Changing scale of image segmentation affects the variance and spatial dependence (amount and range of spatial autocorrelation) of measured variables, and this information can be used to determine appropriate levels of image segmentation. Our objective was to examine how scaling via image segmentation changes spatial dependence of regression-based predictions of landscape features and to determine if these changes could identify appropriate segmentation levels for a given objective. We segmented an Ikonos image for southern Idaho (USA) into successively coarser scales and evaluated goodness-of-fit and spatial dependence of regression predictions of invasive western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) density. Correlations between juniper density estimates and imagery increased with scale initially, but then decreased as scale became coarser. Scales with highest correlations generally exhibited the most spatial dependence in the regression predictions and residuals. Aggregating original juniper density estimates by image objects changed their spatial dependence, and the point at which spatial dependence began to diverge from the original observations coincided with the highest correlations. Looking at scale effects on spatial dependence of observations may be a simple method for selecting appropriate segmentation levels. The robustness of ecological analyses will increase as methods are devised that remove the subjectivity of selecting scales.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2900</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karl, Jason</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, Jeffrey E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monitoring and assessment based on ecological sites</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-039.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60-64</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The importance of monitoring and assessment of rangeland systems is generally accepted, buteh importanc eand benefits of monitoring based on a foundation of ecological site potential is less well understook. The concept of ecological sitesand their current implementation via NRCS ecological site descriptions and associated GIS spatial data layers provides a robust and scalable framework for rangeland monitoring and assessment. An ecological site provides a standard reference for land management, research and monitoring. The ecological site description informs managers as to what kinds of changes can be expected in response to management or disturbance and provides a reference for the interpretation of monitoring and assessment data. In addition, there are many practical uses of ecological sites for designing programs and collecting and analyzing data for rangeland monitoring and assessment. In this paper we describe a monitoring and assessment framework based on ecological sites and present examples for several current and potential applications of ecological sites to rangeland monitoring and assessment.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3116</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karl, Jason</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Debra C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The devil is in the details: overcoming the challenge of implementing consistent ecosystem indicators for cross-scale ecosystem understanding</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7th International Conference on Ecological Informatics (ISEI7)</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ghent, Belgium</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Addressing environmental challenges requires understanding and monitoring of ecosystem responses to direct and indirect human impacts from local to global scales. Because it is generally not possible to sample at a sufficiently high density across a large spatial extent with a single data program, achieving a cross-scale understanding of ecosystem responses to global change requires the collection and synthesis of data from a number of sources, including broad-scale monitoring efforts, sensor arrays, networks of long-term research sites, and locally-collected datasets. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of data accessibility, metadata and data ontologies, database structures, and scientific workflows for discovering and integrating data. However, two critical aspects of data semantics (consistency in definitions of basic ecosystem indicators observational units, compatibility of methods of measurement) can greatly affect the ability to combine datasets measuring the same attribute. Consistency and compatibility among datasets can be achieved if there is general agreement and coordination on how observational units are defined and measured. While the need for standard indicators and methods is broadly agreed upon, the coordination and implementation of such standards has proved challenging. We review different approaches to achieving consistency and compatibility in ecological data along a continuum of observer control, from completely dispersed, independent data collection without standard protocols across sites (e.g., U.S. Long Term Ecological Research sites) to a mix of independent and standardized data collections (e.g., EcoTrends Project) and then completely centralized data collection and storage according to formal protocols (e.g., U.S. Natural Resource Inventory, National Climate Data Center). In the context of a national, multi-scale monitoring effort being developed for the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, we then consider external factors that have necessitated adoption of standard indicators and methods and the impact these are having on the degree to which datasets can be integrated to answer questions across a range of spatial scales. Finally, we provide recommendations for implementing minimum standard indicators and methods for ecological data collection that can be supplemented for local needs. Improving data consistency and compatibility through standard indicators and methods will support a broad-scale framework for synthesis of ecological information that is necessary to link different sources of data across scales to address pressing environmental challenges at scales at which they are occurring.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3122</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karl, Jason W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial Predictions of Cover Attributes of Rangeland Ecosystems Using Regression Kriging and Remote Sensing</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland Ecology &amp; Management</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-016.pdfhttp://www.srmjournals.org/doi/abs/10.2111/REM-D-09-00074.1</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">335-349</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sound rangeland management requires accurate information on rangeland condition over large landscapes. A commonly-applied approach to making spatial predictions of attributes related to rangeland condition (e.g., shrub or bare ground cover) from remote sensing is via regression between field and remotely-sensed data. This has worked well in some situations but has limited utility when correlations between field and image data are low and does not take advantage of all information contained in the field data. I compared spatial predictions from generalized least-squares (GLS) regression to a geostatistical interpolator, regression kriging (RK), for three rangeland attributes (percent cover of shrubs, bare ground, and cheatgrass [Bromus tectorum L.]) in a southern Idaho study area. The RK technique combines GLS regression with spatial interpolation of the residuals to improve predictions of rangeland condition attributes over large landscapes. I employed a remote-sensing technique, object-based image analysis (OBIA), to segment Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper images into polygons (i.e., objects) because previous research has shown that OBIA yields higher image-to-field data correlations and can be used to select appropriate scales for analysis. Spatial dependence, the decrease in autocorrelation with increasing distance, was strongest for percent shrub cover (samples autocorrelated up to a distance [i.e., range] of 19,098 m), but present in all three variables (range of 12,646 m and 768m for bare ground and cheatgrass cover, respectively). As a result, RK produced more accurate results than GLS regression alone for all three attributes when predicted versus observed values of each attribute were measured by leave-one-out cross-validation. The results of RK could be used in assessments of rangeland conditions over large landscapes. The ability to create maps quantifying how prediction confidence changes with distance from field samples is a significant benefit of regression kriging and makes this approach suitable for landscape-level management planning.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1351</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/15/2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/27/2009</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karl, Jason</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maurer, Brain A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial dependence of predictions from image segmentation: A variogram-based method to determine appropriate scales for producing land-management information</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Informatics</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">194-202</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A significant challenge in ecological studies has been defining scales of observation that correspond to the relevant ecological scales for organisms or processes of interest. Remote sensing has become commonplace in ecological studies and management, but the default resolution of imagery often used in studies is an arbitrary scale of observation. Segmentation of images into objects has been proposed as an alternative method for scaling remotely-sensed data into units having ecological meaning. However, to date, the selection of image object sets to represent landscape patterns has been largely subjective. Changes in observation scale affect the variance and spatial dependence of measured variables, and may be useful in determining which levels of image segmentation are most appropriate for a given purpose. We used observations of percent bare ground cover from 346 field sites in a semi-arid shrub-steppe ecosystem of southern Idaho to look at the changes in spatial dependence of regression predictions and residuals for 10 different levels of image segmentation. We found that the segmentation level whose regression predictions had spatial dependence that most closely matched the spatial dependence of the field samples also had the strongest predicted-to-observed correlations. This suggested that for percent bare ground cover in our study area an appropriate scale could be defined. With the incorporation of a geostatistical interpolator to predict the value of regression residuals at unsampled locations, however, we achieved consistently strong correlations across many segmentation levels. This suggests that if spatial dependence in percent bare ground is accounted for, a range of appropriate scales could be defined. Because the best analysis scale may vary for different ecosystem attributes and many inquiries consider more than one attribute, methods that can perform well across a range of scales and perhaps not at a single, ideal scale are important. More work is needed to develop methods that consider a wider range of ways to segment images into different scales and select sets of scales that perform best for answering specific management questions. The robustness of ecological landscape analyses will increase as methods are devised that remove the subjectivity with which observational scales are defined and selected.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1350</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 15, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 25, 2010</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winters, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slaughter, A.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maxwell, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unmanned aerial vehicles for hyperspatial remote sensing of rangelands: object-based classification and field validation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 26-30, 201</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Diego, CA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UAVs are ideally suited for monitoring and assessing vegetation conditions in remote rangelands due to the relatively low operating costs, ability for fast deployment, and greater flexibility than piloted aircraft. The likelihood of obtaining FAA permission for operating a UAV is also greater in remote and unpopulated rangeland areas. Researchers at the Jornada Experimental Range have been investigating rangeland remote sensing applications with UAVs for several years, are acquiring UAV imagery on a regular basis, and have developed reliable techniques for deriving hyperspatial UAV image mosaics. However, several challenges remain. While the spatial resolution of the imagery is high (6-8 cm GSD), the spectral and radiometric resolution is low due to the low-cost digital camera used on the UAV. Field validation is also complicated due to the relatively large error of conventional GPS-collected field data in relation to the very high spatial resolution imagery. In this study, we used object-based image analysis (OBIA) techniques and tested field data collections suitable for object-based classification of hyperspatial UAV imagery. The UAV image mosaic was segmented and classified into broad land cover classes, and the segmentation outlines were used in the field as a base for collecting training samples to fine-tune the classification to the species level. The training samples were used as input for a decision tree analysis, which incorporated spectral, spatial, contextual and texture features. The digital data collection allowed for an easy transfer into the image analysis software. Results indicate that geometric and classification accuracies are suitable for routine rangeland monitoring purposes, and that unmanned aircraft are a viable tool for obtaining very high resolution vegetation maps. The field data acquisition methods in conjunction with OBIA are also applicable to very high resolution digital aerial imagery acquired with piloted aircraft. </style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1467</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 14, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 11, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Browning, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gronemeyer, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Object-based classification of hyperspatial digital mapping camera (DMC) imagery for potential integration into the National Resource Inventory (NRI) of grazing lands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aerial photography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital mapping camera</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazing lands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">National Resource Inventory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">object-based classification</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 26-30,2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Diego, CA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Land management agencies such as the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) are required to monitor and assess vegetation conditions across millions of acres of rangelands and grazing lands. Field-based assessments are very costly and inefficient over large areas; remote sensing offers the potential to increase the number of monitoring locations, automate the image classification process, and reduce monitoring costs. Hyperspatial digital aerial photography has great potential to complement or replace ground measurements of vegetation cover. We investigated object-based image analysis (OBIA) techniques for classifying vegetation in southwestern U.S. arid rangelands with 4 cm resolution digital aerial photography. We obtained high r-square values for image- and ground-based measures of percent cover (r-square values: 0.82-0.92). OBIA enabled us to automate the classification process by applying a process tree developed on one image iteratively to subsequent images of the same vegetation community. The ability to classify multiple images efficiently offers the potential to increase the precision of national level inventories by increasing sample locations and to reduce costs by requiring fewer personnel to obtain ground measurements. This approach has demonstrated potential for quantifying fine-scale land cover attributes with very high resolution digital imagery, and exhibits promise for nationwide application for monitoring grazing lands.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1455</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;September 14, 2009&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;December 14, 2009&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acquisition, orthorectification, and classification of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery for rangeland monitoring</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orthorectifiction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland inventory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UAV</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">unmanned aerial vehicle</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-08.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">661-672</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this paper, we examine the potential of using a small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for rangeland inventory, assessment and monitoring. Imagery with 8-cm resolution was acquired over 290 ha in southwestern Idaho. We developed a semi-automated orthorectification procedure suitable for handling large numbers of small-footprint UAV images. The orthorectified image mosaics had a geometric accuracy ranging from 1.5 m to 2 m. Object-based hierarchical image analysis was used to classify imagery of plots measured concurrently on the ground using standard rangeland monitoring procedures. Correlations between image- and ground-based estimates of percent cover resulted in r-squared values ranging from 0.86 to 0.98. Time estimates indicated a greater efficiency for the image-based method compared to ground measurements. Overall classification accuracies for the image mosaics were in the 83-88% range. Even under the current limitations of operating a UAV in the National Airspace, the results of this study show that UAVs can be used successfully to obtain imagery for rangeland monitoring, and that the remote sensing approach can either complement or replace some ground-based measurements. Details of the UAV mission, image processing and analysis, and accuracy assessment are discussed.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1471</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 8, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 24, 2009</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Browning, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gronemeyer, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hierarchical object-based classification of ultra-high-resolution digital mapping camera (DMC) imagery for rangeland monitoring and assessment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Spatial Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aerial photography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">object-based image analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangelands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation classifications</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">very high resolution</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-023.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101-115</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ultra high resolution digital aerial photography has great potential to complement or replace ground measurements of vegetation cover for rangeland monitoring and assessment. We investigated object-based image analysis (OBIA) techniques for classifying vegetation in southwestern U.S. arid rangelands with 4 cm resolution digital aerial photography. We obtained high r-square values for image- and ground-based measures of percent cover (r-square values: 0.82-0.92). OBIA enabled us to automate the classification process and demonstrated potential for quantifying fine-scale land cover attributes with ultra high resolution imagery. This approach exhibits promise for nationwide application for monitoring grazing lands.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1470</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 21, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 15, 2010</style></custom6><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, Andrea S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Browning, Dawn M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, Al</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feature selection methods for object-based classification of sub-decimeter resolution digital aerial imagery</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of GEOBIA 2010 Conference</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">accuracy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aerial photography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">feature selection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">high resolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">object-based image analysis (OBIA)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-048.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ghent, Belgium</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">XXXVIII</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4/C7</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Due to the availability of numerous spectral, spatial, and contextual features, the determination of optimal features and class separabilities can be a time consuming process in object-based image analysis (OBIA). While several feature selection methods have been developed to assist OBIA, a robust comparison of the utility and efficiency of approaches could facilitate broader application. In this study, we tested feature selection methods and assessments of class separability for object-based classifications of arid land vegetation in the southwestern U.S. using sub-decimeter digital aerial imagery with a 6 cm ground resolved distance. Using Definiens Developer software, we evaluated 1) classification tree analysis (CTA), 2) feature space optimization (FSO), and 3) SEparability and THreshold (SEaTH). We assessed strengths, weaknesses and best uses for each approach using the criteria of ease of use, ability to rank and/or reduce input features, ability to obtain feature thresholds and class separation distances, and underlying statistical assumptions. We conclude that CTA is best suited for reducing a large number of input features, either for nearest neighbor classification or for deriving rules for rule-based classification. FSO is most appropriate for determining a suitable group of features relatively quickly, because it operates within the Definiens software. However, the features are not ranked and feature thresholds cannot be determined. SEaTH interfaces well with outputs from Definiens and is most appropriate for ranking input features based on class separation distances for two-class comparisons, but has the disadvantage of assuming normality, unlike the non-parametric CTA. All methods offered an objective approach for determining suitable features for classifications of hyperspatial aerial imagery. Limitations, assumptions, and appropriate uses for this and other datasets are discussed.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2903</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Junran</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, Greg S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, Jeffrey E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Munson, S.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller, M.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belnap, Jayne</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A simple method to estimate threshold friction velocity in the field</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geophysical Research Letters</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-09.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L10402</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nearly all wind erosion models require the specification of threshold friction velocity (TFV). Yet determining TFV of wind erosion in field conditions is difficult as it depends on both soil characteristics and distribution of vegetation or other roughness elements. While several reliable methods have been established for characterizing the spatial pattern characteristics of roughness elements, there is currently no simple, accurate method for quantifying soil surface effects on TFV. This study provides a physically-based, fast, and easy-to-apply method to estimate TFVs on both bare and protected surfaces. Wind tunnel experiments and a variety of ground measurements including air gun, pocket penetrometer, torvane, and roughness chain were conducted in Moab, Utah and cross-validated in the Mojave Desert, California. Patterns between TFV measured in wind tunnel and ground measurements were examined to identify the optimum method or combined methods for estimating TFV. The results show that TFVs were best predicted using the air gun and penetrometer measurements for crust-free or slightly crusted soils in Moab sites (R2=0.90, P&lt;0.001). This empirical method, however, systematically underestimated TFVs in the Mojave Desert sites when compared to wind tunnel measurements. Further analysis showed that TFVs in the Mojave sites can be satisfactorily estimated with a correction of rock cover (R2=0.83, P&lt;0.01), which is presumably the main cause of the underestimation of TFVs. The proposed method may be also applied to estimate TFVs in environments where other non-erodible elements such as woody debris and postharvest residuals are found.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1509</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 12, 2010</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 19, 2010</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, M.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Composition of &lt;i&gt;Ceanothus gregii&lt;/i&gt; oil as determined by steam distillation and solid-phase microextraction</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Essential Oil Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ceanothus gregii</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">essential oil composite</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hexanal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">methyl salicylate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rhamnaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-02.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">140-142</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;i&gt;Ceanothus gregii&lt;/i&gt; Gray was collected from the Jornada Experimental Range in south central New Mexico.  Current year’s growth was collected from ten plants found within an approximate 50 m radius of the GPS coordinates N32°40.605’ and W106°33.486’at an altitude of 1,741 m during July 2001.  Composite samples of the plants were steam distilled in triplicate, and the composite oil was analyzed using both GC-FID and GC/MS. The volatile composition of the same plants was also examined using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with a 100?m polydimethylsiloxane fiber.  Mass spectra and retention indices were used to identify 41 previously described compounds.   Methyl salicylate (16.8%), hexenal (11.8%) and n-decanal (7.0%) were the major identified compounds.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1553</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 17, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, M.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Examination of seed-borne endophyte microbiomes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prospects and Applications fo Plant-Associated Microbes. A Laboratory Manual Part B: Fungi</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant microbiomes include numerous seed associated microbes which are vertically transferred to progeny.  These complex microbial communities have not been heavily reported in scientific literature, possibly because they are difficult to detect and monitor.  Yet potential for seed borne microbes to influence host plant performance across generations suggests opportunity for exploiting microbes to enhance host plant adaptation across changing habitats.  The chenopod species Atriplex canescens offers a valuable model system in which to correlate the distribution of endophtye microbiomes with plant adaptation to stressed habitats.   Broadly distributed across arid and saline habitats, the species is known for its restoration potential, complex genetics, and diverse microbial associations. The species lends itself well to micropropagation, and numerous fungal and bacterial species have been observed in micropropagated lines initiated from disinfested seeds.  Hence, these micropropagated lines provide useful systems through which interactions between seed borne microbes and the plant itself can be systematically examined to improve understanding of microbial contributions to plant fitness.  The shift from investigating plants as single entities to observing plants as lichenous consortia of mutualistic symbionts promises to expose opportunities for utilizing microbes to maximize plant productivity relative to human agricultural, biofuel, or restoration needs.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1540</style></accession-num><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></custom6><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Examination of seed-borne endophyte microbiome</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dreesen, D.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VanLeeuwen, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using  hydrogel filled, embedded tubes to sustain grass transplants for arid land restoration</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Enviornments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">black grama</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote site irrigation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil moiste</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-05.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">987-990</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grass restoration on remote arid rangelands may require irrigation to stimulate seedling establishment. However, irrigation on undeveloped sites is costly.  In this study, the survival, growth, and development of Bouteloua eriopoda seedlings irrigated with either starch- or acrylic-based hydrogels contained in one of three styles of embedded watering tubes were evaluated in a greenhouse trial.  A field trial evaluated differences in transplant survival and cover between treatments consisting of embedded watering tubes with or without acrylic hydrogels.  Greenhouse transplants grew 146 days on less than 1 L of water.  Plants irrigated with starch hydrogels consumed the most water but also exhibited the most growth and reproductive potential. Variations in pot styles had only minor effects on plant growth and water loss from tubes.   In the field trial, unusually heavy growing season precipitation resulted in high transplant survival for both treatments, with no significant differences in observed cover.  Results of greenhouse studies demonstrate potential for hydrogel filled embedded tubes to sustain grass transplants through establishment.  Maximal hydration of acrylic gels is recommended to ensure plant availability of bound water.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1538</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 8, 2010</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 15, 2010</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moseley, Kendra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaver, Pat</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanchez, Homer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, Brandon T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological site development: A gentle introduction</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-040.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16-22</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Developing ecological sites requires knowledge of plant community dynamics and species interactions, as well as interactions between plants and soil properties, climate, and landscape features. Developers must know what questions to ask at the beginning of the development process, the data to collect in the field, and how to use the data to create and test ecological site concepts. Ecological sites are meant to provide a general ecological foundation for management. Ecological sites bring together several ecological concepts, including plant-soil interactions, succession and climax, non-equilibrium in community structure, and ecological gradients and spatial heterogeneity.&amp;nbsp; Ecological sites integrate a variety of information sources, including inventory data that link plant communities to soil profiles and landscape position, historical reconstructions, and management considerations based on local knowledge and monitoring data. A well-organized plan is essential to properly develop a set of ecological sites. The steps in such a plan discussed here include (1) asking a set of general questions regarding ecological sites, (2) literature research and field visits for reconnaissance, (3) specification of initial ecological site concepts, (4) inventory data collection, (5) analysis and interpretation of data collected, and finally (6) refinement of ecological site concepts and the compilation of associated information into ecological site descriptions.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3118</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myint, S. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brazel, A. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, G.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Buyantuyev, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combined effects of impervious surface and vegetation cover on air temperature variations in a rapidly expanding desert city</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GIScience &amp; Remote Sensing</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">air temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desert city</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">surface cover</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation cover</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">301-320</style></pages><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3284</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, Gregory S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The contribution of brown vegetation to vegetation dynamics</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deserts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grasslands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">green photosynthetic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">non photosynthetic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology remote sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">savannas</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrublands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stress vegetation dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">woodlands</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-051.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">743-755</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Indices of vegetation dynamics that include both green vegetation (GV) and non-photosynthetic vegetation (NPV), that is, brown vegetation, were applied to MODIS surface reflectance data from 2000 to 2006 for the southwestern United States. These indices reveal that the cover of NPV, a measure of vegetation brownness and a component of ecosystems worldwide, is highly variable in both space and time in the study region. In the more mesic regions of the study area, the timing of peaks in NPV appears to result from simple senescence of GV at the end of the growing season. In these regions, the amplitude of GV cyclicity dominates the total vegetation signal. In contrast, in arid and semiarid regions, the amplitude of cyclicity of NPV dominates the total vegetation signal, showing the vegetation of these regions to be unexpectedly dynamic. Shrublands of southwestern United States exhibit temporal behavior in which the annual peak in NPV cover precedes the annual peak in GV cover by a few months. Several explanations for this behavior are offered. This study shows the importance of vegetation indices that include NPV, or vegetation brownness, in understanding terrestrial ecosystem dynamics, as well as the response to change for these ecosystems.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3049</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">743</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D. P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huang, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil-vegetation-climate interactions in arid landscapes: Effects of the North American monsoon on grass recruitment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">black grama</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bouteloua eriopoda</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-014.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">618-623</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We used a daily time step, multi-layer simulation model of soil water dynamics to integrate effects of soils, vegetation, and climate on the recruitment of Bouteloua eriopoda (black grama), the historically dominant grass in the Chihuahuan Desert. We simulated landscapes at the Jornada ARS-LTER site with heterogeneous soil properties to compare: (1) a grass-dominated landscape in 1858 with the current shrub-dominated landscape (i.e., a change in vegetation structure), and (2) the current shrub-dominated landscape with future landscapes over a range of climate scenarios associated with the North American monsoon (i.e., a change in climate). A historic shift from high productivity grasslands to low productivity shrublands decreased simulated recruitment for most of the site; the amount of reduction depended on location-specific soil properties and changes in production. In some cases, soil properties interacted with vegetation structure: soils high in clay content maintained high recruitment even with a decrease in production. Wetter summers would increase recruitment in all vegetation types. Drier summers below 25% of current rainfall would decrease recruitment to negligible values (&lt; 0.03) throughout the landscape. We used our results to identify the conditions where recruitment of B. eriopoda is possible with and without significant modifications to soil and vegetation.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1906</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 2, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 17, 2009</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>19</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Debra C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deBuys, William</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change: Check the data yourself</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">High Country News</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-052.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Data on climatic drivers and ecological responses through time tend to be complex and difficult to use by anyone oethr than the individual scientist who collected them. We provide an alternative approach that simplifies complex datasets into derived data products including long-term trends that can be easily understood and interpreted by a broad audience. The result is a book to be published by the USDA publications office, and a website (http://www.ecotrends.info) containing the data with graphical routines that allow easy access and use of the data. Our goal is to allow users to determine for themselves if and where climate change is occurring for sites located across the continental US, Alaska, and Puerto Rico.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3092</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polley, H. Wayne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emmerich, William</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bradford, James A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sims, Phillip L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, Douglas A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saliendra, Nicanor Z.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svejcar, Tony</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angell, Raymond</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frank, Albert B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phillips, Rebecca L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snyder, Keirith A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morgan, Jack A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physiological and environmental regulation of interannual variability in CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; exchange on rangelands in the western United States</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climatic variability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grassland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leaf area</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">light-use efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">method, Bowen ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NEE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">net ecosystem exchange of CO2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">precipitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">respiration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrubland</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">990-1002</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1111/ j.1365-2486.2009.01966.x</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">For most ecosystems, net ecosystem exchange of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (NEE) varies within and among years in response to environmental change. We analyzed measurements of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; exchange from eight native rangeland ecosystems in the western United States (58 site-years of data) in order to determine the contributions of photosynthetic and respiratory (physiological) components of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; exchange to environmentally caused variation in NEE. Rangelands included Great Plans grasslands, desert Shrubland, desert grasslands, and sagebrush steppe. We predicted that (1) week-to-week change in NEE and among-year-variation in the response of NEE to temperature, net radiation, and other environmental drivers would be better explained by change in maximum rates of ecosystem photorespiration at 10 °C (R&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;) and (2) among-year variation in the responses of NEE, A&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt;, and light-use efficiency to environmental drivers would be explained by changes in leaf area index (LAI). As predicted, NEE was better correlated with A&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt; than light-use efficiency or R&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; for six of the eight rangelands. Week-to-week variation in NEE and physiological parameters correlated mainly with time-lagged indices of precipitation and water-related environmental variables, like potential evapotranspiration, for desert sites and with net radiation and temperature for Great Plains grasslands. For most rangelands, the response of NEE to a given change in temperature, net radiation, or evaporative demand differed among years because the response of photosynthetic parameters (A&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt;, light-use efficiency) to environmental drivers differed among years. Differences in photosynthetic responses were not explained by variation in LAI alone. A better understanding of controls on canopy photosynthesis will be required to predict variation in NEE of rangeland ecosystems.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1929</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00972</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA//LTER V/entered 02/03/2010, pdf available</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (02/03/2010)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1469</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porter, John H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A Brief History of Data Sharing in the U.S. Long Term Ecological Research Network</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">history, data sharing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information management, data sharing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/0012-9623-91.1.14</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14-20</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1890/0012-9623-91.1.14</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A brief history of data sharing in the U.S. Long Term Ecological Research network</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1930</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00969</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//NONE//NONE//entered 01/04/2010; pdf available</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (01/04/2010)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1468</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Impact of flight regulations on effective use of unmanned aerial vehicles for natural resources applications</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Applied Remote Sensing</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aerial photography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">civilian applications</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FAA regulations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">National Airspace System</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small unmanned aerial vehicles</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-021.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">043539</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have great potential for rangeland assessment, monitoring, and management as has been shown by prior studies.  Additionally, numerous other applications in natural resources have shown the value of using UAVs.  In order to have UAVs become a dependable tool for public land management agencies in carrying out their government-mandated responsibilities, it is necessary to integrate UAVs into the National Airspace System (NAS).  To achieve this, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations have to be followed to assure public safety.  UAV operators need to know that the safety regulations which incorporate line of sight restrictions will slow progress towards an operational system and plan accordingly for the extra time necessary to prepare and complete flight missions.  In the long term by following approved safety procedures, you will develop a UAV flight team that is capable of accomplishing missions anywhere in the United States and contribute to a totally integrated NAS comprised of manned and unmanned aircraft systems that can be used jointly for natural resources management.  At the same time, it is hoped that FAA regulations will change with time based on the locale in which operations take place, especially when they include large, remote, sparsely populated areas, and based on the capabilities and experience of the UAV flight team being used.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">043539</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1979</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/05/2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/02/2010</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, Al</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, Andrea S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winters, Craig D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steele, Caiti</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Browning, Dawn M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Change detection using 75-year aerial photo and satellite data sets, inexpensive means to obtain 6 cm resolution data, and developing opportunities for community-oriented remote sensing through photography</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Francisco, California</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Some governmental research sites have been in existence for as many as 100 years with ground photography used for documentation starting in the early 1900s(e.g., at the USDA Jornada Experimental Range (JER) (783 km2) in south central New Mexico) If ground photography is properly documented when acquired, it can be used as a baseline for later re-photography assessments of change or for providing historical perspective. The JER historical ground photographic data base contains 3148 scenes and is available from a number of photographic archives. For long-term change detection, earth resources satellites (starting in 1972) have been valuable, but their usefulness can be enhanced when combined with data from vertical aerial photography programs begun in the mid 1930s by USDA (and other agency/aerial photo contractors). This historic aerial photography is generally an untapped data resource. Most of these aerial photos have approximately 1-2 m spatial resolution but are scattered in numerous archives around the United States. For the JER, we have been able to locate and obtain 5500 individual aerial photos which have been indispensable in evaluating vegetation change, locating treatment legacies on the landscape, and assessing rangeland treatment effectiveness. All the acquired aerial photos have been digitized and stored in the JER data base. We have also been exploring the use of small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to provide hyperspatial aerial photos at about 6 cm spatial resolution to complement the 1-2 m resolution aerial photos. The areas covered by these individual UAV photos are only about 215 x 160 m, so in order to cover larger areas we have had to develop our own methods for mosaicing and analysis. In four years of flying the UAV, we have obtained about 15,000 images over JER and other western rangelands. This method is very cost effective because we are able to use an inexpensive 10 megapixel consumer-grade digital camera on the UAV as opposed to more costly aerial mapping cameras or scanners. The extreme high resolution of the images has found great application in rangeland health assessments. Archiving all these photographic products is a necessity so that future researchers can build their own studies on a firm foundation of past observations and analyses. Although we have experienced enormous advances in automated processing and classification of digital remote sensing data since the 1970s, the results are not always better that when we were working with manual interpretation of photographic products. One example is that manual techniques we used for mapping snow cover extent in the 1970-1980s in the Rio Grande basin provided data with information content that may exceed that from today’s automated methods which result in less discrimination of snow cover beneath the forest canopy. Additionally, continued utilization of photography opens up the possibility of community-oriented remote sensing which can have application to developing research areas like phenology and snow hydrology where the public can contribute photos as a form of ground truth.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2909</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, Andrea S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, Kris M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winters, Craig D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steele, Caiti</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Browning, Dawn M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland resource assessment, monitoring, and management using unmanned aerial vehicle-based remote sensing</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/25/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-029.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Honolulu, Hawaii</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Art. No. 1470</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">608-611</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Civilian applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have rapidly been expanding recently.  Thanks to military development many civil UAVs come via the defense sector.  Although numerous UAVs can perform civilian tasks, the regulations imposed by FAA in the national airspace system and military equivalent agencies in restricted airspace need to be closely considered and followed in order to make progress in civilian applications.  Personnel at the Jornada Experimental Range have developed approaches to abide by FAA and military regulations. Because of this, the enormous potential of UAVs for rangeland  assessment, monitoring, and management is starting to be realized.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2898</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reyes-Vera, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, M.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrow, J.R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An improved protocol for micropropagation of saltbush &lt;i&gt;(atriplex) &lt;/i&gt;species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Native Plant Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-013.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53-56</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	Atriplex griffithsii Standl is a threatened halophytic shrub found in saline soils of isolated regions within the desert basins in Southern New Mexico and Arizona. A related species within the genus, A. canescens, has been successfully micropropagated, suggesting that clonal propagation may offer a strategy to produce large numbers of A. griffithsii plants for conservation, restoration, or research needs. However, previously reported A. canescens micropropagation protocols could not be reproduced with A. griffithsii. Here we evaluated rates of shoot production of A. griffithsii explants exposed to varied growth regulator treatments. Maximal shoot productivity was observed with explants exposed to 1.14 &amp;micro;M indole 3-acetic acid (IAA) + 24.61 &amp;micro;M 6-(&amp;#39;-&amp;#39;-dimethylallylamino) purine (2iP). Rooting frequencies of 55% were observed on hormone free medium. Results demonstrate potential to micropropagate clonal A. griffithsii, a species with potential for restoration of saline soils.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2029</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	October 1, 2009&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom5><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	2010&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaver, Pat</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, Jeffrey E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indicators of Range Health</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland health</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Denver, CO</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science-based grassland management requires an understanding of the current status of the land relative to its potential. Rangeland health assessments help increase the cost-effectiveness of management by identifying where a change in management may be required, and the types of ecological processes that need to be addressed. We will discuss a suite of 17 indicators that are used throughout the United States to assess three attributes of rangeland health: soil and site stability, hydrologic function and biotic integrity. A unique reference for assessment is developed for each type of soil and climate. These references are based on both scientific knowledge and local knowledge. We will also discuss how this indicator-based assessment system can be used together with other tools, including state and transition models, and monitoring, to improve management.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2198</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 1, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 1, 2009</style></custom6><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></reprint-edition></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toledo, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abbott, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A comparison of cover pole with standard vegetation monitoring methods</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Wildlife Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gap intercept</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">habitat quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visual obstruction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wildlife habitat</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-012.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">600-604</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The ability of resource managers to make informed decisions regarding wildlife habitat could be improved with the use of existing datasets and the use of cost effective, standardized methods to simultaneously quantify vertical and horizontal cover. The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize vegetation structure of three semi-arid plant communities to compare a traditional wildlife method (cover pole) and standard measurements of vegetation cover, composition, height and the proportion of the soil surface covered by large intercanopy gaps that are nationally applied; (2) use this information to define the types and amounts of habitat structure information that can be derived from these standard measurements, and (3) determine the extent to which these data may substitute for cover pole data. Visual obstruction (VO), the spatial distribution of large intercanopy gaps, and vegetation cover, composition, and height were measured between June and November of 2003 on 188 transects distributed among three arid and semi-arid vegetation types in southern and central New Mexico: shrub-invaded grassland, shrubland, and savanna. Results showed that VO was strongly correlated with vegetation height for the three communities when analyzed together and for the shrubland and savanna sites when analyzed independently, but were weakly correlated at the shrub-invaded grassland site, which had a smaller range of variation. Gap intercept variables were not correlated with VO at the shrub-invaded grassland, shrubland, or savanna sites illustrating how the VO method poorly reflects the horizontal distribution of vegetation throughout the sites. We propose that a more versatile and interpretable description of wildlife habitat can be generated using a line-point intercept method together with measurements of vegetation height and the proportion of the soil surface covered by large intercanopy gaps.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2365</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;10/05/2008&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;07/21/2009&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;2010&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utsumi, Santiago A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cibils, Andres F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, Richard E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baker, Terrell T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walker, John W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One-Seed Juniper Sapling Use by Goats in Relation to Stocking Density and Mixed Grazing With Sheep</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland Ecology &amp; Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diet mixing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazing systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">targeted grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">uniper control</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-07.pdfhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2111/08-215.1</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">373-386</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1550-7424</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To successfully suppress reinvasion of one-seed juniper (Juniper monosperma [Englem.] Sarg.) with goats, defoliation of newly established saplings must be enhanced to levels that eventually kill or suppress plant growth. We tested the effect of stocking density and mixed grazing with sheep as potential grazing strategies to increase utilization of one-seed juniper saplings by goats. In summer and spring, groups of 10 does (Goats alone, GA) or 5 does and 4 ewes (Mixed grazing, MG), grazed 20 x 30 m cells infested with saplings (500-533/ha; 0.8 m tall), either continuously for 6 days (Low stocking density, LD) or with daily rotation through 10x10m cells during the 6 day period (High stocking density, HD) in a block design. Frequency of saplings with light, moderate and heavy bark and foliage use, feeding activity, juniper in feces, and utilization of herbaceous vegetation were determined. Goats in HD treatment spent more time feeding on saplings, less time feeding on herbaceous forages, and tended to achieve diets with more juniper than goats in LD. Utilization of herbaceous vegetation ranged from 52 to 73% and was higher for MG than GA and for LD than HD. The MG-HD treatment resulted in highest frequency of short saplings (&lt; 0.5m) with high percent (&gt; 66%) of defoliated branches in summer and spring, and lowest frequency of saplings with low percent (&lt; 33%) of debarked branches in spring. Heavy defoliation was more frequent in shorter saplings, whereas heavy debarking occurred mostly in tall saplings. The results of this study suggest that stocking density and mixed grazing stimulate feeding behaviors that increase utilization of juniper saplings by goats.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2418</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.2111/08-215.1</style></notes><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 22, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 4, 2010</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, Walter G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steinberger, Yosep</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pack rats (Neotoma spp.): Keystone ecological engineers?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">habitat</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mineralization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stick nest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">woodrat</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-050.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1450-1455</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The potential role of two species of pack rats (&lt;i&gt;Neotoma albigula&lt;/i&gt;) and &lt;i&gt;Neotoma micropus&lt;/i&gt;) as keystone ecological engineers was examined by estimating the species diversity of invertebrates living in the nest middens, and nitrogen mineralization rates in soils associated with the middens. Although pack-rat middens in tarbush (&lt;i&gt;Flourensia cernua&lt;/i&gt;) shrublands were smaller than those in creosotebush (&lt;i&gt;Larrea tridentata&lt;/i&gt;) shrublands, they housed a higher abundance and diversity of arthropods. The &lt;i&gt;Neotoma&lt;/i&gt; spp. middens were an important microhabitat for crickets (&lt;i&gt;Gryllus&lt;/i&gt; sp.), wolf spiders (&lt;i&gt;Lycosa &lt;/i&gt;spp.), and lycid beetle larvae (Lycidae) in all of the shrub habitats. There were five arthropod taxa that occupied all middens in the creosotebush shrubland, and 12 arthropod taxa that occupied all middens in the tarbush shrubland. Soils associated with pack-rat middens had significantly higher soil organic-matter content than reference soils. Nitrogen mineralization was significantly higher in soils associated with pack-rat middens than in reference soils. &lt;i&gt;Neotoma&lt;/i&gt; spp. create habitats with moderate microclimates that are essential for several invertebrates, thus contributing to maintenance of biodiversity. The effects of middens on soil organic matter and nitrogen mineralization create nutrient-rich patches. &lt;i&gt;Neotoma&lt;/i&gt; spp. affect biodiversity and critical ecosystem processes, thus supporting the designation of keystone ecological engineers. &amp;copy; 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2627</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;//NMSU,USDA//LTER V//entered 07/23/2010; pdf available&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1450</style></section><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, Walter G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steinberger, Yosef</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbivore-plant interactions and desertification in arid lands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">All Flesh is Grass</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbivory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant-animal interactions</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-037.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer-Verlas</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">239-256</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Arid lands around the world have experienced or are currently experiencing degradation that is known as desertification. Animal-plant interactions that have an effect on desertification are among the most important function of animals in arid ecosystems. Desertification has been defined as land degradation in arid and semiarid areas that is the result of various factors, including climate variation and human activities. The interactions between animals and plants affect desertification arid environments in a number of ways. These interactions may exacerbate desertification processes or contribute to the stability of desertified ecosystems. Some animal-plant interactions are direct, e.g., herbivory, while others are indirect, e.g., seed dispersal and soil modification. Animal-plant interactions that contribute to changes in the structure of plant communities or the spread of alien plant species may enhance some degradation processes such as soil erosion or contribute to soil stability and resistance to degradation.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3319</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Behaviour - The keystone in  optimizing free-ranging ungulate production</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Encycloedia of Life Suport Systems (EOLSS)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">behaviour</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">free-ranging</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-034.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eolss Publishers</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford, UK</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Free-ranging animal behaviour is a keystone to optimizing free-ranging domestic animal production. This chapter focuses on several aspects that emanate from foraging including defining terms, concepts and the complexity that underlie managing animals and landscapes. Behaviour is investigated in light of individuals as well as groups and the key role plant chemistry plays in the foraging process. Ethics and animal welfare, especially in terms of low-stress management strategies, are discussed in terms of production in 21st century range animal ecology. A section on melding animals and machines stress how using innate animal behaviour in order to realize management goals is a win -win for both humans and animals as long as the final judgments that must be made in management of biological resources are not replaced by technology alone. The final section of this chapter stresses the importance of using today&amp;rsquo;s technology together with animal husbandry to optimize range animal ecology in the 21st century.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN58</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;August 14, 2008&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom5><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Libeau, R.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rus, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Detweiler, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nolen, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Free-ranging cow behavior pre and post-weaning</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management Meeting Abstracts</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">free-ranging</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The optimum husbandry of free-ranging cattle requires not only nutritional knowledge but also an understanding of how to manage and use behavioral information.  With the advent of global positioning technology (GPS) it is now possible to monitor animal travel with relative ease over extended periods of time without the observer influencing the observation.  Between March and April 2009 five cows in each of two similar large (? 433 ha) arid rangeland pastures were individually monitored at a 1 Hz rate before as well as following weaning.  The ten cows ranged in age between three and fifteen years with six of the cows suckling male calves while the remaining four calves were female.  Accelerometer and magnetometer data used to quantify foraging and non-foraging behaviors together with animal travel will be discussed in light of directional virtual fencing (DVF™) hardware and software that was used to obtain the data.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN83</style></accession-num><custom3><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 28, 2009</style></custom3><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 29, 2009</style></custom5></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rus, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gathering cows using virtual fencing methodologies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62nd Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DVF</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">free-ranging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SRM</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 8-12, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albuquerque, NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2030-4</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Free-ranging livestock are classically controlled by herders. Holding, moving, or gathering free-ranging cattle requires flexible husbandry practices for efficient and effective low-stress animal management. Behavioral theory and practical experience indicates cattle can be taught to respond to auditory cues. Preliminary research has demonstrated that cows can be gathered autonomously using recorded audio cues associated with manual gathering. However, efficient gathering requires movement in the proper direction. Therefore, we believe using audio cues administered from directional virtual fencing (DVF&amp;trade;) equipment can facilitate proper animal orientation and facilitate the gathering of animals with minimal human intervention. Results from applying directional audio cues to free-ranging cows using hard- and software developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) will be discussed in light of how many animals in a herd potentially need to be instrumented in order to successfully gather the entire group.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN101</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;January 10, 2009&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;February 1, 2009&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archer, S.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Throop, H.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Browning, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predick, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Does woody plant encroachment increase ecosystem carbon stocks?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society of America 94th Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cargon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">terrestrail;</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albuquerque, NM, August 2-7, 2009</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PS 46-59</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drylands account for ~30-35% of terrestrial primary production and are an important component of the global carbon cycle. Changes in dryland vegetation thus have implications for carbon uptake and storage. One widely observed change is the conversion of grasslands to shrublands and woodlands. Although regarded as significantly impacting the North American terrestrial carbon sink, estimates are highly uncertain. Shrub proliferation typically increases aboveground carbon pools. However, the majority of organic carbon in drylands resides as soil organic carbon (SOC). Reports of impacts of shrub proliferation on SOC are equivocal and range from substantial decreases to no net change to substantial increases. We quantified changes in ecosystem carbon pools accompanying shrub (Prosopis velutina) proliferation in Arizona grasslands. Size and location of P. velutina plants in a 0.4 ha area were determined in 1932, 1948 and 2006. Aboveground C mass of P. velutina was calculated using allometric equations. SOC (0-20 cm) was quantified along bole-to-dripline transects for a range of shrub sizes. A predictive model of SOC mass as a function of shrub size (basal diameter) was developed, applied to each individual on each date and summed across all shrubs to estimate aboveground shrub and SOC stocks over time (g C m-2). Results/Conclusions: Aboveground shrub C mass increased from 1932 (217 g m-2) to 1948 (362 g m-2) and then declined to 224 g m-2 in 2006 as a result of an herbicide application in 1965/66. The herbicide application ostensibly shifted the population structure to smaller plants (mean plant canopy area declined from 6.3 [1948] to 3.8 m2 [2006]), but was coupled with an increase in plant density (323 ha-1 in 1948; 443 ha-1 in 2006). SOC comprised 72-81% of the soil plus aboveground shrub carbon pool. In the absence of shrubs, SOC mass was 896 g C m-2; accounting for the influence of shrubs increased SOC mass to 912 g C m-2 in 1932 and to 940 kg C m-2 by 2006, a 3% increase despite the herbicide application. Our results confirm Prosopis encroachment into semi-arid grasslands will increase carbon storage in both the aboveground and near-surface SOC pools. Because SOC accumulation increases with tree size, historically invaded landscapes with larger individuals will be greater carbon sinks than more recently invaded landscapes.  Land management practices (brush control) can dramatically reduce the aboveground C pool, but it recovers fairly quickly, with a potentially lagged, but poorly understood impact on the SOC pool.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN122</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Briske, D.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandez-Gimenez, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wu, X.B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Threshold models linked to land classification and indicators as guides to restoration - propsects and pitfalls</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10th International Congress of Ecology: Ecology in a Changing Climate</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">restoration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">state-and-transition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STM</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">threshold</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Threshold (or regime shift) models are useful for restoration because they match actions to conditions where benefits are likely to be maximized. The procedures by which threshold models should be applied, however, are in the early stages of development. Here, we describe ecological concepts and derivative elements of an approach to applying threshold models including 1) combining experiments, simulations, and local ecological knowledge to develop conceptual state-and-transition models representing specific geographic areas; 2) linking the models to soil, plant, and landscape process-based indicators detected in ground-based or remotely-sensed assessment; 3) recognizing model contingency with respect to varying land-use, soils and geomorphology, and climate; and 4) cooperative planning of restoration actions integrated with model-based experimentation and monitoring. We describe several tools that have been used for each element and limitations of the tools and concepts revealed in applications in the United States and Mongolia. We suggest that the integration of threshold/resilience concepts with scale-specific models, process-based indicators, spatial data on the biophysical and social environment, and restoration experiments is becoming an increasingly common solution to connecting abstract ideas with real-world restoration applications.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN262</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Threshold models in restoration - can we ever predict threshold repsonses?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19th Conference of Society for Ecological Restoration International</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">restoration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">threshold</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perth, Western Australia, Australia</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land managers and scientists often ask: “How do I identify the threshold?” or “Where is the threshold?” Such questions presume a great deal about the nature of thresholds that are, as yet, not generally understood and not necessarily general at all. In this talk, I review how the threshold concept has been considered in land management and argue five points. 1) Attempting to predict threshold responses is likely to be a waste of time in many cases. 2) We have not yet produced an adequate number of case histories about the consequences, scales, rates, and mechanisms of threshold behavior within different kinds of ecosystems, so it is difficult to structure monitoring programs to detect threshold responses. 3) Managing for resilient conditions, with attention to slow social and ecological variables, to minimize the risk of crossing a threshold is potentially useful but is controversial for managers. 4) We have a dim understanding of how inherent (i.e., not management-related) variations in landscapes influence threshold responses, but such understanding can be used to guide planning. 5) Recognizing the consequences of post-threshold states for restoration actions is the most straightforward use of the threshold concept at present. Examples are drawn from restoration approaches in the southwestern United States and elsewhere to support these assertions.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN239</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Damindsuren, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Han, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steele, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author></authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hobbs, J.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suding, K.N.</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resilience theory in models of rangeland ecology and restoration: the evolution and application of a paradigm</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Models for Ecosystem Dynamics and Restoration</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">paradigm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">restoration</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Island Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Washington, D.C</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78-95</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this review, we will use our experiences and our ongoing collaborations to describe an approach that links new concepts regarding ecosystem dynamics to science, management and restoration activities in rangelands. First, we will review some novel elements and ideas connected to resilience theory that mark the evolution of an increasingly integrated paradigm for rangeland ecology. Lastly, we will present a sequence of science and management activities that we feel will allow the paradigm to gain traction in real-world management. It should be noted that our ideas are, in many cases, a work in progress and our hope is that readers are inspired to look more deeply into them, or to develop their own approaches.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN261</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 20, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 1, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goolsby, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archer, S.R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The spatial pattern of transition (spot): linking pattern, process, and scale to state-and-transition models</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62nd Society for Range Mangement Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SPOT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SRM</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">state and transition</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 8-12, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albuquerque, NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">06-11</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field implementation of conceptual state-and-transition models will benefit from explicit representations of spatial patterns of vegetation, soils and topography and the hydrological/eolian processes that link them. Here, we introduce the concept &quot;spatial pattern of transition” (SPOT) as a means to understand the interrelationships and feedbacks among vegetation and soil spatial patterns, changes in those patterns over time, and the ecological processes governing that change. Patterns can vary with spatial scale and include vegetation patches in a matrix of bare ground or mosaics of alternative states or plant communities. Key concurrent processes include those affecting surface and subsurface hydrology, eolian transport, resource availability and plant response to stress and disturbance. We review the literature and our own work to establish general approaches to and insights from SPOT. First, we show that SPOT can be observed at multiple scales from remotely-sensed imagery and has been experimentally investigated and mathematically modeled. Second, we argue that SPOT is a consequence of three interacting factors: a) inherent, relative stable heterogeneity in soils, topography and geomorphology, b) disturbance processes such as grazing or fire, and c) feedbacks among plant attributes, surface soil properties, and material fluxes. Third, we show general classes of SPOT that are reliably associated with soil-geomorphic settings and climate zones. Finally, we demonstrate the consequences of SPOT for the development and practical use of state-and-transition models. In particular, we show that differences in SPOT influence (i) the scale at which state-and-transition models should defined, (ii) the ecosystem attributes we need to measure to define thresholds and monitor change, and hence, (iii) the appropriate spatial scale and frequency of observation.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN260</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 10,2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 1, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tugel, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peacock, G.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robinett, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaver, P.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanchez, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">State-and-Transition models for heterogeneous landscapes: A strategy for development and application</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological resilience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quantitative</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">state-and-transition</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 15, 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-004.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-15</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interpretation of assessment and monitoring data requires information about reference conditions and ecological resilience. Reference conditions used as benchmarks can be specified via potential-based land classifications (e.g., ecological sites) that describe the plant communities potentially observed in an area based on soil and climate. State-and-transition models (STMs) coupled to ecological sites can specify indicators of ecological resilience and thresholds. Although general concepts surrounding STMs and ecological sites have received increasing attention, strategies for their data-driven development have not.  In this paper, we outline concepts and a practical approach to potential-based land classification and STM development. Quantification emphasizes inventory techniques readily available to natural resource professionals and that can reveal processes interacting across spatial scales. We recommend a sequence of 8 steps for the co-development of land classes and STMs including 1) creation of initial ecological site concepts and STMs based on literature and workshops; 2) extensive, low-intensity traverses to assist in generating initial concepts and to plan inventory; 3) development of a spatial hierarchy for sampling based on climate, geomorphology, and soils; 4) stratified medium-intensity inventory of plant communities and soils across a broad extent and with large sample sizes; 5) storage of plant and soil data in a database; 6) model-building and analysis of inventory data to test initial concepts; 7) support and/or refinement of concepts; and 8) high-intensity characterization and monitoring of states. Second, we offer a simple example of how data assembled via our sequence can be used to refine ecological site classes and STMs. The linkage of inventory to expert knowledge and site-based mechanistic experiments and monitoring provides a powerful means for specifying management hypotheses and, ultimately, promoting resilience in grassland, shrubland, savanna and forest ecosystems.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN277</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 20, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 8, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands: Changes to improve the quality and performance of an important SRM journal</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62nd Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangelands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RTF</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SRM</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SRM journal</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 8-9, 20</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alb., NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000-14</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In 2008, an effort to improve the quality and financial performance of the journal RANGELANDS was begun. Reviews by the Society for Range Management (SRM) Board of Directors (BOD) appointed RANGELANDS Task Force (RTF) and the Advisory Council identified aspects of RANGELANDS critical to membership satisfaction: quality of publication, frequency of publication, subject matter. The RTF Report also identified opportunities for improved financial performance. As a result of the reports and discussion among the membership, the SRM BOD directed the RANGELANDS editor and steering committee to implement changes to RANGELANDS. Those changes include: 1. ensure that all manuscripts submitted to RANGELANDS are subjected to peer review under the direction of the editor; 2. seek more support from external sources for the publication of relevant, special-theme issues with invited authors to offset publication costs; 3. increase the amount of advertising, and; 4. work with publishers to reduce overhead costs. These changes are currently being implemented. The authors will be available to discuss further changes with membership to improve the quality and performance of this vital SRM communication instrument.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN341</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 20, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 2, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampson, N.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McPherson, Brian J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sundquist, Eric T.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integrating terrestrail sequestration into a greenhouse gas management plan</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon Sequestration and Its Role in the Global Carbon Cycle</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geophysical Monograph Series 183</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proceedings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sequestration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">terrestrail</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-030.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Geophysical Untion</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Washington, DC</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">317-324</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terrestrial sequestration is the deliberate process of storing carbon in the soil or vegetation via the net effect of naturally occurring processes (photosynthesis, leading to storage in plants; humification and aggregation, leading to conversion of plant carbon to soil carbon; and respiration, which returns some plant and soil carbon to the atmosphere as CO2).  Removing carbon from the atmosphere via terrestrial sequestration has been proposed as a critical element in the portfolio of actions to stabilize greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and avoiding undesirable climate change. One benchmark for integrating terrestrial sequestration into a GHG management plan might be to increase sequestration beyond “business-as-usual” levels by an average of about 1-2 PgC/yr during the next 50 years.  Assuming this benchmark is accomplished by a linear increase in sequestration rates, the integrated total over 50 years would be 25-50 PgC.  Achieving this level of performance will require 1) improvements in existing understanding of sequestering processes, 2) more focused incentive programs to accelerate adoption and maintenance of sequestering practices and 3) an enhanced monitoring and verification effort to insure credibility.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN335</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 22, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 28, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing systems research: Focusing on the managers-introduction</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62nd Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazing systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mangers-introduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SRM</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 8-12, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alb., NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21-1</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Translating experimental results into management guidelines or as bases for specific decisions presents a substantial challenge for scientists, advisors and land managers. While inductive reasoning can be a valuable tool in developing general guidelines, particular wholly science-based relationships, taken out of context, may not translate well or may be misleading if improperly applied. For example, substantial effort has been expended on glasshouse, small plot and small paddock scale responses of individual plants, populations and communities to varying frequency and intensity of defoliation and other direct impacts of livestock grazing (trampling, dunging). There is little reason to suspect that these soil and vegetation responses are not scalable to commercial grazing applications if interpreted within the known and applicable bounds of climate and soils. Individual grazing animal attributes discerned experimentally, such as species and community selectivity, forage intake and nutrition related performance (gain/hd, gain/ha) are likewise valid at more extensive scales and generally applicable to policy and management decisions. Properties and relationships that emerge only at commercial scales, such as landscape scale animal distribution and forage selectivity, herd management (genetics, reproduction attributes, hygiene etc), financial management (investment portfolios), and range management (improvements, response to drought) must be investigated, analyzed and interpreted at coarser scales to have meaning. Research and development should clearly identify these variables, their tests and scaleable interpretations to identify their limits of application for management and decision making.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN333</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 10, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 1, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gilgert, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Messmer, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brunson, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maestas, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological site descriptions as a management tool: Results of an SRM workshop</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62nd Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological site descriptions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESDs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SRM</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 8-12, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albuquerque, NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1000-14</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Society for Range Management (SRM) sponsored a workshop in Park City, UT 23-25 October 2007. The workshop was designed to 1) provide attendees with basic information on the concepts and applications of Ecological Site Descriptions (ESDs) 2) explore opportunities to improve applications of ESDs to the management of fish and wildlife habitat, specifically greater sage grouse and 3) seek input on additional information and reorganization of ESDs to improve utility. The workshop organization consisted of a full day of introductory remarks from experts, a day of facilitated group discussion divided into geographic regions, one-half day of summary and synthesis and a one-half day field trip. Approximately 300 people attended the workshop. Recommendations from the group identified several important considerations for future ESD development: more flexibility in the description of vegetation attributes (patch structure), an increased emphasis on vertical vegetation structure, increased discussion of the landscape scale arrangement of habitat elements (states). In addition, the groups desired to see the ESD development process expanded to include a wider variety of expertise and stakeholders and a greater emphasis on standardization across soil survey, state and regional boundaries. The SRM ESD workshop was widely considered a success and provides a basis for the continued expansion of outreach via technically oriented regional workshops.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN332</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 8, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 2, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Derner, J.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dobrowolski, J.P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rotational grazing systems and grazing management research: Mapping the future</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4th National Conference  on Grazing Lands and the Society for Range Management</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 13-16, </style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/10-010.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sparks, NV</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CDROM</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A recent publication reviewed a substantial amount of evidence generated from a geographically diverse effort by university and agency scientists over the past 6 decades to vestigate the impacts of rotational grazing on fundamental rangeland ecological processes. Their findings, and others as well, clearly indicate that varying frequency and intensity of defoliation by rotating   grazing livestock does not significantly affect plant or animal production when other factors   (stocking rate, season of use etc) are held constant. However, many producers, advisors and researchers have substantial observational evidence that rotational grazing can be an important tool in achieving ranch level goals. This symposium was organized to examine the current state of the knowledge, the range of objectives and goals that producers and conservation programs may have beyond production and opportunities for improving the transfer of research information among scientists, policy makers and producers.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN331</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 15, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 30, 2009</style></custom6><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></reprint-edition></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Browning, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prospects of phenological monitoring in an arid southwestern U.S. rangeland using field observations with hyperspatial and moderate resolution imagery</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computational methods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">data processing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/14/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Francisco, California</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relating field observations of plant phenological events to remotely sensed depictions of land surface phenology remains a challenge to the vertical integration of data from disparate sources.  This research conducted at the Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research site in southern New Mexico capitalizes on legacy datasets pertaining to reproductive phenology and biomass and hyperspatial imagery.  Large amounts of exposed bare soil and modest cover from shrubs and grasses in these arid and semi-arid ecosystems challenge the integration of field observations of phenology and remotely sensed data to monitor changes in land surface phenology.  Drawing on established field protocols for reproductive phenology, hyperspatial imagery (4 cm), and object-based image analysis, we explore the utility of two approaches to scale detailed observations (i.e., field and 4 cm imagery) to the extent of long-term field plots (50 x 50m) and moderate resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery (30 x 30m). Very high resolution color-infrared imagery was collected June 2007 across 15 LTER study sites that transect five distinct vegetation communities ranging from grass to shrub dominance.  We examined two methods for scaling spectral vegetation indices (SVI) at 4 cm resolution: pixel averaging and object-based integration.  Pixel averaging yields the mean SVI value for all pixels within the plot or TM pixel.  Alternatively, the object-based method is based on a weighted average of SVI values that correspond to discrete image objects (e.g., individual shrubs or grass patches).  Object-based image analysis of 4 cm imagery provides a detailed depiction of ground cover and allows us to extract species-specific contributions to upscaled SVI values.  The ability to discern species- or functional-group contributions to remotely sensed signals of vegetation greenness can greatly enhance the design of field sampling protocols for phenological research.  Furthermore, imagery from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) is a cost-effective and increasingly available resource and generation of UAV mosaics has been accomplished so that larger study areas can be addressed.  This technology can provide a robust basis for scaling relationships for phenology-based research applications.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN357</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Browning, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franklin, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archer, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing effect on woody plant recruitment in a Sonoran Desert grassland across space and time</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">US International Association for Landscape Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grasslands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">livestock management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">point pattern analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proliferation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santa Rita Experimental Range</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">savannas</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub encroachment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">velvet mesquite</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">woody</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">US, IALE</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snowbird, Utah</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Livestock grazing is a commonly cited factor contributing to shrub encroachment in savannas and grasslands.  Patterns of woody plant proliferation are known to influence rates of erosion and spread of disturbance and are of practical importance to livestock management with regard to forage distribution and abundance.  However, the effects of grazing on woody plant population dynamics and stand structure are poorly understood, owing to a paucity of long-term, spatially-explicit data.  We explored the spatial patterns of distribution and recruitment for velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina) using field surveys spanning 74 years (1932, 1948, and 2006) on areas grazed by livestock since the late 1800s and protected from livestock since 1932.  Univariate analyses with Ripley’s K and neighborhood density functions (NDF) revealed mesquite plants were randomly distributed in 1932.  In 1948, following 16 years of protection from livestock, plants on the protected area were clustered at all distances (1 to 20m), while mesquite on the grazed area were clustered at short distances (1 to 4m) only.  In 2006, mesquite on the protected area remained clustered at all distances, with a marked peak in clustering at short distances (1 to 4m), whereas mesquite on the grazed area were randomly distributed.   Bivariate analyses with Ripley’s K and NDF indicated that juvenile mesquite plants (&lt;1m height) were significantly clustered around adult plants from 2 to 5m on the protected area in 2006; but there were no significant patterns of association between juveniles and adults on the grazed area through time.  Previous analyses revealed that spatial autocorrelation in mesquite density did not deviate from random on the grazed area, whereas associations on the protected area became increasingly positive.  Grazing influenced recruitment-driven changes in population structure from 1932 to 2006 and protection from livestock facilitated formation of high density shrub clusters and open areas generating high spatial heterogeneity.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN355</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Browning, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archer, S.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franklin, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guertin, D. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Does livestock grazing influence spatial patterns of woody plant proliferation?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society of America Abstracts</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grasslands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nutrient</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">savannas</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial pattern</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COS 127-10</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patterns of woody plant proliferation in grasslands and savannas influence rates of erosion, spread of disturbance, and nutrient pools.  Spatial pattern is the outcome of plant dispersal, recruitment, competition/facilitation, and disturbance. We quantified effects of livestock grazing, a widely cited driver of shrub encroachment, on the spatial patterns of velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina) distribution and recruitment in southeastern Arizona.  Field surveys of plant canopy size and location spanning 74 years (1932, 1948, and 2006) were conducted on areas grazed by livestock since the late 1800s and on areas protected from livestock since 1932.  Point pattern analysis and Moran’s I were used to quantify changes in distribution and spatial autocorrelation over time.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN354</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Browning, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archer, S.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Byrne, A.T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field validation of 1930s aerial photography: What are we missing?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aboveground woody biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">detection limites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">error assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">historid aerial photography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land cover</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">panchromatic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">retrospective ground truth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">retrospective mapping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santa Rita</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sonoran Desert</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-019.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">844-853</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aerial photography from the 1930s serves as the earliest synoptic depiction of vegetation cover.  We generated a spatially explicit database of shrub (Prosopis velutina) stand structure within two 1.8 ha field plots established in 1932 to address two questions: (1) What are the detection limits of panchromatic 1936 aerial photography?, and (2) How do these influence P. velutina biomass estimates?  Shrub polygons were manually digitized on 1936 imagery and linked to 1932 field measurements of P. velutina canopy area.  Aboveground 1932 P. velutina biomass was estimated using a site-specific allometric relationship for field-measured canopy area. Shrub canopy detection limits on the 1936 imagery were comparable to those reported for contemporary imagery.  Based on a conservative shrub size detection threshold of 3.8 m2, 5.8% of P. velutina biomass was missed. Spatial resolution (0.6 vs. 1.0 m) did not influence detection limits, but the overall accuracy of shrub cover estimates was greater on 1.0 m images.   Presence of the sub-shrub Isocoma tenuisecta may also have significantly influenced estimates of P. velutina canopy area.  These analyses illustrate the importance of standardizing aerial photo interpretation protocols, accounting for uncertainty estimating shrub biomass, and caution species-specific interpretations for historic aerial photography.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN353</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">03/02/2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/03/2009</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">844</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carpenter, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armbrust, E.V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arzberger, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chapin III, F.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elser, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hackett, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ives, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kareiva, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leibold, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lundberg, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mangel, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merchant, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murdoch, W.W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Palmer, M.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pickett, S.T.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, K.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wall, D.H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zimmerman, A.S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Accelerate synthesis in ecology and environmental sciences</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BioScience</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">analytical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snythetic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">synthesis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visualization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-022.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">699-701</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Synthesis of diverse knowledge is a central part of all sciences, but especially those such as ecology and environmental sciences which draw information from many disciplines. Research and education in ecology are intrinsically synthetic, and synthesis is increasingly needed to find solutions for environmental challenges. Expansion of the already vast body of relevant knowledge makes synthesis ever more important. To accelerate pure and applied advances in ecology and environmental sciences, this paper discusses existing and new approaches to energize synthesis.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN422</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ceballos, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">List, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davidson, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sierra Corona, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martinez, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pacheco, J.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopez-Hoffman, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McGovern, E.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Varady, R.G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flessa, K.W.</style></author></secondary-authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Overpeck, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morehouse, B.</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grasslands in the Borderlands. Understanding coupled natural-human systems and transboundary conservation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation of Shared Environments. Learning from the United States and Mexico</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">borderlands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grasslands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mexico</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">US</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-028.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Arizona Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tucson, AZ</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">188-203</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grasslands are one of the shared ecosystems that dominate the heart of the North American continent. Among these are the Chihuahuan Desert grasslands that are undergoing a rapid transition to desertified, arid scrub conditions. Policy-driven landuse changes are reducing their capacity to maintain biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being. In northwestern Chihuahua, and adjoining New Mexico, Arizona and Texas, degradation occurred differentially on either side of the border with degradation in the United States preceding that in Mexico, but becoming more pronounced in some parts of Mexico during the last two decades. Degradation patterns in the United States can inform Mexican conservation efforts, while relatively intact Mexican ecosystems provide valuable insights into functional grassland systems. Our collaborative socio-ecological study of the patterns and processes governing ecological change is guiding grassland recovery with the goal of maintaining biodiversity that appears necessary to reinstate lost ecosystem services and grassland productivity on which human population’s in the transbounday region depend.  As this chapter discusses, prairie dogs in this region exhibit the characteristics of a keystone species and are important ecosystem engineers that maintain northern Chihuahuan grasslands. They are critical for the maintenance of biodiversity and support grassland ecosystem functioning, resulting in important benefits for humans. The natural process of prairie dogs supporting ecosystem function creates ecosystem services essential for human well-being. This process is disrupted by poor land management (i.e., governmental policies that promote cattle overgrazing) resulting in environmental degradation that results in a loss of biodiversity, alteration of ecosystem function, and reduction of ecosystem services. In this chapter we present an approach to overcome the negative cycle of overgrazing, and discuss how this approach could be implemented bi-nationally.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN425</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 1, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 15, 2009</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cibils, A.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubio, C.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wesley, R.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petersen, M.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brizuela, M.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cid, M.S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of weather and animal related factors on grazing distribution of livestock</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62nd Society for Range Mangement Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GIS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GPS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SRM</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 8, 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albuquerque, NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">03-12</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Automated monitoring of animal locations at relatively short time intervals has allowed new insights into how biotic and abiotic factors influence spatial distribution patterns of livestock. We will discuss recently completed and on-going grazing behavior studies using GPS/GIS approaches at sites in New Mexico (USA) and Argentina. These studies seek to determine the influence of weather and animal-related factors (reproductive state and stress coping style) on spatial distribution patterns of cattle and sheep at the scale of days and plant communities. Data from our New Mexico site showed that: a) ambient temperature, relative humidity, wind direction, and short term thermal stress, were significant predictors of day-to-day plant community preference patterns of young cows; b) foraging decisions appeared to be influenced by ambient temperatures that were well within an cow's thermoneutral zone; c) animal physiological state (nursing vs. open non-nursing) had small and transient effects on day-to-day changes in plant community preference of cows; d) young calves appeared to impose very few constraints on their dams' movement patterns; and e) groups of cows classified on the basis of stress coping styles (nervous vs. calm) exhibited different spatial use patterns. On-going research at three sites situated along a latitudinal environmental gradient in Argentina (from hot sub-humid to cold semi-desert) using similar GPS/GIS approaches to those currently being used in NM will also be discussed. NM-Argentina cross-site comparisons are expected to advance current understanding of the foraging decision process of rangeland-raised livestock.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN462</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 8, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 2, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correll, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Doniec, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Libeau, R.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rus, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The cow-whisperer: Towards autonomous management of free-ranging cows</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 IEEE Interantional Conference on Robotics &amp; Automation</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">free-ranging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GPS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">livestock</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Animal management in the 21st century presents many challenges. Free-ranging livestock are classically controlled by herders. Today, wire fences are used in most developed countries, although they are costly to build and maintain. Furthermore, conventional fences do not foster flexible management of foraging animals. Flexibility is the key to ecological management since both plants and animals are spatially and temporally dynamic resources. Besides logging GPS data, our sensor box allows us to play arbitrary aural cues ranging from irritating sounds to gathering commands. In our first experiment, we investigate how to stimulate a cow to move her in a specific direction by playing various sounds in either the left or right ear, however, none of the audio cues evaluated proved effective. Behavioral theory suggests that a cow will avoid novel cues, in this case sounds, by moving away from them. In earlier experiments using a number of different sounds the loudness and frequency of the sounds used did not have any noticeable detrimental affect on cows. It appears that if we want to control cows without excessive stress, we need to better understand individual as well as herd behavior. In a preliminary experiment to evaluate autonomous gathering, the cows were observed to be in the corral at approximately 7:15 AM drinking water. About mid-morning the cows were returned to the middle of the pasture with an ATV. Past research using these same animals would suggest the cows would not have done what was observed next. They returned to the corral a second time the same day. Forty-five minutes after leaving the cows in the middle of the pasture where they were observed to begin foraging. The preprogrammed instruments started administering audio sounds that the cows would have associated with previous manual gathering. However, instead of immediately walking back to the corral once the audio cues began playing, the cows continued walking south. They reached the southwest corner of the pasture where they stood for approximately 20 minutes. We then returned on the ATV and turned the cows north along the west fence line. Thereafter, the cows continued to walk north along the west fence line for about a mile without further human intervention. Returning to the corral, we observed the cows as they returned to the corral this second time on March 3, 2008. The aural gathering cues were administered equally in both ears to all four cows in 30s intervals throughout their walk to the corral. These 30 s on-off intervals appear to correspond to the stop-and-go behavior one can observe in the video. This experiment suggests that preprogrammed audio cuing involving sounds associated with manual gathering may be sufficient to gather animals autonomously. However, efficient gathering requires movement in the proper direction. Therefore, we believe that directional audio cues may be required in order to establish proper animal orientation. Our next step will be to provide directional audio cues to the animals using hard- and software currently under development at MIT. In addition, we plan to investigate how many animals in a herd we would need to instrument in order to control the entire group.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN488</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Craine, Joseph Mitchell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, Randall D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant nitrogen and phosphorus limitation in 98 North American grassland soils</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant and Soil</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biomass, grassland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">colimitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grass, Schizachyrium scoparium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grassland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phosphorus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil nutrients, nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil nutrients, phosphorous</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stoichiometry</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Online DOI 10.1007/s11104-009-0237-1</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pp 1-12</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0032-079X</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The availability of nutrients is a critical determinant of ecological dynamics in grasslands, but the relationships between soil resource availability and nutrient limitation across ecosystems are not clear. To better understand how soil nutrient availability determines nutrient limitation in vegetation, we grew the same species of grass (&lt;i&gt;Schizachyrium scoparium&lt;/i&gt;) in 98 North American grassland soils and fertilized them factorially with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). On average adding N, P, and the two nutrients together increased biomass relative to unfertilized plants by 81%, 22%, and 131%, respectively. Plants grown on low-P soils were not primarily limited by P. Instead, these plants were colimited by N and P, while plants grown on high-P soils were primarily limited by N and only secondarily limited by P. Limitation was not predicted by total soil N. The preponderance of colimitation between N and P on low-P soils suggests that low P availability alters the N cycle to constrain supplies to plants such that N and P are made available in proportion to their demand by plants.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN496</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00968</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA//NONE//entered 12/09/2009. Published online. PDF available.</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (12/11/2009)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1467</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duniway, M.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spaeth, K.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barger, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van Zee, J.W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belnap, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiscale variability of soil aggregate stability: implications for rangeland hydrology and erosion</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62nd Society for Range Mangement Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aggregate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 8-12, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alb., NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07-11</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation of soil and water resources in rangelands is a crucial step in stopping desertification processes. The formation of water-stable soil aggregates reduces soil erodibility and can increase infiltration capacity in many soils. Soil aggregate stability is highly variable at scales ranging from individual aggregates to bioclimatic regions due to complex interactions of soil texture, soil organic matter, soil organisms, vegetation and surface disturbance. Variability in soil aggregate stability at all scales has important implications for rangeland hydrology and erosion. We conducted field soil aggregate stability tests at multiple scales (plot, landscape, and regional) throughout the western United States and in areas with varying degrees of vehicle-related disturbances. Additionally, small plot scale rainfall simulation experiments were conducted in conjunction with soil stability measures. Results demonstrate the scale-dependent nature of variability in soil aggregate stability, particularly within a disturbance gradient. The implications of this variability for hydrology and erosion are explored by contrasting variability in soil stability among scales, disturbance types and regions. Other site properties related to hydrology and erosion, including soil texture, vegetation, and cover and distribution bareground, are used to highlight possible mechanisms. In rangeland monitoring and assessment activities, the application of average soil stability values over large areas can be appropriate. Soil degradation at small scales, however, can result in disproportionally large increases in soil erosion and run-off. Results from our studies and related literature indicate that large variability occurring at relatively small scales should be considered for multi-scale estimates of changes in rangeland hydrology and erosion.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN607</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 5, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 2, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duniway, M.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Impacts of a road network on a semiarid grassland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society of American Abstracts</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">coaled methane</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energy resources</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gas</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">military</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">off-road vehicle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">oil</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">recreational</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">road</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">solar</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trail</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wind</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PS 82-81</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An unprecedented amount of road, trail, and other infrastructure development is currently occurring or planned for many arid and semiarid ecosystems nationally.  This is due to a variety of factors, including energy resources development (oil, gas, wind, solar, coaled methane, and others), recreational off-road vehicle activity, exurban development and military training.  Planning and mitigation necessary to protect these ecosystems require accurate identification of highest resilience areas, including those most resistant to degradation and those that have the greatest capacity to recover quickly following degradation. The objective of this study was to develop a strategy for assessing the long-term effects of different types of roads on adjacent soil and vegetation properties in a southern New Mexico grassland.  To accomplish this objective, 110 plots selected within a 63,418 acres study area using a stratified random sampling scheme.  Plots were stratified by soil type (5 levels) and road type (3 levels: no road, major road and minor road).  Additionally, to maximize detection of problem areas, we further stratified our base set of road points based on apparent impact as determined by qualitative aerial photo interpretation.  Vegetation cover, soil cover, and soil aggregate stability data were collected along three 25-m transects at each plot. Overall, roads had significant, negative impacts on adjacent soils and vegetation when compared to non-road areas.  The severity of impacts varied with soil type suggesting that road and trail development should be carefully planned to avoid more sensitive soils.  Results indicate that most negative impacts due to road and trail development in the study area occurred in map units dominated by fairly coarse, low water holding capacity soils.  Differences were primarily driven by reduced plant productivity in road corridors as indicated by increased bare ground and decreased canopy cover.   In some soil types, loss of soil stability in unprotected locations also appears to be an issue.  Few significant differences in plant community composition were detected between road and non-road areas.  The level of road development did not consistently affect results, suggesting that concentration of activity along a smaller set of major roads may be one strategy to reduce cumulative impacts.  For some soil types, the qualitative stratification technique was important for detecting rare but important negative impacts.  This study illustrates the importance of integrated soil and ecological inventory data for incorporating site specific resilience knowledge into planning processes.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN604</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duval, B.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, W. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Camel spider (&lt;i&gt;Solifugae)&lt;/i&gt; use of prairie dog colonies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Western North American Naturalist</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">black-tailed prairie dogs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem engineering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grassland ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solifugae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 31, 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-018.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">272-276</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solifugids (camel spiders) are widespread throughout arid regions of western North America and are thought to be important in structuring desert arthropod communities. Despite the ubiquity of camel spiders, little is known about their ecology. Black-tailed prairie dogs (&lt;i&gt;Cynomys ludovicianus&lt;/i&gt;) are also widespread in western North America and are important ecosystem engineers, but they have been reduced in extent because of human activity. Here we report significantly greater numbers of camel spiders on black-tailed prairie dog colonies in southern New Mexico. The difference in vegetation structure created by prairie dog activity is likely the reason for the increased prevalence of camel spiders on colonies. Because camel spiders are important predators and prey, the observation that colonies support higher numbers of these animals provides a mechanism explaining differences in arthropod communities on and off colonies and explaining the preferential foraging behavior of vertebrates associated with prairie dog colonies.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN614</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eldridge, D.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, W. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Badger (&lt;i&gt;Taxidea taxus&lt;/i&gt;) disturbances increase soil heterogeneity in a degraded shrub-steppe ecosystem</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Badger</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biopedturbation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem engineering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mounding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil nutrients</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-002.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73</style></number><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66-73</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the western United States, overgrazing, weed invasion and wildfire have resulted in the conversion of shrub-steppe to annual grasslands, with substantial effects on ecosystem function. In these lands capes, badgers disturb large areas of soil while foraging for fossorial animals. Mounds created by badgers contained the lowest concentrations of total carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, mineral nitrogen and mineralizable nitrogen, inter-mound soils had the highest concentrations, and excavation pits had intermediate levels. Soil C:N ratio and pH were greater, and electrical conductivity and soluble Ca2þ, Mg2þ and Kþ were lower on mound soils compared with either pit or inter-mound soils. Larger pits generally trapped more litter, and increased litter mass equated with greater concentrations of active carbon, but only at the burned sites. Older mounds supported more vascular plants and cryptogamic crusts. Our results demonstrate reduced levels of nutrients and a higher C:N ratio on the mounds compared with either the pits or inter-mounds. Alteration to the homogeneous post-fire landscape by badgers contributes to patchiness in soils and vegetation, which is critical to the functioning of arid systems. Given their effect on soil C:N ratios, mounds may be important sites for recovery of indigenous shrub-steppe plant species.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN620</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 3, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 9, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eldridge, D.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil distrubance by native animals along grazing gradients in an arid grassland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-026.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1144-1148</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Domestic grazing animals that congregate around watering points in arid rangelands create clearly defined trampling-induced grazing gradients. Grazing and trampling alter soil and vegetation condition, often leading to substantial reductions in ecological function. We measured foraging pits and mounds created by native soil foraging animals over 12 months at three watering points in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland, and hypothesized that the density and cover of their disturbances would increase with increasing distance from water. We recorded an average of 3756 disturbances ha_1 and cover of 34.18 m2 ha_1 across the grazing gradients, which comprised mainly pits (43%) and mounds (25%) of heteromyid rodents, ants and spiders. Soil turnover was estimated at 1.43 m3 ha_1. We detected no differences in density, cover, soil volume or composition of disturbances in relation to distance from water, but there were significant, though ill-defined, differences across the five sampling periods, with generally more activity in the warm–wet months. Small animal-created mounds and pits are important sources of soil and sinks for litter within grazing gradients, and may represent the only sites where plants can establish given a relaxation in grazing pressure.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN619</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eldridge, David J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, Walter G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duval, Benjamin D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animal disturbances promote shrub maintenance in a desertified grassland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">animal activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biopedturbation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem engineering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedogenesis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1302-1310</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01558</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1. Soil disturbance by animals affects the availability of water, nutrients, sediment and seeds, which are critical for the maintenance of functional ecosystems. We examined long-lived faunal structures across six vegetation communities in the northern Chihuahuan desert of New Mexico, USA, testing the proposition that disturbances in undesertified grassland differ in magnitude and effect from those in desertified grassland.2. Vertebrate and invertebrate disturbances totalled 18.9 structures ha)1 across 18 sites. The most common were pits and mounds of American badgers (Taxidea taxus, 32%), nests of the ant Aphaenogaster cockerelli (18.8%) and mounds of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spectabilis, 31%).3. Desertification was associated with a doubling of the density of structures, but no effects on cover or volume. The greatest density was in desertified mesquite and creosote bush shrublands, and the lowest density in undesertified grass swales. Badger and wood rat (Neotoma sp.) mounds were significant indicators of desertified communities.4. Desertification did not affect the density of kangaroo rat mounds (6.7 ha)1 in black grama grasslands and creosote bush shrublands). However, mounds in creosote bush shrubland were smaller and had more and larger shrubs than adjacent inter-mound hummocks. Desertification was associated with increases in the density of Aphaenogaster cockerelli and Trachymyrmex smithii nests, and declines in Pogonomyrmex rugosus nests. Substantial increases in soil nitrate and electrical conductivity on Myrmecocystus nests were associated with desertification.5. Synthesis. Desertification shaped this desert environment in two main ways. First, while kangaroo rat mound density changed little with desertification, mounds in shrubland continued to enhance shrub persistence long after abandonment, reinforcing desertification processes. Second, marked changes in the density of nests of the key ant species altered the spatial distribution of soil nitrate and electrical conductivity, likely affecting soil fertility and the distribution of desert plants. Our results highlight the importance of animal activity in shaping desert plant communities, and in maintaining or reinforcing desertification processes.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN621</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00966</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//NMSU,USDA//LTER V//entered 10/14/2009; pdf available</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (10/14/2009)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1466</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fagre, D.B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Charles, C.W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allen C.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Birkeland, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chapin, III, F.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guntenspergen, G.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapp, A.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McGuire, A. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mulholland, J.P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roby, D.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sugihara, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Synthesis and assessment product 4.2: Tresholds of climate change in ecosystems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">US Geological Survey</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">government publication</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">synthesis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">threshold</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 January</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-005.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USGS</style></publisher><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the past three decades, climate change has become a pronounced driver of ecosystem change. Changes in phenology, range shift of species, and increases in disturbances such as wildfires have all reflected ecosystem scales responses to a warming biosphere. There have also been abrupt, nonlinear changes in ecosystems where the level of response to incremental increases in temperature have suddenly changed trajectories. These thresholds of ecosystem change are not well understood but are potentially critical to adaptation strategies for managing natural resources in a rapidly changing world. This synthesis is intended to evaluate the current state of understanding of thresholds and to recommend possible actions to improve knowledge and adjust management priorities even with incomplete understanding of what drives thresholds of change and when they will occur.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN693</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 14, 2008</style></custom5></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ceballos, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">List, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barajas, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sayre, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roacho, E.J.O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sierra, C.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ponce, G.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davidson, A.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melgoza, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jaquez, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bezanilla, E.G.A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linking biological conservation to healthy rural communities: a case history of the Janos – Casas Grandes Biosphere Reserve</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society of America</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biological conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Casa Grandes Biosphere Reserve</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janos</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 2-9, 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albuquerque, NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COS 103-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">During the late 1930’s, Aldo Leopold witnessed a striking contrast along the narrow boundary between the United States and Mexico. He later described Mexican ecosystems as a “lovely picture of ecological health” and those same ecosystems north of the U.S. - Mexico border as “so badly damaged that only tourists and those ecologically blind, can look upon them without a feeling of sadness, and regret.” On this the hundredth centennial of Leopold’s arrival in the Southwest, the difference has waned but has not completely vanished. Within Mexico’s Janos – Casas Grande region lays the largest black-tailed prairie dog complex within North America, reminiscent of past ecosystems just north of the border. Now a Biosphere Reserve, collaborative efforts between Mexican and U. S. scientists are reconstructing the area’s ecological history and identifying key ecosystem properties maintaining grasslands and essential ecosystem services.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN754</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract # 20230</style></notes><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 6, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 13, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Godinez-Alvarez, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mattocks, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toledo, D.N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van Zee, J.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of three vegetation monitoring methods: Their relative utility for ecological assessment and monitoring</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Indicators</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foliar cover</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">precision</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland vegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rank-order correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species accumulation curves</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species richness</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 1, 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-008.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1001-1008</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetation cover and composition are two indicators commonly used to monitor terrestrial ecosystems. These indicators are currently quantified with a number of different methods. The interchangeability and relative benefits of different methods have been widely discussed in the literature, but there are few published comparisons that address multiple criteria across a broad range of grass- and shrub-dominated communities, while keeping sampling effort (time) approximately constant. This study compared the utility of three field sampling methods for ecological assessment and monitoring: line-point intercept, gridpoint intercept, and ocular estimates. The criteria used include: (1) interchangeability of data, (2) precision, (3) cost, and (4) value of each method based on its potential to generate multiple indicators. Foliar cover by species was measured for each method in five plant communities in the Chihuahuan Desert. Line- and grid-point intercept provide similar estimates of species richness which were lower than those based on ocular estimates. There were no differences in the precision of the number of species detected. Estimates of foliar cover with line- and grid-point intercept were similar and significantly higher than those based on ocular estimates. Precision of cover estimates with line-point intercept was higher than for ocular estimates. Time requirements for the three methods were similar, despite the fact that the point-based methods included cover estimates for all canopy layers and the soil surface, while the ocular estimates included only the top canopy layer. Results suggest that point-based methods provide interchangeable data with higher precision than ocular estimates. Moreover these methods can be used to generate a much greater number of indicators that are more directly applicable to a variety of monitoring objectives, including soil erosion and wildlife habitat.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN855</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 27, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 30, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goolsby, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archer, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial and ecological processes in grassland-to-shruland transitions in the Chihuahuan Desert</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society of America Abstracts</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grass-to-shrubland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albuquerque, NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PS 32-115</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grass to shrubland conversions have been widely reported in drylands world wide, but remain poorly understood. Knowledge of ecosystem spatial properties and the environmental constraints underlying landscape pattern is crucial to determining why shrublands have replaced grasslands in some areas and not others as well as predicting where such transitions may be most likely to occur in the future. A useful framework for understanding patterns of grassland-to-shrubland transitions consists of three interacting concepts: 1) direct impacts 2) spatial heterogeneity of underlying constraints, and 3) spatial variation in process feedbacks. The application of this framework allows spatial modeling of landscape change to be appropriately constrained at various spatial/temporal scales ranging from those operating at the scale of plants to those operating at the scale of landforms. Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) invasion of grasslands in southern New Mexico and the proliferation of juniper (Juniperus monosperma) in pinion-juniper savanna in central New Mexico are two cases where conceptual models of spatial influences on state transitions may be developed and evaluated. Repeat air photography and remotely sensed images from the Jornada LTER and Chupadera Mesa were analyzed to quantify landscape-scale spatial patterns of transition at decadal time-scales. Patterns of change on imagery were related to contemporary plot-scale (20 X 20 m) field measurements of vegetation structure and soil to identify settings that conferred vegetation stability or susceptibility to a type conversion. On the sandy mesquite site, stable grass and grass-mesquite patches were structured by local soil characteristics at the plant-patch scale (e.g. petrocalcic horizons and surface texture) and landscape position at the basin scale. Conversion to shrub-dominated coppice dunes and loss of grass was a function of the density and arrangement of mesquite plants at the plant-patch scale. At the juniper site, persistence of a savanna structure and the conversion to juniper woodland was controlled by thresholds related to juniper density and arrangement that were dictated by landscape scale variation in soils, geomorphology, elevation, and topographic setting. This example illustrates contrasting sites where the processes differ but the outcomes do not (i.e., spatial variation in temporal changes in grass-woody ratios). The relative importances of each element of the conceptual framework provide ecological insight to grassland-to-shrubland transitions as a whole as well as these specific cases which may inform future management.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN871</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goolsby, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archer, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrub expansion in northern Chihuahuan Desert grasslands: Spatial patterns of transition and biophysical constraints</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62nd Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mesophytic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">savanna</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SRM</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">xerophytic</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 8-12, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alb., NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24-4</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Among the greatest contemporary threats to the structure, function and biological diversity of desert grassland and shrub savanna ecosystems of the southwestern United States is the displacement of mesophytic grasses by xerophytic woody plants. Through a combination of field sampling and spatial modeling we sought to create a predictive understanding of the biophysical conditions under which grasslands are converted to shrublands. We asked: What are the physiographic settings of persistent grass or shrub patches and what environmental factors contribute to their persistence? In communities that are a mosaic of grass and shrub patches, which of these are stable and which are in the process of transitioning to shrub dominance? We characterized landscape-scale perennial plant cover across grassland-to-shrubland gradients within the Jornada Basin near Las Cruces, NM. Changes in shrub and perennial grass patch structure and distribution were quantified using time-series aerial photography (1940s-2000s). Soil was characterized to 150 cm or to restrictive calcium carbonate horizon and the relationships between perennial plant assemblages and soil characteristics were explored using multivariate statistics. Field survey and aerial photography data were then used to develop a model of patch structure dynamics focused on characterizing patterns of vegetation structure and cover that indicate future shifts in shrub-grass abundance. Remnant grass patches were associated with petrocalcic and argillic horizons. Expansion of shrub patches was dependent on local soil characteristics and the context of the surrounding landscape (e.g., landform and adjacent vegetation structure). The signatures of soils and landscape position can be used to distinguish at-risk areas from areas with high, inherent grassland or savanna resilience.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN870</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 10, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 1, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gu, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, X.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huang, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, G.S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A simplified data assimilation method for reconstructing time-series MODIS NDVI data</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Advances in Space Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MODIS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NDVI</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">time-series</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">501-509</style></pages><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3280</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Essays of a peripheral mind: Picking up rocks</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heinz</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peripheral</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rocks</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trade journal</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-013.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36-39</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN985</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allen-Diaz, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Briske, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brunson, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joyce, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pieper, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svejcar, A.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bartolome, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huntsinger, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The western United States rangelands, a major resource</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grassland, Quietness and Strength for a New American Agriculture</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resource</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">western U.S.</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-011.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland is a type of land found predominantly in arid and semiarid regions, and managed as a natural ecosystem supporting vegetation of grasses, grass-like plants, forbs, or shrubs.  There are approximately 761 m ac of rangeland in the United States, about 31% of the total land area.  This land type is characterized by 4 features: 1) limited by water and nutrients, primarily nitrogen (N), 2) annual production is characterized by tremendous temporal and spatial variability, 3) a nested landscape of public and private ownership, and 4) throughout their history of use these lands have been uniquely coupled systems of both people and nature.  In the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s 1948 Yearbook of Agriculture, the chapter on rangelands focused on a description of these lands occurring by region across the western United States, and the principles, developed mostly in the early 20th century, to manage these lands to provide the provisioning services of food and fiber through livestock grazing.  In the last 60 years, these western rangelands have undergone a transformation as the U.S. population has grown to over 300 million and relocated to urban areas within the western and southwestern states.  This population dynamic, along with tremendous changes in agricultural production and a reduction in the population involved in agriculture have resulted in significant changes in the uses and emphases placed upon these western lands.  This land type is now often looked to provide a multitude of goods and services not only to rural populations, but also to tens of millions of people in large urban areas located within these rangelands.  In this chapter it is our intent to reflect on the extent and nature of this transformation over the last 60 years.  We start with a description of this human dynamic, and its sociological implications.  We describe the major regions of the western continental U.S., the focal point of U.S. rangelands.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1014</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 5, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 19, 2009</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chapter 5</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patch-scale connectivity: Where and why does it matter?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER All Scientists Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">connectivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">degradation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patch-scale</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">09/11/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estes Park, Colorado</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patch-scale connectivity is frequently cited as a significant factor controlling redistribution of water, organic matter and nutrients in many arid and semi-arid ecosystems. The ‘leakiness’ of these systems has been cited as an indicator of degradation. Methods to limit or modify soil loss and redistribution are included in many restoration strategies. There are surprisingly few data, however, about the extent to which reducing connectivity at the patch to plot level results in increased resource retention or plant establishment, or how these effects might vary across the landscape. Our objectives were to (1) determine the extent to which reducing connectivity in plant interspaces can increase resource retention and plant establishment at plant and patch scales in three contrasting sites and (2) identify potential mechanisms and key landscape attributes that may explain among site differences. Two of the sites are on gravelly soils dominated by alluvial processes. One of these is on a geomorphically stable and the other on a geomorphically unstable surface. The third site is located on a sandy soil and is believed to be dominated by aeolian processes. Four paired treatment and control plots were established in late spring – early summer 2008 and evaluated in fall 2008 with digital photographs. The results showed significant reductions in bare ground at all three sites that were associated with increases in litter cover. The reductions were much greater at the aeolian site (26%) and the alluvial site on an geomorphically unstable surface (22%) than on at the geomorphically stable, lower productivity site (3%). Unique soil and geomorphic attributes at each of the sites are associated with mechanisms that may explain measured and observed differences. These preliminary results illustrate the importance of testing hypotheses about the importance of connectivity across a broad variety of plant communities and geomorphic surfaces.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1187</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscape variability in response to changes in patch-scale connectivity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society of America Abstracts</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extensive redistribution of water, organic matter and nutrients occurs in many arid and semi-arid ecosystems due to high spatial connectivity and the strength of wind and water vectors. The ‘leakiness’ of these systems has been cited as an indicator of degradation. Attempts to limit or modify soil loss and redistribution is a component of many restoration strategies. There are surprisingly few data, however, about the extent to which reducing connectivity at the plot level results in increased resource retention or plant establishment, or how these effects might vary across the landscape. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which reducing connectivity in plant interspaces can increase resource retention and plant establishment at plant and patch scales in three contrasting sites. Two sites are located on gravelly soils are dominated by alluvial processes. One of these is on a geomorphically stable and the other on a geomorphically unstable surface. The third site is located on a sandy soil and is believed to be dominated by aeolian processes. Four paired treatment and control plots were established in late spring – early summer 2008 and evaluated in fall 2008 with digital photographs. The results showed significant reductions in bare ground at all three sites that were associated with increases in litter cover. The reductions were much greater at the aeolian site (26%) and the alluvial site on an geomorphically unstable surface (22%) than on at the geomorphically stable, lower productivity site (3%). These preliminary results illustrate the importance of testing hypotheses about the importance of connectivity across a broad variety of plant communities and geomorphic surfaces.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1186</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PS 46-49</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land use planning and early warning systems for limiting drought impacts and promoting recovery</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESA meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Soil Map</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ipm</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society of America</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albuquerque, NM</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land use planning and drought early warning systems both require an understanding of ecological potential and resilience, and how they vary across space and through time. A large body of literature and local knowledge has documented the importance of considering soil variability for land use planning, including how to plan for and respond to drought. A number of tools are now available and are being developed to assist with this process, including the Global Soil Map.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1141</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thompson, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prioritizing rangeland research and restoration based on societal outcomes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62nd Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SRM</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 8-12, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alb., NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05-2</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland ecological research is generally driven by interest in a particular pattern, process or organism, by a desire to maximize a particular ecosystem service (such as livestock production) at a specific location, or by an interest in the effects of a particular management system on soils, vegetation or wildlife. Government managers and policymakers responsible for making the most effective use of funding to improve rangeland management are often required to base their decisions on science, but existing science is often inaccessible or irrelevant. It is also often presented in a form that makes it difficult to determine its relevance to management of a particular location. We propose a framework for increasing the relevance of science to policy and management, and the role of scientists in providing feedback to policymakers on how to increase the effectiveness of government programs that are designed to improve rangeland management. The framework consists of two components. The first is an ecological site-based system for prioritizing rangeland research, and for increasing the ability of managers to access and interpret relevant research results. This component includes a proposal for the adoption of a minimum set of required metadata for journal publications. The second component is designed to increase the quality and quantity of monitoring data collected in association with the implementation of conservation programs, and to increase the involvement of scientists in the interpretation of these data. We will conclude with a discussion of the benefits, costs and potential risks associated with adopting this framework.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1200</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 15, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 1, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kilgore, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, Eric</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, Walter G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fire in Chihuahuan Desert grassland: Short-term effects on vegetation, small mammal populations, and faunal pedoturbation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aggregate stability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bouteloua eriopoda</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cache pits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">heteromyid rodents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resilience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sporobolus spp.</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-021.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1029-1034</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;A prescribed burn resulted in significant decreases in canopy cover of the grasses: Bouteloua eriopoda, Sporobolus flexuosus, and Aristida purpurea. One year post-burn, basal cover of B. eriopoda remained significantly lower in burned patches than in unburned areas but there were no differences in basal cover of the other perennial grasses. Only one species of the 14 summer annual species occurred in both burned and unburned plots. There were six species of spring annuals in burned patches but no spring annuals in the unburned grassland ten months post-burn. Fire killed 100% of the snakeweed shrubs (Gutierrezia sarothrae), 77% of the Ephedra torreyana shrubs, and 36% of the Yucca elata. All mesquite shrubs that were top-killed by fire, resprouted one month post-burn. Fire had no effect on abundance and species richness of rodents. There were fewer wolf spider, Geolycosa spp. burrows in burned areas than in unburned grassland. The area and volume of soil in termite galleries and sheeting were significantly larger in the unburned grassland than in the burned areas.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3320</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1029</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Klass, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Importance of ecotone type to landscape dynamics at biome transition zones</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">US International Association for Landscape Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biome transition zones</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bouteloua gracilis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boutelous eriopoda</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert grasslands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grass-shrub interactions</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscapes in biome transition zones consist of a mosaic of patches dominated or codominated by species from adjacent biomes.  Shifts in the vegetation composition and dynamics of a biome transition zone depend upon the underlying patch dynamics of the ecotones between these dominant species. Landscapes can consist of a number of different types of ecotones (directional, shifting, stationary) hypothesized to differ in the strength of three major factors: abiotic drivers, biotic feedbacks, and abiotic feedbacks.  In this poster, our objective was to test the hypothesis that vegetation patterns across stationary ecotones are strongly related to abiotic factors that influence water availability (soil texture, microtopography) where weak correlations were expected for shifting ecotones.  We tested this hypothesis for landscapes at the Sevilleta LTER site in central New Mexico, USA.  Landscapes at the Sevilleta consist of a mosaic of patches dominated or codominated by three species: two perennial C4 grasses, &lt;i&gt;Bouteloua gracilis&lt;/i&gt; (blue grama) and &lt;i&gt;Bouteloua eriopoda&lt;/i&gt; (black grama), and one C3 shrub, &lt;i&gt;Larrea tridentata&lt;/i&gt; (creosotebush).  We estimated cover by species, analyzed soil samples (0-20 cm), and obtained elevation using a Total Positioning Station every 5-10 m along multiple transects for 10 ecotones. Our results show that stationary ecotones occur on finer-textured soils at slightly lower elevations (cms) compared with shifting ecotones. Soil and elevation were not good predictors of the location of shifting ecotones. Our results suggest that landscape dynamics at the biome transition zone depend on the factors controlling different types of ecotones. Even though the same species may be involved, the underlying processes determining ecotones dynamics may vary for different parts of the landscape.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1399</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ProCite field[3]: May 26, 2009ProCite field[28]: November 1, 2008ProCite field[29]: January 28, 2009ProCite field[35]: Abstract</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Klass, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of heterogeneous landscape dynamics on ecotone types at two convergent semi-arid biomes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER All Scientist Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biomes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mosaic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">transition</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">09/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estes Park, Colorado</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscapes in biome transition zones consist of a mosaic of patches dominated or codominated by species from adjacent biomes. Shifts in the vegetation composition and dynamics of a biome transition zone depend upon the underlying patch dynamics of the ecotones between these dominant species. Landscapes can consist of a number of different types of ecotones (directional, shifting, stationary) hypothesized to differ in the strength of three major factors: abiotic drivers, biotic feedbacks, and abiotic feedbacks. In this poster, our objective was to test the hypothesis that vegetation patterns across stationary ecotones are strongly related to abiotic factors that influence water availability (soil texture, microtopography) where weak correlations were expected for shifting ecotones. We tested this hypothesis for landscapes at the Sevilleta LTER site in central New Mexico, USA. Landscapes at the Sevilleta consist of a mosaic of patches dominated or codominated by three species: two perennial C4 grasses, Bouteloua gracilis (blue grama) and Bouteloua eriopoda (black grama), and one C3 shrub, Larrea tridentata (creosotebush). We estimated cover by species, analyzed soil samples (0-20cm), and obtained elevation using a Total Positioning Station every 5-10m along multiple transects for 10 ecotones. Our results show that stationary ecotones occur on finer-textured soils at slightly lower elevations (cms) compared with shifting ecotones. Soils and elevation were not good predictors of the location of shifting ecotones. Our results suggest that landscape dynamics at a biome transition zone depend on the factors controlling different types of ecotones. Even though the same species may be involved, the underlying processes determining ecotone dynamics may vary for different parts of the landscape.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1398</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winters, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maxwell, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slaughter, A.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland remote sensing applications with unmanned aerial systems (UAS) in the national airspace: challenges and experiences.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) Annual Conference</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">National Airspace</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UAS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">unmanned aerial systems</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 9-13, 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baltimore, MD</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In recent years, civilian applications of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) have increased considerably due to their greater availability and the miniaturization of sensors, GPS, inertial measurement units, and other hardware. UAS are well suited for rangeland remote sensing applications, because of the remoteness and low population density of rangelands, and the need of land management agencies to monitor and assess millions of acres of rangeland, a task that is not feasible with ground monitoring techniques alone. While UAS offer reduced operational costs, faster deployment, and more flexibility than piloted aircraft, the operator also has to conform to the Federal Aviation Administrations’s (FAA) regulations on operating a UAS in the National Airspace, limiting the area and altitude of the UAS mission. We report here on 1) our experiences with obtaining Certificates of Authorization to operate a UAS for the purpose of image acquisition for rangeland monitoring, 2) on the UAS mission, and 3) on image processing and analysis. We acquired 6-cm resolution true color aerial photography over rangelands in southern New Mexico and southwestern Idaho. Concurrently, field measurements of vegetation were collected. The imagery was orthorectified, mosaicked, and analyzed using object-based image analysis. Geometric and classification accuracies were sufficient for rangeland monitoring and assessment purposes, and allowed for mapping the structure and patterns of vegetation and soil in great detail. The results show that UAS are a viable tool for rangeland monitoring, given the current constraints of FAA regulations. Those regulations are in flux, and it is anticipated that in the future, policies for UAS operations will be implemented, including the separation of large and small UAS.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1466</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 10, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 15, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unmanned aircraft mission for rangeland remote sensing applications in the US national airspace</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unmanned Vehicle Systems (UVS) Canada Conference</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11/02/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Victoria, BC, Canada</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In recent years, civilian applications of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) have increased considerably due to their greater availability and the miniaturization of sensors, GPS, inertial measurement units, and other hardware. UAS are well suited for rangeland remote sensing applications, because of the remoteness and low population density of rangelands, and the need of land management agencies for monitoring and assessing these areas, a task that is not feasible with ground monitoring techniques alone. While UAS offer reduced operational costs, faster deployment, and more flexibility than piloted aircraft, the operator also has to conform to the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) regulations on operating a UAS in the National Airspace, limiting the area and altitude of the UAS mission. We report here on 1) our experiences in operating a UAS under Certificates of Authorization for the purpose of image acquisition for rangeland monitoring, 2) on the UAS missions, and 3) on image processing and analysis for vegetation mapping. We acquired 6-cm resolution true color aerial photography over rangelands in southern New Mexico and southwestern Idaho. Concurrently, field measurements of vegetation were collected. The imagery was orthorectified, mosaicked, and analyzed using object-based image analysis. Geometric and classification accuracies were sufficient for rangeland monitoring and assessment purposes, and allowed for mapping the structure and patterns of vegetation and soil in great detail. The results show that in spite of the current constraints of FAA regulations, UAS are a viable tool for rangeland monitoring.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1469</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Texture and scale in object-based analysis of subdecimeter resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">texture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UAV</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 1, 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-010.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">761-770</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imagery acquired with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has great potential for incorporation into natural resource monitoring protocols due to their ability to be deployed quickly and repeatedly and to fly at low altitudes. While the imagery may have high spatial resolution, the spectral resolution is low when lightweight, off-the-shelf digital cameras are used, and the inclusion of texture measures can potentially increase the classification accuracy. Texture measures have been used widely in pixel-based image analysis, but their use in an object-based environment has not been well documented. Our objectives were to determine the most suitable texture measures and the optimal image analysis scale for differentiating rangeland vegetation using UAV imagery segmented at multiple scales. A decision tree was used to determine the optimal texture features for each segmentation scale. The error rate of the decision tree was lower, prediction success was higher, class separability was greater, and overall accuracy was higher (high 90% range) at coarser segmentation scales, between 55 and 70 (range 10-80). The inclusion of texture measures increased classification accuracies at nearly all segmentation scales, and entropy was the texture measure with the highest score in most decision trees. The results demonstrate that UAVs are viable platforms for rangeland monitoring and that the drawbacks of low-cost off-the-shelf digital cameras can be overcome by including texture measures and using object-based image analysis highly suitable for very high resolution imagery.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1461</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 12, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 1, 2008</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, Andrea S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, Al</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UAS-derived imagery and terrain models for rangeland mapping and monitoring</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unmanned Vehicle Systems (UVS) Canada Conference</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11/2/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Victoria, BC, Canada</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Images from satellites and piloted aircraft have been used extensively for mapping and monitoring rangelands, which comprise approximately 50% of the world’s land area. Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are ideally suited for monitoring these vast and remote areas, and derived data can bridge the gap between coarser resolution imagery and ground-based information. Small UAS (&lt;50 kg) offer the advantage of low operating costs, fast and repeated deployment, and low flying heights resulting in very high resolution imagery. However, image processing approaches require adaptation or customization to handle the large number of small-footprint images, account for low accuracy GPS/IMU data, and classify images from low-cost sensors into quality vegetation maps. We are presenting a proven workflow for orthorectification, mosaicking, and classification of 6 cm resolution UAS imagery acquired with a low-cost digital camera. The geometric accuracies of orthorectified image mosaics comprised of 200-300 images were in the 1-2 m range. Classification accuracies for rangeland vegetation maps ranged from 78%-92%, depending on number of classes. Digital surface models (DSM) extracted from the imagery can be used to estimate parameters for hydrologic and erosion models. Dense DSMs extracted at the pixel level have potential for deriving vegetation heights. A multispectral sensor acquiring 10-bit data in 6 narrow bands ranging from blue to near infrared is currently undergoing testing. Current FAA regulations in the U.S. limit the potential for widespread UAS image acquisition missions, but the image processing and analysis methods developed on smaller areas are scalable to larger areas. </style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2897</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laney, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EcoTrends: Learning how to support synthetic research through innovative solutions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER All Scientists Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-site</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EcoTrends</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">09/11/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estes Park, Colorado</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The EcoTrends project is an LTER network-level synthesis program geared toward making long-term ecological data highly explorable, accessible and comparable for cross-site synthesis research. Five years of working with 50 sites (LTER, USDA ARS, USFS, and other agencies) have offered many lessons that can be utilized as we strive to improve and upgrade EcoTrends services. Here, we describe the project’s goals and products, discuss lessons learned, and lay out plans for a future system that will better serve the ecological research and information management community.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1488</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liang, Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Han, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhou, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhao, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snyman, H.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shan, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing intensity on vegetation dynamics of a typical steppe in Northeast Inner Mongolia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forage utilization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazed ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inner Mongolia grasslands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant-herbivore interactions</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-016.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">328-336</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetation features radiating from residential areas in response to livestock grazing were quantified for an arid steppe rangeland in the Keshiketeng Banner, Chifeng Prefecture in northeastern Inner Mongolia in 2004 and 2006. The aim of this study was to estimate grazing impacts on the vegetation dynamics of these historical grazed ecosystems. Grazing intensities were classified as reference area (RA), light (LG), moderate (MG) and heavy (HG) according to the vegetation utilization across the study area. Rangelands were studied along a grazing gradient, where characteristics of plant communities, heights of dominant species, above ground vertical structures and below ground biomass were investigated. Along this grazing gradient vegetation changed from the original plant dominant species &lt;i&gt;Leymus chinensis&lt;/i&gt; (Trin.) Tzvel to a semi-subshrub species &lt;i&gt;Artemisia frigida &lt;/i&gt;Willd&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;in moving from the reference area (RA) to the region around the settlement. Canopy coverage, above ground productivity, and the number of perennial species declined moving towards the residential area. Heights of five dominant species, except for &lt;i&gt;Stipa grandis &lt;/i&gt;P. Smirn, declined with increases in grazing intensity. Vertical structure above ground in the RA treatment showed a more resilient model than the other treatments. There were no difference in root biomass in the top 1 m of soil showed no difference (&lt;i&gt;P &lt;/i&gt;&gt; 0.05) between the RA treatment and the area immediately around settlement (HG treatment). Generally, we found that the intensity of grazing disturbance did not exceed the tolerance of the rangeland ecosystem within LG treatment. However, vegetative conditions in HG treatment became worse with increases in grazing pressure. Rangelands in this arid steppe are under tremendous threats due to excessive forage utilization that can not be considered as sustainable practices.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1511</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marh 25, 2009</style></custom5><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, M.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tellez, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A retention index calculator simplifies identification of plant volatile organic compounds</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytochemical Analysis</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biochemical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemotaxonomy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">essential oil</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gas chromatography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Koberlinia spinosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">kovatis index</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phytochemical analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant volatiles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PVOC</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-020.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">378-384</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant volatiles (PVOCs) are important targets for studies in natural products, chemotaxonomy and biochemical ecology. The complexity of PVOC profiles often limits research to studies targeting only easily identified compounds. With the availability of mass spectral libraries and recent growth of retention index (RI) libraries, PVOC identification can be achieved using only gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GCMS). However, RI library searching is not typically automated, and until recently, RI libraries were both limited in scope and costly to obtain. Objective is to automate RI calculation and lookup functions commonly utilized in PVOC analysis.  Formula required for calculating retention indices from retention time data were placed in a spreadsheet along with lookup functions and a retention index library. Retention times obtained from GCMS analysis of alkane standards and Koeberlinia spinosa essential oil were entered into the spreadsheet to determine retention indices. Indices were used in combination with mass spectral analysis to identify compounds contained in Koeberlinia spinosa essential oil. Eighteen compounds were positively identified. Total oil yield was low, with only 5 ppm in purple berries. The most abundant compounds were octen-3-ol and methyl salicylate. The spreadsheet accurately calculated RIs of the detected compounds. The downloadable spreadsheet tool developed for this study provides a calculator and RI library that works in conjunction with GCMS or other analytical techniques to identify PVOCs in plant extracts.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1556</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 11, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 16, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maestas, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Messmer, T.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adapting ecological sites descriptions to enhance wildlife  management: Lessons learned from the 2007 society for range management workshop</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62nd Society or Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological site descriptions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESD</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESDs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SRM</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 8-12, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alb., NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1000-18</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Society for Range Management in cooperation with federal, state, and private partners sponsored a workshop in Park City, Utah in October 2007 to better introduce range and wildlife management professionals Ecological Site Descriptions (ESDs). The workshop was attended by over 300 land and wildlife/habitat managers, biologists, range ecologists, soil scientists, technical assistance professionals, local sage-grouse working group members, consultants, and petroleum industry representatives from throughout western North America. During the workshop, participants were broken into facilitated working groups to examine draft ESDs (including both state and transition model components and interpretations) for application to managing sagebrush steppe ecosystems for sage-grouse (Centrocercus spp.) and other sagebrush-obligate wildlife. Each group was tasked to identify strengths and weaknesses of the models and provide suggestions for the testing and enhancement of the tool for sagebrush ecosystem management. The groups also identified information gaps, defined priorities for research, and explored processes to incorporate the best science into the models. Some general themes that emerged from the working groups included; 1) the need for ESDs to incorporate increased flexibility in vegetation descriptions particularly as they relate to wildlife cover, 2) better integration of ecological functionality with wildlife habitat quality, and 3) expanded discussions of habitat values for both game and nongame species. Lastly, the participants expressed strong support for expanding the process of constructing ESDs to solicit input and involvement from wider audiences. In the interim, NRCS biologists and rangeland management specialists are closely examining fish and wildlife life history requirement to determine additional metrics needed for integration into the ESD template. In this poster we expand on these and other areas of suggested improvements.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1589</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 8, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 2, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michaelides, Katerina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lister, Debbie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wainwright, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parsons, Anthony J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetation controls on small-scale runoff and erosion dynamics in a degrading dryland environment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrological Processes</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">drylands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rainfall simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">runoff</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tree regression</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1617-1630</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper investigates the controls of vegetation on runoff and erosion dynamics in the dryland environment of Jornada, New Mexico, USA. As the American southwest has seen significant shifts in the dominant vegetation species in the past 150 years, an understanding of the vegetation effects on hydrological and erosional processes is vital for understanding and managing environmental change. Small-scale rainfall simulations were carried out to identify the hydrological and erosional processes resulting from the grassland and shrubland vegetation species. Results obtained using tree-regression analysis suggested that the primary vegetation control on runoff and erosion is the shrub type and canopy density, which directly affects the local microtopographic gradient of mounds beneath the shrubs. Significant interactions and feedbacks were found to occur among the local mound gradient, crust cover, soil aggregate stability and antecedent soil moisture between the different vegetation species for both the runoff and erosion responses. Although some of the shrub species were found to produce higher sediment yields than the grass species, the distinguishing feature of the grassland was the significantly higher enrichment in the fine sediment fraction compared to all other surface cover types. This enrichment in fines has important implications for nutrient movement in such environments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1639</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00961</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA//LTER V//entered 06/26/2009</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (06/29/2009)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1460</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller, M.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garman, S.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lauver,C.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belnap, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allen, C.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pyke, D.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Munson, S.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preventing regime shifts on the Colorado Plateau: Application of ecological theshold concepts to land management decision making</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society of America Abstracts</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">regime shifts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stressor-mediated</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">threshold</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PS 48-80</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Investigating the mechanisms responsible for ecological thresholds is essential to understanding processes leading to ecosystem regime shifts. Dryland ecosystems are especially prone to threshold behavior wherein stressor-mediated alteration of patterns and processes can shift systems to alternative states resulting in compromised ecosystem services (e.g., maintenance of biological diversity and soil stability). Despite wide acceptance of the concept, few studies have used or quantified ecological thresholds for direct application to land management. By understanding and quantifying indicators of threshold behavior, land managers may be able to predict an ensuing threshold crossing and implement management actions to prevent a transition to persistent degraded conditions. We are using a combination of observational and experimental data, conceptual and simulation models, and meta-analyses to explore threshold dynamics across multiple ecological sites in dryland ecosystems of the Colorado Plateau region. A primary objective of this research is to determine indicators which (1) provide early warnings of ecosystem degradation in advance of a threshold crossing and (2) can be practically monitored by land management agencies of the Colorado Plateau region. Key degradational processes characteristic of dryland ecosystems include disturbance of biological soil crusts (BSCs), decreased soil stability and increased erosion, and invasion by nonnative plant species. Based on data from sites experiencing various disturbance intensities, we classified 10 biotic and abiotic degraded &quot;syndromes&quot; indicative of potential thresholds. Several syndromes were observed along axes using multivariate ordination. We detected nonlinear relationships between cover of BSCs and soil stability, with soil stability becoming unstable below thresholds in BSC cover. We used simulation models to understand the consequences of decreasing soil stability, and found wind erosion thresholds depend on interactions between soil stability, vegetation structure, and wind speed. Similarly, results suggest that invasions by nonnative plants and compositional shifts depend on interactions between soil properties, land use, proximity to invader propagules, and climate. These results illustrate that whereas general factors leading to degraded states or syndromes can be identified across regions, knowledge of specific mechanisms of threshold behavior for individual sites requires understanding interactions among multiple biotic and abiotic variables across spatial scales. We suggest that early warning indicators of regime shifts to degraded states must include a multivariate approach to quantifying threshold values for use by land management agencies.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1644</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. Curtis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cole, David R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Buck, Brenda J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gallegos, Robert A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scale and the isotopic reocrd of C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; plants in pedogenic carbonate: from the biome to the rhizosphere</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C3 vs C4 vegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon isotopes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jornada Experimental Range</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedogenic carbonate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peleoclimate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peleoecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil-geomorphic-clmatic interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">southern New Mexico, USA</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1498-1511</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The 13C/12C ratio in pedogenic carbonate (i.e., CaCO3 formed in soil) is a significant tool for investigating C4 biomes of the past. However, the paleoecological meaningof d13C values in pedogenic carbonate can change with the scale at which one considers the data. We describe studies of modern soils, fossil soils, and vegetation change in the Chihuahuan Desert of North America and elsewhere that reveal four scales important for paleoecologic interpretations. (1) At the broadest scale, the biome scale (hundreds to millions of km2), an isotopic record interpreted as C3 vegetation replacing C4 grasslands may indicate invading C3 woody shrubs instead of expanding C3 forests (a common interpretation). (2) At the landscape scale (several tens of m2 to hundreds of km2), the accuracy of scaling up paleoclimatic interpretations to a regional level is affected by the landform containing the isotopic record. (3) At the soil-profile scale (cm2 to m2), soil profiles with multiple generations of carbonate mixed together have a lower-resolution paleoecologic record than soil profiles repeatedly buried. (4) At the rhizosphere scale (lm2 to cm2), carbonate formed on roots lack the 14–17ø enrichment observed at broader scales, revealing different fractionation processes at different scales. A multi-scale approach in dealing with d13C in pedogenic carbonate will increase the accuracy of paleoecologic interpretations and understanding of soil–geomorphic–climatic interactions that affect boundaries between C4 and C3 vegetation.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1672</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00964</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA,OTHER//LTER V//entered 07/13/2009; pdf available</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (07/13/2009)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1464</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. Curtis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gile, Leland H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hawley, John W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grossman, Robert B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Desert Project--An analysis of aridland soil-geomorphic processes</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">calcium carbonate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">caliche</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrogeology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">paleoclimate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">paleogeomorphology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">report</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil chronology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil taxonomy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil, buried charcoal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil, geomorphology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil, radiocarbon dating</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil, sedimentation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil, volcanic ash</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil-geomorphic relations</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;u&gt;http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/research/weather_climate/BL798.pdf&lt;/u&gt;</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Mexico Agricultural Experimental Station</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Las Cruces, New Mexico</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin 798</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this report, soil-geomorphic maps, cross sections, three-dimensional diagrams, tables of soil characterization data, and photographs are used to illustrate a variety of soil-geomorphic features in the Desert Project.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pp</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1682</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00977</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA//NONE//entered 06/22/2010; pdf availableProCite field[12]: In File (02/05/2010)</style></notes><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1475</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noble, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muller, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, W. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pfitzner, G.H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The significance of termites as decomposers in contrasting grassland communities of semi-arid eastern Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biocide</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dead tussocks</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">litter decomposition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sheetp and kangaroo dung</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-003.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73</style></number><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113-119</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decomposition of various litter forms including dead tussocks of two native perennial grasses, woollybutt (Eragrostis eriopoda) and mulga mitchell (Thyridolepis mitchelliana), as well as roots of woollybutt, dung of sheep and kangaroo, and bleached toilet rolls, was studied in contrasting grazing exclosures, half of which had termites excluded by biocide (termiticide) treatment. Dead mulga mitchell tussocks decayed more rapidly than woollybutt tussocks during the first 17 months post mortem. Thereafter, rate of decay differed little between species. After 3 years, only small amounts of tussock residues of either species remained and only then did the impact of biocide treatment become significant. Decomposition of kangaroo pellets was typically bimodal with significantly higher decomposition recorded in the controls (no biocide) up to 40 months after treatment, and many intact pellets remaining in the biocide-treated plots. While decomposition of sheep pellets showed similar bimodality, decomposition remained significantly lower in the biocide treatments for the entire duration of the experiment. Results suggest that abiotic processes, including those induced by UV radiation, may be dominant influences mediating decomposition of litter in these semi-arid ecosystems, especially following high rainfall seasons when abundant grass biomass has been generated providing a surfeit of potential forage for harvester termites.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1777</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 17, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 19, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, G.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parsons, A.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wainwright, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Do changes in connectivity explain desertification?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BioScience</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">connectivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertifiction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fire</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation dynamics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-007.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">237-244</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desertification, broad-scale land degradation in drylands, is a major environmental hazard facing inhabitants of the world’s deserts as well as an important component of global change. There is no unifying framework that simply and effectively explains different forms of desertification. Here we argue for the unifying concept that diverse forms of desertification, and its remediation, are driven by changes in the length of connected pathways for the movement of fire, water and soil resources. Biophysical feedbacks exist that increase the length of connected pathways  explaining the persistence of desertified landscapes around the globe. Management of connectivity in the context of environmental and socioeconomic change is essential to understand, and potentially reverse, the harmful effects of desertification.Desertification, broad-scale land degradation in drylands, is a major environmental hazard facing inhabitants of the world’s deserts as well as an important component of global change. There is no unifying framework that simply and effectively explains different forms of desertification. Here we argue for the unifying concept that diverse forms of desertification, and its remediation, are driven by changes in the length of connected pathways for the movement of fire, water and soil resources. Biophysical feedbacks exist that increase the length of connected pathways  explaining the persistence of desertified landscapes around the globe. Management of connectivity in the context of environmental and socioeconomic change is essential to understand, and potentially reverse, the harmful effects of desertification.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1802</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 21, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 29, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>19</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olmsted, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mountain Snow Equals River Flow</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Mexico State University Research &amp; Resources</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://researchmag.nmsu.edu/2009_SP/feature_mountain.html</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Mexico State University</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spring</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22-23</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research use $15 million EPSCoR grant to track impact of climate change on water supplies (Rango)</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1804</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>19</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pehr, D.J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">First Flight, New Test Center open airspace to UAS research</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NMSU Research &amp; Resources</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://researchmag.nmsu.edu/2009_SP/feature_first.html</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Mexico State University</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spring</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18-19</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1838</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magazine article promoting UAV research w/PSL</style></notes><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapp, A.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miao, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carstenn, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nungesser, M.</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Approaches to predicting broad-scale regime shifts using changing pattern-process relationships across scales</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Real World Ecology: Large-scale and long-term case studies and methods</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">broad-scale regime</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pattern-process</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47-72</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Understanding and predicting the occurrence of alternative ecosystem states (i.e., regime shifts) at broad scales is a pressing challenge for ecologists given the scope and nature of global change. In many cases, regime shifts at broad-scales are affected by pattern-process relationships across a range of finer scales. However, experimental and analytical methods to examine state changes, such as from perennial grasslands to woodlands,  have not been fully developed. We first define and describe the expansion of woody plants into perennial grasslands. Woody plant encroachment has well-documented consequences for local, regional, and global ecology, and takes several forms, from shrub invasion in arid/semiarid grasslands and arctic ecosystems to tree invasion in mesic and alpine grasslands. We then outline a multi-scale experimental approach to examining the key processes influencing woody plant encroachment from fine to broad scales, and describe the application of this approach to the Jornada Basin Agricultural Research Service-Long Term Ecological Research site as a case study. Several questions can be addressed with this approach, such as: how and under what conditions do dynamics and decisions made at fine scales influence dynamics at broader scales? How and under what conditions do broad-scale dynamics overwhelm fine-scale processes to influence landscape patterns? Finally, we discuss analytical techniques for predicting regime shifts and their associated thresholds.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1898</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 14, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 1, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gosz, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boundary dynamics in landscapes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Princeton Guide to Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">book</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">boundaries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chapter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscapes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mosaic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Princeton University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Princeton, NJ</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">458-463</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscapes consist of a mosaic of distinct vegetation types and their intervening boundaries with distinct characteristics. Boundaries can exist along abrupt environmental gradients or along gradual changes that are reinforced by feedback mechanisms between plants and soil properties. Boundaries can be defined based on the abundance, spatial distribution, and connectivity of the underlying patches.  There are three major types of boundary dynamics that differ in the direction and rate of movement of the boundary in response to climatic fluctuations: stationary, directional, shifting. Future conditions in climate and the disturbance regime, including land use, may fundamentally alter the type of boundary as well as its location and composition through time.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1870</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JUne 14, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 8, 2007</style></custom6><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, O. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Production and biodiversity responses to extreme climatic events across a heterogeneous landscape</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">US International Association for Landscape Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">atmospheric</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biodiversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climatic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">heterogeneous</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temperatures</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rising concentrations of atmospheric gases are increasing temperatures globally, but the magnitude and trajectory of localized changes in precipitation are highly uncertain. This uncertainty in climate as a driver results in uncertainty in predictions of future ecosystem dynamics. To reduce this uncertainty, we used 18 years of ecosystem responses that included a series of both dry and wet years to predict future dynamics of a heterogeneous landscape consisting of grasslands and degraded shrublands. We show that long-term (150 year) historical trends in conversion between grasslands and shrublands can be either offset by multi-year increases in precipitation or reinforced by increases in drought. Production and biodiversity responses to extreme climatic events depend on the spatial context of the ecosystem, Although historical dynamics provide insights to the future, ecological response data collected under alternative climatic conditions are needed to account for uncertainty in the direction and magnitude of global change drivers in the future.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1897</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D. P. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indicators of regime shifts in long-term ecological data</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">regime</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 2-9, 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OOS 9-3</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term ecological data provide opportunities to examine and compare ecosystem-specific indicators of regime shifts.  Our objective was to compare regime shifts from a number of different ecosystem types to determine similarities and differences in indicators. We used long-term data (&gt; 10 years) in the EcoTrends project (http://www.ecotrends.info) from the US Long Term Ecological Research network of sites and from other state and federal agencies in this comparative analysis. Data included both plants and animals from terrestrial, aquatic, marine, and polar systems. In general, similar dynamics were observed across all systems in that abrupt increases in one system component were concurrent with abrupt decreases in another component. Length of time for the regime shift to occur varied across systems. In many cases, interactions among abiotic and biotic processes were important in driving these dynamics, and feedback mechanisms were important in maintaining the new regimes. In some cases, climatic drivers pushed a system past a threshold that provided opportunities for a regime shift, either by a shift in species dominance or by the successful invasion of a new species. This retrospective analysis can be used as a critical step in identifying key processes and conditions for which regime shifts occurred in the past, and to determine the potential for regime shift reversals. However, future analyses of indicators will also need to account for changing climatic conditions and other drivers, including invasive species, which were not part of the historic regime shifts.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1902</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 23, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 27, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shifts in species dominance at a biome transition zone: Importance of asymmetric competition to long-term trends</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009 LTER All Scientist Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">asymmetric</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">B. gracilis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">black grama</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bouteloua eriopoda</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creosotebush</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sevilleta</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscapes at the Sevilleta LTER site are dominated or codominated by two perennial grasses from different biomes, Bouteloua eriopoda (black grama) from the Chihuahuan Desert and B. gracilis (blue grama) from the shortgrass steppe, and the Chihuahuan Desert shrub Larrea tridentata (creosotebush). We used a long-term removal study to examine inter-specific interactions between these dominant species, and to determine which species would eventually dominate following the removal of the others. Plants of the dominant species were removed from 5 3m x 4m plots in 1995 at five sites that were either dominated by one of the three species (blue grama grasslands, black grama grasslands, cresootebush shrublands) or at ecotones codominated by two species (blue grama/black grama; black grama/creosotebush). Plant cover is estimated annually, and removals have been conducted annually since that time. Results show that removal of black grama has little effect on cover of blue grama whereas removal of blue grama or creosotebush results in marked increases in cover of black grama. Our results show that competition between black grama and either blue grama or creosotebush is asymmetric.  These interactions suggest that black grama dominance may be reduced in the future under climate conditions that favor growth of either blue grama or creosotebush since these species can outcompete black grama. Landscape patterns associated with soil texture can also be explained by these interspecific interactions for soil water in this semiarid environment.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1900</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prugh, L.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stoner, C.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epps, C.W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bean, W.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ripple, W.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brashares, J.S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The rise of the mesopredator</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioscience</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">apex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mesopredator</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">predators</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-024.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">779-791</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apex predators have experienced catastrophic declines throughout the world due to human persecution and habitat loss. These collapses in top predator populations are commonly associated with dramatic increases in the abundance of smaller predators.  Known as ‘mesopredator release,’ this trophic interaction has been recorded across a range of communities and ecosystems.  Mesopredator outbreaks often lead to declining prey populations, sometimes destabilizing communities and driving local extinctions.  We present an overview of mesopredator release and illustrate how its underlying concepts can be used to improve predator management in an increasingly fragmented world.  We also examine shifts in North American carnivore ranges during the past 200 years and show that 60% of mesopredator ranges have expanded, whereas all apex predator ranges have contracted.  Understanding how best to predict and manage mesopredator release has become urgent as mesopredator outbreaks increasingly result in high ecological, economic, and social costs around the world.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1943</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 8, 2009</style></custom5><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water harvesting applictions for rangelands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">National Association of Environmental Professionals 34th Annual Conference on Making Sustainability Happen: Goal, Practices and Challenges</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland restoration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 2-9, 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ft. McDowell, AZ</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Although water harvesting techniques have been used effectively in irrigated agriculture and domestic water supplies, there seems to have been little continued exploitation of the same techniques in arid and semiarid rangeland restoration.  A review of the history of rangeland water harvesting allows identification of the methods that have been useful in the past and which would be likely effective in the future.  It seems that relatively simple water harvesting approaches work best on rangelands, particularly water ponding dikes to stimulate vegetation growth, and possibly the use of larger-scale water spreaders.  The complexity of larger scale applications, however, may lead to problems in operational use. Experience from rangeland water harvesting at the Jornada Experimental Range in the south central New Mexico and other locations in the Southwest indicates that the approach is a long-term solution that produces significant vegetation growth, generally 10-15 years after installation because of the sporadic and spatially distributed nature of the summer monsoon rainfall.  Additionally, the use of water ponding dikes seems to most reliably produce an “island” of enhanced soil moisture and increased habitat cover and forage.  Water ponding dikes are easy and relatively inexpensive to construct and produce a pattern of vegetation similar to naturally occurring banded vegetation.  Even very shallow dikes (7.5cm) are shown to produce ponds and a significant vegetation response.  Research needs to be done to determine if the bands of vegetation behind the dikes will function like natural banded vegetation and expand to larger areas.  Climate change continues to impact our water supplies, and the historical techniques of water harvesting that have been successfully used for over 9,000 years are a viable rangeland water conservation alternative now and in the future.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1974</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winters, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steele, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Browning, D.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unmanned aerial vehicle-based remote sensing for rangeland assessment, monitoring, and management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Applied Remote Sensing</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aerial photography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">autonomous flight</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">indicators</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland applications</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small unmanned aerial vehicles</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-025.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">033542</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland comprises as much as 70% of the Earth’s land surface area.  Much of this vast space is in very remote areas that are expensive and often impossible to access on the ground.  Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have great potential for rangeland management.  UAVs have several advantages over satellites and piloted aircraft: they can be deployed quickly and repeatedly; they are less costly and safer than piloted aircraft; they are flexible in terms of flying height and timing of missions; and they can obtain imagery at sub-decimeter resolution.  This hyperspatial imagery allows for quantification of plant cover, composition, and structure at multiple spatial scales.  Our experiments have shown that this capability, from an off-the-shelf mini-UAV, is directly applicable to operational agency needs for measuring and monitoring.  For use by operational agencies to carry out their mandated responsibilities, various requirements must be met: an affordable and reliable platform; a capability for autonomous, low altitude flights; takeoff and landing in small areas surrounded by rugged terrain; and an easily applied data analysis methodology.  A number of image processing and orthorectification challenges have been or are currently being addressed, but the potential to depict the land surface commensurate with field data perspectives across broader spatial extents is unrivaled.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1983</style></accession-num><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 10, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water-harvesting applications for rangelands revisited</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental Practice</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-017.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84-94</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Although water harvesting techniques have been used effectively in irrigated agriculture and domestic water supplies, there seems to have been little exploitation of the same techniques in arid and semiarid rangeland restoration. A review of the history of rangeland water harvesting allows identification of the methods that have been useful in the past and which would be likely effective in the future. It seems that relatively simple water harvesting approaches work best on rangelands including water ponding dikes to stimulate vegetation growth, stock tanks for livestock watering, and possibly the use of larger-scale water spreaders, although their complexity sometimes can lead to problems in operational use. Rangeland water harvesting in the southwest U.S. indicates that the approach is a long-term solution that produces significant vegetation growth generally after 10-15 years because of the sporadic and spatially distributed nature of the summer monsoon rainfall. Additionally, the use of water ponding dikes seems to most reliably produce an island of increased soil moisture and increased forage. Water ponding dikes are easy and relatively inexpensive to construct and produce a pattern of vegetation similar to naturally occurring banded vegetation. Even very shallow dikes (7.5cm) produce ponds and a significant vegetation response. Research needs to be done to see if the bands of vegetation behind the dikes will function like banded vegetation and expand to larger areas. As climate change continues to impact our water supply, the techniques of water harvesting will become a viable rangeland water conservation alternative in the future.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1975</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;November 1, 2008&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;April 3, 2009&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;2009&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roacho, E.J.O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bezanilla, E.G.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gonzalez, A.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peinetti, H.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodriguez, A.F.A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Habitat use by Mexican criollo and British beef cattle breeds in arid-and semi-arid environments of New Mexico and Chihuahua</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">94th Annual Ecological Society of America Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahua</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">livestock</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">production</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 2-7, 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alb., NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COS 15-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Livestock grazing is the primary activity on rangelands that encompass nearly half of the Earth’s terrestrial surface and directly supports a quarter of the world’s population. With one person in ten directly involved livestock production, development of ecologically appropriate techniques for managing livestock grazing are likely to have widespread impacts. In this study we test the hypothesis that ecologically adapted Mexican Criollo cattle use a greater diversity of arid and semi-arid landscape components than temperate British beef cattle breeds (Angus, Hereford). Two sites were used: the Jornada Experimental Range (JER) in south-central New Mexico and Rancho Experimental Teseachi (RET) in central Chihuahua. The JER pasture has 1,160 ha of undulating Chihuahuan Desert grasslands, with 245 mm of average annual precipitation. Elevation of the 2,552 ha RET pasture varies from 1,900 to 2,800 m, with annual precipitation averaging 580 mm. Vegetation ranges from Pinyon-Juniper-Bouteloua on the lower slopes to Pine-Oak-Muhlenbergia on the upper slopes. Four replicates were used during the spring and fall at each location. In each replicate, six different mature cows per breed were fitted with Lotek GPS collars, equipped with activity sensors, and allowed to graze each pasture with position acquired at 5-min intervals. Results/Conclusions In contrast to British breeds, criollo cattle grazed fewer hours per day (9.82 vs 10.6 h/d; P &lt; 0.0001) and walked greater distances (8.0 vs 6.8 km/d; P &lt; 0.0001). In addition, British breeds remained closer (P &lt; 0.05) to water and maintained smaller (P &lt; 0.05) home ranges when forage availability and quality tended to be limiting. Overall British breeds grazed more and used a smaller proportion of the environment than Mexican criollo cattle. This study was conducted when forage conditions at both sites were better than typically encountered; under poorer forage conditions, common to northern Mexico and southwestern United States, differences between breeds could be greater than observed. These data indicate that desert adapted criollo cattle, evolving in arid- and semi-arid regions of Spain and North Africa before their introduction to Mexico in 1521, distribute their impacts more evenly across fragile landscapes. This is likely due to their smaller size, though other arid land adaptations are likely. Use of desert adapted cattle appears to be a mechanism to lessen localized overgrazing common to these systems when using larger temperate breeds, and may be an appropriate breed for areas with sensitive riparian communities.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2076</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract # 19351</style></notes><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 6, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 14, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Romme, W.H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allen, C.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bailey, J.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baker, W.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eisenhart, K.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floyd-Hanna, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huffman, D.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Historical and modern distrubance regimes, strand structures, and landscape dynamics in pinon-juniper vegetation of the western United States</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CO2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">drought</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fire</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">range expansion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tree infill</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tree invasion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">03/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-014.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">203-222</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piñon–juniper is a major vegetation type in western North America. Effective management of these ecosystems has been hindered by inadequate understanding of 1) the variability in ecosystem structure and ecological processes that exists among the diverse combinations of piñons, junipers, and associated shrubs, herbs, and soil organisms; 2) the prehistoric and historic disturbance regimes; and 3) the mechanisms driving changes in vegetation structure and composition during the past 150 yr. This article summarizes what we know (and don't know) about three fundamentally different kinds of piñon–juniper vegetation. Persistent woodlands are found where local soils, climate, and disturbance regimes are favorable for piñon, juniper, or a mix of both; fires have always been infrequent in these woodlands. Piñon–juniper savannas are found where local soils and climate are suitable for both trees and grasses; it is logical that low-severity fires may have maintained low tree densities before disruption of fire regimes following Euro-American settlement, but information is insufficient to support any confident statements about historical disturbance regimes in these savannas. Wooded shrublands are found where local soils and climate support a shrub community, but trees can increase during moist climatic conditions and periods without disturbance and decrease during droughts and following disturbance. Dramatic increases in tree density have occurred in portions of all three types of piñon–juniper vegetation, although equally dramatic mortality events have also occurred in some areas. The potential mechanisms driving increases in tree density—such as recovery from past disturbance, natural range expansion, livestock grazing, fire exclusion, climatic variability, and CO2 fertilization—generally have not received enough empirical or experimental investigation to predict which is most important in any given location. The intent of this synthesis is 1) to provide a source of information for managers and policy makers; and 2) to stimulate researchers to address the most important unanswered questions.La vegetación de Piñon-junípero es un tipo de vegetación muy importante en el Oeste de Norte América. El manejo efectivo de estos ecosistemas se ha obstaculizado por el inadecuado entendimiento de 1) la variabilidad en la estructura del ecosistema y los procesos ecológicos que existen entre las diversas combinaciones de pinos, juníperos, arbustos, hierbas, y los organismos asociados del suelo; 2) regímenes prehistóricos e históricos del disturbio, y 3) mecanismos que conducen cambios en estructura y composición de la vegetación durante los últimos 150 años. Este publicación hace un resumen de lo que sabemos (y no sabemos) acerca de tres clases fundamentales de vegetación del piñon–junipero. Arbolados persistentes se encuentran donde los suelos locales, el clima, y los regímenes del disturbio son favorables para el piñón, el junípero, o una mezcla de ambos; los fuegos han sido siempre infrecuentes en estas áreas. Las sabanas del Piñon–junipero se encuentran donde los suelos locales y el clima son apropiados tanto para árboles y gramíneas; es lógico que los fuegos de baja-intensidad pueden haber mantenido densidades bajas de árboles antes de que se interrumpió los regímenes del fuego después del establecimiento Euro-Americano, pero existe poca información para apoyar cualquier afirmación afirmativa sobre los regímenes históricos del disturbio en estas sabanas. Los matorrales se localizan donde los suelos locales y el clima apoyan a comunidad de arbustos, pero los árboles pueden aumentar durante condiciones climáticas y períodos húmedos sin disturbio, y disminuyen durante sequías y después del disturbio. Los aumentos dramáticos en la densidad de los árboles han ocurrido en las porciones de los tres tipos de vegetación del piñon–junipero, aunque eventos igualmente dramáticos de mortalidad han ocurrido también en algunas áreas. Los mecanismos potenciales que conducen aumentos en densidad de árboles, la recuperación del último disturbio, la extensión natural del pastizal, el pastoreo del ganado, la exclusión del fuego, la variabilidad climática, y la fertilización-general del CO2 no han recibido suficiente investigación empírica o experimental para predecir cuál de estos factores puede ser el más importante en cualquiera de los sitios. El intento de esta síntesis es 1) proporcionar una fuente de información para los manejadores y los regidores, y 2) estimular a investigadores para dirigir las preguntas más importantes que aun están sin contestar.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2084</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">203</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roth, G.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, W. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steinberger, Y.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small mammal herbivory: Feedbacks that help maintain desertified ecosystems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">browsing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbivory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">jackrabbit</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">livestock grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snakeweed</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-001.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73</style></number><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62-65</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We tested the hypothesis that herbivores contribute to feedbacks maintaining arid ecosystems in a degraded state. We studied small mammal herbivory on a subshrub, broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), and perennial grasses at three sites: (1) ungrazed black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda) grassland; (2) grassland degraded by intense short-duration grazing; and (3) mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) coppice dunes. Snakeweed was browsed by herbivores primarily during dry winter months. The average percent of G. sarothrae standing crop biomass removed by browsing was 9.2 in ungrazed grassland, 7.4 in intensely grazed grassland, and 4.1 in the dunes. In ungrazed grassland, an average of 12% of grass cover was harvested by herbivores; in the intensely grazed plots – 80%. Herbivore exclusion plots showed that jackrabbits (Lepus californicus) were the primary browsers on snakeweed and rodents on grasses and G. sarothrae inflorescences. Rodent removal of G. sarothrae inflorescences allows wind dispersal of seeds in disturbed and desertified areas, thereby increasing abundance of this poisonous shrub. Grass-tiller cutting by rodents provides a strong feedback that may be responsible for keeping the grass cover low on the intensely grazed areas. Jackrabbit pruning has little effect on G. sarothrae abundance at any stage of desertification.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2093</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 12, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 12, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Salley, S.W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Impact of oil and gas infrastrucure development in La Manga Canyon, NM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62nd Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gas</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">infrastructure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">La Manga Canyon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NM</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">oil</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SRM</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 8-12, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alb., NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2050-11</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">La Manga Canyon is a small watershed (~20km2) in the San Juan Basin that has historically been developed for natural gas and recently for coal bed methane. Since gas production began in the 1940s, an extensive network of dirt roads have transected the watershed, providing access to well sites. There are currently eleven and a half wells per square mile with sometimes multiple wells in each well-pad. Land degradation due to energy extraction and historic livestock grazing make this area a good model for similar Great Basin landscapes, particularly in the understanding of soil and vegetation dynamics in high impact areas. Remote sensing was conducted from aerial photography taken in 1955, 1981, 1997, 2005 and 2006 to verify historic extent of well-pads, roads, and pipelines. Well-pads were digitized manually and roads / pipelines were remotely sensed with a supervised classification. Temporal vegetation change in the watershed was assessed at the ecological site level. Organic carbon was also estimated from soil cores (top 10cm) collected from roads, well-pads, and “undisturbed” vegetated areas within each ecological site. Linear disturbances increased from 100 to 250 ha between 1955 and 2006; total well-pad area increased from 12 to 72 ha over the same period. Roadless volume decreased by almost 50%. Tree cover (primarily pinyon-juniper) increased along north facing slopes and decreased on south, west and east slopes. Herbaceous vegetation shifted to annual grasses. Vegetation dynamics in this watershed have been overwhelmed by energy infrastructure.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2107</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 10, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 2, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skaggs, R.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exploring the linkages between socio-economic &amp; ecological processes in rangeland landscapes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62nd Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land-use and land-cover change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LULCC</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">socio-economic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SRM</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 8-12, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Mangement</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alb., NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30-2</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological and socio-economic processes are driving land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) on many of the world’s rangelands, but we have a poor understanding of the mechanisms by which these processes are linked to each other. This is largely because data for socio-economic and ecological factors are usually expressed at distinct (and multiple) scales, and because of a lack of data on region-scale patterns. It is widely held that human behaviors underlie LULCC tipping points, but we have little systematic understanding of how variations in behavior affect them. In the U.S., for example, spatial patterns of control of public grazing lands established under the Taylor Grazing Act, the adoption of more stringent rangeland oversight policies (e.g., the National Environmental Policy Act), goals, motivations, and objectives of ranch operators as well as the constraints under which ranchers operate may have large and unrecognized impacts on the occurrence of LULCC. We are conducting research that is overcoming scale mis-matches to link socio-economic and ecological processes to explain southwestern U.S. public rangeland LULCC with unprecedented detail. The objective of this research is to develop a framework for linking socio-economic and ecological data at landscape to regional scales in order to explain past rangeland LULCC and forecast future changes. This paper reports on this research in its early stages and presents preliminary results of the research.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2237</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 10, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 1, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slaughter, A.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maxwell, C.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LaPlante, V.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steele, C.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in methodology for monitoring long-term vegetation quadrats on the Jornada Experimental Range</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62nd Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">five year</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SRM</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 8-12, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alb., NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2060-16</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nearly 150 sq. mi. quadrats were established for long-term monitoring of vegetation dynamics on the Jornada Experimental Range in south central New Mexico in the early 1900s. Today, approximately 120 of those sites are revisited on a five year sampling rotation. Although some of the methods for data acquisition are similar to those used at the inception of this study, technological advances have allowed for a very different type of data processing and analysis today. In this poster we present ways that these methodologies have changed, and outline rationale behind use of additional or revised monitoring methods in the future. This overview includes photographs, examples of early data collection procedures, and historic documents related to the quadrat monitoring study. Analyses of these historic data have shown that landscape position, extended drought periods, and/or proximity to specific plant communities have been major factors in driving vegetation change within these quadrat plots throughout the 20th century.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2239</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 15, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 1, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stokes, C.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yeaton, R.I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bayer, M.B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indicator patches: exploiting spatial heterogeneity to improve monitoring systems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 1, 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-027.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">385-394</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">When choosing which environmental attributes to monitor in assessing disturbance, it is important to consider not only which metric will provide the most sensitive indicator of disturbance, but also the spatial considerations of where in the landscape that metric will be most responsive to change. Degradation in landscapes is often unevenly expressed because: (i) disturbance is spatially localized, (ii) landscape elements differ in their sensitivity to disturbance, and (iii)degradation following localized disturbance is spatially contagious. The spatial heterogeneity of degradation has proven to be a key obstacle to rangeland monitoring (e.g. where the initiating processes of broad-scale degradation are concentrated in landscape locations that are not detected by surveys) but can also provide opportunities to focus monitoring efforts. We propose that the effectiveness of monitoring could be enhanced by identifying and selectively monitoring ‘indicator patches’, i.e. specific landscape locations that provide the most management-relevant and timely information about the consequences of a  monitored disturbance. We tested and demonstrated the utility of the ‘indicator patch’ concept in the rangelands of the Succulent Karoo in southern Africa. We contrasted the grazing response of dominant  ‘representative’ vegetation, with responses of interspersed patches of distinct vegetation associated with zoogenic mounds. Since mound vegetation is more palatable and preferentially grazed by sheep, we tested whether mounds could serve as ‘indicator patches’ in providing a sensitive measure of grazing disturbance. Percentage canopy cover measurements in dominant offmound vegetation provided a poor indicator of grazing disturbance (although more intensive plant size measurements did reveal grazing impacts on plant population dynamics). In contrast, vegetation on mounds displayed patterns of changes in species abundances that were easier to detect and useful for interpreting and quantifying the effects of grazing. Mound vegetation could, therefore, be used as  ‘indicator patches’ and targeted for exclusive sampling as a sensitive method for monitoring rangeland condition and detecting early warnings of vegetation change. This approach could be widely employed to better harness the extensive knowledge base regarding the patchy, spatially localized nature of degradation-initiating processes in numerous other landscapes. Routinely incorporating this understanding into the design of monitoring programs could improve the effectiveness of sampling effort, allow detection of more subtle trends (changes), and provide earlier warning of impending degradation so remedial action can be taken before degradation becomes severe and widespread.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2299</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huang, Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chopping, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martochik, J.V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An empirical study on the utility of BRDF model parameters and topographic parameters for mapping vegetation in a semi-arid region with MISR imagery</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Remote Sensing</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BRDF</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">empirical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">imagaery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MISR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-023.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3463-3483</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multi-angle remote sensing has been proved useful for mapping vegetation community types in desert regions. Based on Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR) multi-angular images, this study compares roles played by Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) model parameters with those played by topographic parameters in improving vegetation community type classification at the Jornada Experimental Range and the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge in New Mexico, U.S.A. The BRDF models used are the Rahman-Pinty-Verstraete model and the RossThin-LiSparseReciporal model. MISR nadir multi-spectral reflectance is considered as baseline because nadir observation is the most basic remote sensing observation. The BRDF model parameters and the topographic parameters are considered as additional data. The BRDF model parameters are obtained via inversion of the Rahman-Pinty-Verstraete model and RossThin-LiSparseReciporal model against the MISR multi-angle reflectance. The topographic parameters are derived from Digital Elevation Models of the Jornada and the Sevilleta. In order to confirm whether increased accuracy is from additional data, two classifiers, Maximum Likelihood Classification algorithm and Support Vector Machine algorithm, are used in this research. In total, 32 classification experiments were carried out by the two classifiers on 16 datasets, which were formed by various combinations of the MISR nadir multi-spectral reflectance, the BRDF model parameters and the topographic parameters. These experiments show the following findings: 1) both the topologic parameters and the BRDF parameters can provide meaningful additional information for this semi-arid vegetation mapping; and 2) in the case of a semi-arid environment, the BRDF parameters are slightly more efficient than the topologic parameters. This study suggests that the MISR BRDF model parameter products have great potential to be used as additional information for vegetation mapping.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2308</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svejcar, Tony</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, Kris</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improving Field-Based Experimental Research to Compliment Contemporary Management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-029.pdfhttp://www.srmjournals.org/doi/abs/10.2111/1551-501X-31.5.26</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26-30</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2315</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 11, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 1, 2009</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tartowski, S.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James, D.K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weed management using goats: Effects on water infiltration rate</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62nd Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">goats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SRM</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water infiltration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">weed</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 8-12, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alb., NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goats are used increasingly for weed control, fire fuel reduction and ecological restoration. The high stocking rates typical of these applications have been reported to decrease the rate of water infiltration in goat pastures. The hypothesis that annual goat browsing for weed control decreases infiltration rate was tested in the Rio Grande River floodplain near Socorro, New Mexico (mean annual rainfall 200.9 ± 60.82 mm). Soils were coarse-loamy, mixed (calcareous), thermic Typic Torrifluvents with sandy loam surface texture. One plot (0.17-1.6 ha) from each of six pairs of plots was browsed at the end of the summer growing seasons. The 400-630 Boer/Spanish meat goats browsed the plots for 1-3 days at a mean stocking rate of 3.2 ± 2.4 goat h m-2. Vegetation cover was measured using line point-intercept transects. Water infiltration rate was measured using a standardized saturated single-ring infiltration method. After four years of annual goat browsing and regrowth of vegetation, the rate of water infiltration was faster (P=0.036) in browsed areas (mean 1024 mm hr-1) than in unbrowsed areas (mean 896 mm hr-1). The increased cover of grasses and forbs, plus decreased cover of shrubs, increased mean infiltration rate in the browsed plots. Infiltration rate increased in unvegetated areas, probably due to disruption of the soil crust. The effects of goats on infiltration rate are probably influenced by climate, soil and vegetation characteristics, as well as season and stocking rate. The possible effects of goats on infiltration should be considered when designing weed management programs.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2343</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 5, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 2, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tugel, A.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wills, S.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biggam, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">How to document soil change without monitoring: A multi-scale inventory procedure for dynamic soil properties, soil change, and plant community dynamics</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62nd Society for Range Mangement Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">data collection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">National Cooperative Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SRM</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">state and transition</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 8-12, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alb., NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2060-18</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The National Cooperative Soil Survey is now following data collection procedures to characterize dynamic soil properties. The new procedures use simple conceptual models of management effects on soil (such as state and transition models) to stratify the soil map unit for a comparison study. Once stratified, both soil and vegetation (where present) data are collected. Replicate sampling is conducted at multiple scales. A cooperative effort to develop sampling guidelines was initiated in 2004. NRCS, working with the Agricultural Research Service Jornada Experimental Range, National Park Service, Forest Service, and Bureau of Land Management developed the “Soil Survey and Resource Inventory Guide for Dynamic Soil Properties and Soil Change”. Data collection will be organized within projects to document land use or management effects on benchmark soils and ecological sites. Soils selected for sampling should be extensive and ecologically or economically important, or represent unique ecological zones. Comparison study projects, which are designed to characterize dynamic soil properties for one or more land cover types, plant communities, or management systems, include the following six steps: 1) Project Scope, 2) Sampling Design, 3) Sampling Requirements, 4) Field Work, 5) Data Preparation, and 6) Data Analysis and Reports. These steps are described in this poster. Data and information about how soils change can be used by producers, land managers, and decision makers in order to plan for long-term productivity, interpret indicators used in monitoring and assessments, and manage human impacts on soil.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2408</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 5, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 2, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ukabi, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, W. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steinberger, Y.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faunal pedturbation effects of soil microarthropods in the Negev Desert</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">catena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cryptostigmatids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological engineers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prostigmatids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil mites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">taxonomic diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">taxonomic richness</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-015.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">907-911</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil microarthropod communities in seed-harvester ant-nest (Messor spp.) soils and pits excavated by porcupines (Hystrix indica) were examined on a hill-slope catena in the Negev Desert to test the hypothesis that animal-produced soil disturbances increase abundance and diversity of soil biota. There were significantly fewer arthropods and lower taxonomic diversity of soil microarthropods at the top and mid-slope locations, with no consistent patterns of abundance between cool-wet and hot-dry seasons.  Some prostigmatids, cryptostigmatids, and other arthropods in ant-nest, porcupine-pit, and undisturbed soils were more abundant in wet than dry seasons at some locations but more abundant in the hot-dry season at other locations and sample sites. Seven prostigmatid mite families that were relatively abundant in undisturbed soils were absent or of low abundance in ant-nest modified and porcupine-pit soils at mid- and low-slope catena locations. The data result in rejection of the hypothesis. However, the significant effects of topographic position on the catena on soil microarthropod communities emphasize the importance of examining broad spatial patterns and temporal variation before making generalizations about the effects of ecological engineers on arid ecosystem structure and function.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2412</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utsumi, S.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cibils, A.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soto-Navarro, S.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VanLeeuwen, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasonal changes in one seed juniper intake by sheep and goats in relation to dietary protein and plant secondary metabolites</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small Ruminant Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">goats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">juniper</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">protein supplements</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ruminant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary metabolites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sheep</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009/02/19</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-006.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">152-162</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasonal variation in plant secondary metabolites (PSM) can influence voluntary intake levels of one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma Englem. Sarg.) of sheep and goats. Supplemental nutrients could mitigate the deterrent effects of juniper PSM. We determined the concentration of mono-and sesqui- terpenes, total phenolics and condensed tannins in one-seed juniper leaves in summer, fall, winter, and spring, and tested their effects on juniper intake of 12 Western White Face ewes (74.9 ± 1.23 kg) and 12 Boer-Spanish does (46.7 ± 1.25 kg) fed isoenergetic diets (1.6% BW) with no supplemental protein (Control, 5% CP) or with addition of a rumen degradable (RDP, 12.5% CP) or undegradable (RUP, 12.5% CP) protein supplement. Animals were fed unrestricted amounts of freshly harvested juniper branches for 30 min and short-term juniper intake was determined for 10 d per season. Total terpenes, total phenolics, and condensed tannins varied across seasons (P&lt;0.05), and were positively correlated to each other (P&lt;0.05). Juniper intake was greater for goats than sheep (P&lt;0.05), and twice as high for supplemented vs. control animals (P&lt;0.05). Juniper intake in the fall, when levels of plant secondary metabolites were highest, was 41, 58, and 52% less than in summer, winter, and spring (P&lt;0.05), respectively. Supplements with RDP and RUP promoted different patterns of juniper intake among seasons (P&lt;0.05), herbivores (P&lt;0.05), and individual animals (P&lt;0.05). This study suggests that supplemental protein can increase voluntary intake of one-seed juniper of small ruminants during seasons when plant secondary metabolite levels are low. Proteins of different degradability appear to affect seasonal patterns of juniper intake differently.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2428</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 24, 2008</style></custom5><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wendell, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Setting the stage to enhance ecological site description appplications to wildlife management in sagebrush ecosystems: A 2007 society for range management workshop</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62nd Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Site Description</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESD</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sagebrush</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SRM</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 8-12, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alb., NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1000-16</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Widespread loss, alteration and degradation of sagebrush ecosystems have created complex challenges for managers seeking to conserve dependent wildlife species. A half century of range and wildlife research has generated an extensive and diverse base of information to assist managers in making land management decisions. However, this information may not be readily available to managers. Thus, there exists a need to develop an interdisciplinary, transparent tool that organizes and communicates this information to decision makers. Ecological Site Descriptions (ESDs) constitute a viable management tool that potentially could improve range and wildlife managers’ capabilities to describe and manage sagebrush ecosystems. To set the stage for this transition, the Society for Range Management in concert with federal, state, and private partners sponsored a workshop in Park City, Utah in 2007. The objectives of workshop were to: 1) introduce habitat managers, planners and policy makers to the use and development of ESDs, 2) encourage interdisciplinary improvement of wildlife interpretations in ESDs and enhance the utility of this tool for managing sagebrush ecosystems, and 3) identify information gaps and define priorities for research and development. This workshop was attended by over 300 land and wildlife/habitat managers, biologists, range ecologists and soil scientists, technical assistance professionals, local sage grouse working group members, consultants, and petroleum industry representatives from throughout western North America. In this poster we describe the process used by SRM and its partners to plan, conduct, and evaluate this successful workshop.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2516</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 8, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 2, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wesley, R.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cibils, A.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollak, E.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cox, S.H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mulliniks, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petersen, M.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparing beef cow behavioral syndromes to measures of productivity and spatial use of rangelands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62nd Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">behavioral</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GPS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial use</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 8-12, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alb., NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2030-10</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individuals within animal groups exhibit consistent behavioral patterns within or across situations known as behavioral syndromes. Proactive (nervous) vs. reactive (calm) behavioral syndromes are observed in many animal species and influence how individuals cope with stress. We investigated the relationships between stress coping styles, spatial patterns of rangeland use, and performance of 36 young cows during two consecutive calving seasons (2006-07). Feeding rate in confinement was the criterion used to classify cows into stress copying style groups. Cows were tracked using GPS collars for approximately 45 days during calving; calves were tracked with GPS collars in 2007. Compared to proactive cows (PR), reactive individuals (RE) spent more time at water (means ± SD; PR: 73 ± 50 vs. RE: 172 ± 40 min/d), used less area (PR: 21 ± 3 vs. RE: 17 ± 3 ha/d), and exhibited more concentrated movement patterns (PR: 264 ± 44 vs. RE: 313 ± 73 m traveled/ha explored). Reactive individuals had lighter body weights (PR: 434 ± 33 vs. RE: 395 ± 28 kg), longer postpartum anestrous periods (PR: 44 ± 14 vs. RE: 68 ± 18 d), and weaned lighter calves (PR: 207 ± 37 vs. RE: 179 ± 20 kg). Calves born to highly proactive cows (PR+) were lighter than those born to less proactive mothers (PR-). PR+ spent less time near their calves, traveled further from their offspring, and weaned lighter calves than PR-. Behavioral syndromes appeared to influence landscape use and beef cow productivity in this study. Cows with intermediate stress coping styles appeared to be the best suited to the biophysical characteristics of our study site.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2526</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 8, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 2, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, W. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steinberger, Y.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvester ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) discriminate among artificial seeds with different protein contents</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sociobiology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">food choices</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvester ants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pogonomyrmex occidentalis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">protein</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 18, 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-009.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2B</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">549-558</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Workers of colonies of the western harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis, were recruited to patches of artificial seed of the same caloric value but different protein content. Rates of forager returns with artificial seeds containing five percent protein were nearly twice those of zero percent protein. Differences in foraging rates on artificial seeds of ten and twenty percent protein compared to foraging rates on zero percent protein seeds were not different from the comparison of foraging rates on five percent and zero percent protein seeds.  There were no differences in foraging rates on zero percent protein seeds, 0.5 percent and one percent protein seeds. P. occidentalis presented with patches containing equal amounts of zero, five, ten, and twenty percent protein seeds returned equal amounts of each protein content seed type to the colonies. When presented with high quality seed patches in the same location for four successive days, the rates of forager returns increased over time. When seed patch locations were switched, P. occidentalis' rate of return of zero protein content seeds was the same as for the five percent protein seeds at that location the previous day. Seeds with protein content between one and two percent represent a threshold for seed quality that affects the foraging rate of P. occidentalis workers.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2626</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 11, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 12, 2009</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wills, S.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tugel, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inference space vs. sampling requirements: A simulation study of soil properties on rangeland ecosites</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62nd Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inference</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SRM</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 8-12, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alb., NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planning a monitoring project requires careful planning. The inference space of a project must be balanced with the sampling requirements. Inference space is the population from which the samples in a study were drawn and the population to which results of a study apply. Increasing the number of conditions in a project increases the inference space. Sampling requirements are the number of samples or measurements required to detect a given level of change. The number of samples required to detect change depends on the variability of the conditions being evaluated. In general, the fewer conditions that are sampled the lower the variability that will be observed and the lower the measurements required to detect change. Thus increasing the inference space is usually in direct conflict with reducing sampling requirements. This is a problem when available resources allow only a limited number of measurements. The objective of this study is to explore the balance between detectable change, inference space, and sampling requirements for a dataset of soil and range measurements. We use resampling procedures to show these relationships for a dataset with 4 ecosites and 2 degradation conditions. Variability (measured as variance) increases as the number of ecosites increases, however, some ecosites add more variance than others. Limiting the number of ecosites and conditions can reduce the number of samples or measurements required to detect change.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2646</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 8, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 2, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wu, B.X.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fuhlendorf, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment of the landscape aspects of conservation practices</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62nd Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conservation practicies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape desing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial heterogeneity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SRM</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 8, 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alb., NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We review how landscape structure and processes have been considered in the design and assessment of conservation practices. We show how landscape concepts are essential to the success of rangeland conservation practices via theoretical considerations and empirical examples. The core concepts of scale, spatial heterogeneity and pattern are explored along with a set of case studies. A two-fold literature review is carried out. The first considers peer-reviewed literature examining applications of landscape concepts in conservation practices and their impacts. The second uses agency documents describing conservation practices and their policy outcomes at state and national levels. Critical knowledge gaps are identified and the mismatches between research and assessment needs are highlighted. Recommendations for the regional-scale landscape planning process and support tools building upon existing agency technology support systems are developed, as well as guidelines for consideration of landscape processes in field-scale applications. Needs and priorities for monitoring and research are identified to build better linkages between research and conservation practices and assessment.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2691</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 10, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 1, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ypilantis, W.G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karl, M.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bottomley, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biggam, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O'Green, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Talbot, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Townsend, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davis, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Enhancing knowledge of rangeland ecological processes with benchmark ecological sites</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62nd Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">benchmark</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological site</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 8-12, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albuquerque, NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1000-20</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A benchmark ecological site is one that has the greatest potential to yield data and information about ecological functions, processes, and the effects of management or climate changes on a broad area or critical ecological zone. A benchmark ecological site represents other similar sites in a major land resource area. Information gathered about benchmark ecological sites can address many different ecological, social, and resource management issues. One of the purposes of designating benchmark ecological sites is to promote greater understanding of the potential effects of management, natural disturbance, and climate change on rangeland ecosystem dynamics and soils. This will allow land managers to use adaptive management to provide for sustainability of natural resources on these landscapes. Examples of resource issues that could be addressed include the effects of management actions, disturbance, and climate change on livestock management; threatened, endangered, and other plant and animal species of concern; spread of invasive species; soil erosion, sedimentation, and runoff; soil ecology; plant community composition and productivity; and habitat reclamation potential.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2704</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 10, 2009</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 1, 2009</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Husbandry of free-ranging cows using virtual fencing concepts</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">XXI International Grassland Congress; VIII International Rangeland Congress</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">free-ranging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GPS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">virtual fencing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 30 - July 5</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guangdong People's Publishing House</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hohhot, China</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">660</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A directional virtual fencing (DVF™) system approach  employing 1 Hz GPS data acquisition and using audio cuing only was successfully used to gather mature free-ranging beef cattle from a 466 ha arid brush infested rangeland paddock into a corral in which drinking water was located .  Gathering was conducted during five random  morning and five random afternoon times over a two week period  not corresponding to when the cattle would normally enter the corral.  Their normal time to enter the corral was determined by a one week pre-trial for each group during which time the animal's normal time to enter the corral was recorded.    The audio cues consisted of a human voice and those sounds coming from an all-terain vehicle (ATV) that had previousl been recorded during one of the manual gathering/training sessions.  The treated cattle had previously been habituated to being gathered by a technician riding an ATV and once the cows arrived at the corral they were given a small amont of protein supplement and immediate access to drinking water.  In contrast, a similar group of cattle not accustomed to being gathered using this protocol  but  trained to wear the electronic equipment package as well as eat protein supplement  were subjected to autonomous gathering.  This study demonstrated the feasability of using electronic equipment together with a food reward in order to autonomously gather free-ranging cows.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN56</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 9, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 21, 2007</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rayson, G.D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorometry - an evolving methodology for range animal ecologist</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Rangeland Congress</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VIII International Grassland Congress</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digested</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fluorometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">free-ranging</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 1, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guangdong People's Publishing House</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hohhot, China</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">572</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fluorometry is an optically based technique that has only recently (1996) been shown to be useful in identifying pre-as well as post-digested plant material found in free-ranging animal diets.  This article traces the evolution of this methodology as a tool to determine the botanical composition, a key to understanding and subsequently managing range animal ecology.  Several instruments have successfully been used as sources of illumination including  a neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser, Xenon-arc lamps and most recently light emitting diodes (LED's).  Furthermore, several organic and inorganic solvents have been used to extract fluorophores principally in the blue, green and red regions of the visible spectrum.    The resulting data from the emission spectrums produced have been analyzed in a variety of ways to establish statistical differences among plant species and mixtures with multi-way principal component analysis (MPCA) appearing to hold the greatest promise in teasing apart differences among species and specie mixtures that have visually similar spectral signatures.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN95</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 9, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 20,2007</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angerer, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Han, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fujisaki, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change and ecoystems of Asia with emphasis on Inner Mongolia and Mongolia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mongolia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangelands</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">06/01/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-017.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46-51</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asia is the most populated continent with almost 3.9 billion people.  More than half of these people live in rural areas, with many as pastoralists depending on livestock and rangelands for their livelihood.   Rangelands occupy over 4.3 b ac (1.72 b ha) on the Asian continent, almost 38% of the total land area.  For some counties, such as Sri Lanka and Laos in southeast Asia, the percentage of rangeland within their borders is relatively minor.  However, for many Asian nations rangelands are a major land category.  Countries such as China, Mongolia and Russia in northern Asia, and Iran, Afghanistan and Turkey in western Asia (more commonly referred to as the Middle East) have huge expanses of grasslands and shrublands, and more than 40% of the land in these nations is categorized as rangeland.  Given these extent and diversity of rangelands across this continent, this paper will focus on an area central to the continent that is still extremely important as a pastoral landscape.  The region of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China (boxed area within Fig. 1) represents nearly 1.3 b ac (520 m ha) of rangeland, about 30% of the rangeland area across this continent.  In both Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, livestock production on rangelands is a major source of wealth and well being.  Due to large contiguous land areas of rangelands in this region, impacts to the rangeland resource from changing climate would make livestock producers especially vulnerable.   In this paper, we will provide an overview of the existing status and uses of rangelands in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, the projected impacts of climate change, and a discussion on future strategies that can be employed to adaptively manage and reduce vulnerability in this changing environment.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN114</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 31, 2008</style></custom5><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armas, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pugnaire, F. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, O. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Patch structure dynamics and mechanisms of cyclical succession in a Patagonian steppe (Argentina).</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patagonia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">patch structure dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">succession</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1552-1561</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The plant community in the Patagonian steppe is arranged in two structural patch types: scattered grasses and shrubs, which are often surrounded by a ring of grasses. Previous studies suggested that this pattern results from a cyclical succession driven by plant interactions. Although there is a good understanding of the factors affecting the formation of the grass rings encircling the shrubs, there is little evidence testing the causes of its fragmentation when the shrub dies, and the relation between the two structural patches. We evaluated the physiological status of two &lt;i&gt;Stipa &lt;/i&gt;species in different degenerative stages of the ring surrounding &lt;i&gt;Adesmia volckmanni&lt;/i&gt; shrubs, measuring microclimate and soil nutrients. Results support the cyclical succession model. As long as &lt;i&gt;Adesmia &lt;/i&gt;shrubs are alive, both Stipa species coexist under its canopy, supported by facilitation via improved microclimate and nutrients under the shrub. After shrub death, degeneration of the ring of grasses is caused by competition. The species spatial distribution suggests that &lt;i&gt;Stipa &lt;/i&gt;speciosa withstands poorer soil nitrogen levels than &lt;i&gt;Stipa humilis&lt;/i&gt;. We suggest that when facilitation by the shrub ceases, &lt;i&gt;S. speciosa&lt;/i&gt; may have a competitive advantage over &lt;i&gt;S. humilis&lt;/i&gt; that may result in the dominance of  &lt;i&gt;S. speciosa&lt;/i&gt; in gaps between shrubs. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN140</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00958</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//OTHER//LTER V//entered 06/02/2008 per DEP</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (06/26/2009)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1438</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baquera, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Throop, H.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duniway, M.C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscape variability in soil and vegetation response to 70-year-old restoration treatments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93rd Ecological Society of America Annual Meetings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CCC</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Civilian Conservation Corps</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">restoration</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 4-8, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milwaukee, WI</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67-159</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">During the 1930’s the Civilian Conservation Corps implemented a number of landscape restoration projects, most of which were abandoned in the early 1940’s. Although many restoration projects failed, several projects had a lasting effect on the landscape and can be used to study the long term effects of restoration treatments. Restoration treatments including soil berms were created in Las Cruces, New Mexico in the early 1930’s.  Soil berms are soil barriers laid across the contours of the landscape to slow water movement resulting in water ponding and increased water infiltration.  Water ponding initiates a cyclical feedback system where the establishment of vegetation (grasses) promotes soil stability and soil stability increases vegetation establishment.  Soil berms mimic naturally banded vegetation.  The objective of this project was to assess landscape variability in soil and vegetation response to soil berms in order to guide future restoration efforts in the Chihuahuan Desert, and better understand the ecological processes associated with soil and vegetation recovery.  GIS analysis was carried out using a 1936 to 2005 chronosequence of aerial photographs. Ground measurements were completed to supplement the 2005 GIS analysis.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN161</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 15, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 15, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrow, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, M.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reyes-Vera, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Do symbiotic microbes have a role in plant evolution, performance and response to stress?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Communicative and Integrative Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cryptic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Symbiotic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vascular</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 1, 200</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-033.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69-73</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vascular plants have been considered as autonomous organisms especially when their performance has been interpreted at the genome and cellular level. In reality, vascular plants provide a unique ecological niche for diverse communities of cryptic symbiotic microbes which often contribute multiple benefits, such as enhanced photosynthetic efficiency, nutrient and water use and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress. These benefits are similar to improvements sought by plant scientists working to develop ecologically sustainable crops for food, fiber and biofuels. Native desert plants include a community of indigenous endosymbiotic fungi that are structural components with cells, tissues, cell cultures, and regenerated plants. These fungi regulate plant growth and development and contribute genes and natural products that enable plants to adapt to changing environments. A method developed for transferring these endophytes from cell cultures to non-host plants promises to be a revolutionary approach for the development of novel plant germplasm and has application in the field of plant biotechnology.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN207</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 16, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 17, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beltran-Przekurat, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peilke, R.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snyder, K.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling the effects of historical vegetation change in near-surface atmosphere in the Northern Chihuahuan Desert</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albedo</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">characteristics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">historical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">northern</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-029.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1897-1910</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Our goal was to evaluate the effects of a broad-scale change in vegetation from grasslands in the mid-1800s to shrublands in the late 1900’s on weather and climate. Vegetation and soil maps for 1858 and 1998 were used to run a fully coupled atmospheric-biospheric model for two times during the growing season. Model simulations were conducted for the Jornada Experimental Range, a site located in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. Overall, the shift from a grass-dominated vegetation cover in 1858 to shrub-dominated cover in 1998 led to a small change in sensible heat and a pronounced increase in latent heat. Changes in surface fluxes and the associated changes in near-surface temperature were spatially heterogeneous: conversion from grass to mesquite cools the near-surface atmosphere and from grass to creosotebush warms it. Albedo was the dominant parameter controlling the energy budget. The shift from grassland to shrubland observed in this area led to complex interactions between biophysical and physiological characteristics of the land and surface fluxes. These results clearly demonstrate that vegetation itself is a weather and climate variable as it significantly influences temperature and humidity, which then feedbacks to and affects the vegetation.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN234</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boundary Layer Meteorology rejected; submitted to Journal of Arid Environments 10/2007. Title change</style></notes><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 1, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 6, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somerday, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teachers in the desert: Creating ecological reserech opportunities for teachres and students on the US Mexico border</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93rd Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asombro</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 3-8, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milwaukee, WI</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OOS 17-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Considerable research provides evidence for the value of teaching science using enhanced context strategies. These strategies include making learning relevant to students by using real-world examples and problems as well as taking students out of the classroom to learn about the topic. Unfortunately, these best practices are seldom used in the border region of southern New Mexico and west Texas due to a lack of funding, few teachers trained in inquiry-based science practices, and a lack of locally relevant curriculum. Ecological science here is often taught only from a textbook, a method that fails to demonstrate the excitement inherent in inquiry-based ecological science research. As part of the Teaching Ecological Complexity project funded by NSF, the Asombro Institute for Science Education and the Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Program conducted a two-week teacher professional development workshop in July 2008. High school teachers were immersed in their own ecological research projects, and they presented their hypotheses and results with the use of qualitative conceptual models. They also had opportunities to share and compare data collected by teachers and students at five other LTER sites. All workshop activities and research projects were correlated with state science and math education standards, making them instantly relevant and useful for teachers in the upcoming school year.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN287</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 15, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 15, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tugel, A.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peacock, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robinett, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Briske, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stringham, T.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaver, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanchez, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The regional ecology of alternative states and thresholds: Strategies for ecological site descriptions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Rangeland Congress</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological side descritions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESD</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">state-and-transition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STM</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 30 -July 5,</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guangdong People's Publishing House</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hohhot, China</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">644</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land dynamics, ecosystem resilience, and the interaction of management decisions with them vary significantly across space.  One-size-fits-all applications across distinct land types have been responsible for many failures in rangeland management.  Ecological Site Descriptions (ESDs) and similar land unit classification systems specify the characteristics of different land areas associated with variation in rangeland potential, ecological dynamics, vulnerabilities, and monitoring needs.  State-and-transition models (STMs) embedded within ESDs specify the plant community phases, alternative states, and characteristics of thresholds observed within particular land areas.   In spite of considerable conceptual advances with regard to general STM structure and mechanisms, strategies for data-driven development of ESDs and STMs have been poorly developed.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN278</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 15, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skaggs, R.K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Social-biophysical feedbacks and land change in an arid rangeland region</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93rd Ecological Society of America Annual Meetings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human-domiated</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetationchange</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 3, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milwaukee, WI</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PS 51-157</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studies of human-dominated ecosystems have traditionally externalized human agents and their behavior. Rangelands of the southwestern U.S. are no exception: in spite of century-long studies of vegetation change, the specific role of human decisions and their feedbacks with land condition are unknown. It is likely that prevention of future land degradation as well as opportunities for restoration will depend largely on our ability to manipulate these feedbacks. To support this perspective, we undertook a region-scale study of the relationships between the geophysical setting, land condition, and the history and current attributes of Bureau of Land Management (BLM) grazing allotments in south-central New Mexico. National Cooperative Soil Survey soil maps coupled to Ecological Site Descriptions were used to characterize the geophysical setting and inherent resilience, expert-supported, remote-sensed maps of vegetation states were used to characterize land condition, and BLM allotment records were used to characterize human dimensions variables including frequency of allotment turnover, the sense of impermanence, agency conflict, ranch type (trophy or dependent family) and management type (cautious vs. incautious). BLM allotment polygons were then attributed with human dimensions and geophysical/land condition data for analysis.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN272</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 15, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 15, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Briske, D.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skaggs, R.K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation in ecological resilience: a fundamental concept for rangeland ecology</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Building Bridges: Grasslands to Rangelands</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resilience</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janury 26-31, 20</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Louisville, KY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1480</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The concepts and terminology associated with ecological resilience are fast becoming a common language for the study of global change. We review the application of the broad concept of resilience to rangeland ecology, connecting it to several well-established rangeland concepts including equilibrial/nonequilibrial rangeland systems, ecological sites, succession, and state-and-transition models. We argue that resilience concepts have the potential to provide a holistic framework for rangeland ecology that links advances across disciplines including pedology, plant ecology, landscape ecology, rural sociology, and economics, and we illustrate this linkage. In order to realize this potential, however, we will need to move beyond vague metaphors to produce real-world examples and then general strategies that practitioners and scientists find worthwhile to emulate.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN243</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 15, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 30, 2007</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steele, C.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vulnerability and triggers in threshold development: models from the Chihuahuan Desert</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">threshold development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 26-31, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Louisville, KY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1487</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We review models developed for the Draw and Loamy ecological sites in Major Land Resource Area 42.2 in southwestern New Mexico and review empirical support obtained for parts of the model. We describe evidence for 1) vulnerability to transitions and associated triggers and 2) the characteristics of alternative states. Remote-sensing based evidence supports the notion that fragmentation of grass cover creates vulnerability to transition, and anecdotal evidence supports the notion that high intensity storms serve as triggers that initiate erosion and gully formation. Field measurements indicate that degradation of soil structure, increased run-off, and reduced water infiltration are important feedbacks components driving the transition and reinforcing state changes. These relationships are strongly mediated by soil horizon development differences within the ecological site. The state-and-transition model thus links these scientific studies and provides indicators that can be used by managers to gauge the likelihood of threshold development.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN265</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 15, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 30, 2007</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bleiweiss, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rampini, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pepe, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steele, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stein, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmugge, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assimilation of AATSR, MERIS and MODIS data in the snowmelt runoff model (SRM) on the upper Rio Grande (USA)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AGU 2008 Fall Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AATSR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AWARE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MERIS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MODIS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowmelt</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 15-19, </style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Francisco, CA</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C21C-0576</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Current efforts for simulating or forecasting snowmelt are time-consuming and laborious; the AWARE project (A tool for monitoring and forecasting Available WAter REsource in mountain environments) has been motivated by the urgent need to facilitate the prediction of medium-term flows from snowmelt for an effective and sustainable water resources management. Its main goal is to provide innovative tools for monitoring and predicting water availability and distribution in drainage basins where snowmelt is a major component of the annual water balance. The particular objective of the effort reported here is to compare results obtained from the MODIS sensor on NASA Terra and Aqua satellite and next generation sensors AATSR and MERIS on board ESA Envisat satellite. The vehicle for this comparison is the AWARE Geoportal (http://www.aware-eu.info/eng/home.htm) which is a WWW implementation of the Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM). The river basin chosen for analysis is the Upper Rio Grande of North America. The time period for analysis encompasses the Water Years 2005, 2006, and 2007 (October 2004   September 2007). The reason for this is to ensure that data from all three sensors are available for use and to investigate variable climate conditions. A successful comparison between the various sensors will help demonstrate that the AWARE approach will facilitate future processing of several years' worth of snow cover data from a variety of sensors that covers large extremes in climate variability. This will allow greater success in developing forecasts and understanding of longer term climate change impacts.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN299</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 10, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 12, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Booth, D.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image-based rangeland monitoring at multiple scales</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Joint Meeting 21st International Grassland Congress / 8th International Rangeland Congress</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">image-based</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland management</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-049.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Introduction: Sustainable rangeland management is enhanced by accurate ecological assessments and these, in turn, can be enhanced by advancing technology and decreasing labor costs. Image-based, multi-scale monitoring can reduce data-collection costs and reveal pattern and process (Wu 1999) to allow, for example, assessing the relationship between the functional integrity of ecosystems and biodiversity across regions (Ludwig et al. 2004). Here we examine the potential benefits of image-based, multi-scale monitoring protocols.  Materials &amp; Methods: Fifty plots were located in 4 plant communities of the Jornada Experimental Range (JER), NM, USA. Ground cover for the plots was obtained using, (a) 1-mm ground sample distance (GSD) ground-based images analyzed with object-based image-analyses methods, and (b) the line-point-intercept (LPI) sampling method (Laliberte et al., 2007a). A QuickBird satellite image acquired over the study area was segmented at 4 different scales, resulting in a hierarchical network of image objects representing the image information in different spatial resolutions (Laliberte et al., 2007b). This allowed for differentiation of individual shrubs at fine scales and delineation of broader vegetation classes at coarser scales. At the Central Plains Experimental Range (CPER), CO, USA, 1-mm GSD images were acquired for 200 locations across 3 pastures using ground and aerial photography (Booth and Cox, In Press). Ground cover was measured from the CPER images using ‘SamplePoint’ software.Results &amp; Discussion: Image acquisition and object-based analysis for ground cover at JER gave 80% correlation with LPI data but required half the labor. Work at CPER complemented that at JER  in that 1-mm GSD imagery obtained from the ground or the air was equally effective for detecting ground-cover differences due to pasture stocking rate, thus demonstrating the potential to save data-collection time and cost by aerial image acquisition. The combination of multi-resolution image segmentation and decision tree analysis of the QuickBird image facilitated the selection of input variables and helped in determining the appropriate image-analysis scale, thus enhancing vegetation-mapping accuracy over conventional methods. Conclusions: Image-based monitoring using 1-mm GSD ground or aerially acquired images reduces data-collection costs; multi-scale data expands pattern detection possibilities enhancing vegetation mapping accuracy. Together these technologies contribute to our rangeland monitoring and sustainable-management capacity.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN307</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 29, 2007</style></custom5></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Briske, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stringham, T.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaver, P.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">State-and-transition models: recommendations for resilience-based application</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resilience-based</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">state-and-transition</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-025.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">359-367</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The objective of this paper is to recommend conceptual modifications for incorporation into the state-and-transition model (STM) framework to: 1) explicitly link this framework to the concept of ecological resilience, 2) direct management attention away from thresholds and toward the maintenance of state resilience, and 3) enhance the ability of STMs to capture a broader set of relevant ecological information to support ecosystem management. Ecological resilience describes the amount of change or disruption that is required to transform a system from being maintained by one set of mutually reinforcing processes and structures to a different set of processes and structures (e.g., alternative stable state). Effective ecosystem management must focus on the adoption of management practices and policies that maintain or enhance ecological resilience to prevent stable states from exceeding potential thresholds.  In this context, resilience management does not focus on thresholds per se, but rather on within-state dynamics that influence resilience and state proximity and vulnerability to thresholds. Resilience-based ecosystem management provides greater opportunities to incorporate adaptive management than does threshold-based management because thresholds specifically define the limits of state resilience, rather than the conditions that determine the likelihood that these limits will be surpassed.  We recommend that the STM framework incorporate triggers, at-risk communities, feedback mechanisms, and restoration pathways and develop process-specific indicators that enable managers to identify at-risk plant communities and potential restoration pathways. Three STMs representing unique ecological conditions and geographic locations are presented to illustrate the incorporation and application of these recommendations.  We anticipate that these conceptual modifications will enhance the ability of the STM framework to more efficiently capture and convey ecological information supporting ecosystem management to a broader range of stake holders and special interest groups.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN320</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 25, 2007</style></custom5><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Briske, D.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stringham, T.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaver, P.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resilience-based application of state-and-transition models</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Building Bridges: Grasslands to Rangelands</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resilience-based</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">state-and-transition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STM</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 26-31, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Louisville, KY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1657</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We recommend that several conceptual modifications be incorporated into the state-and-transition model (STM) framework to: 1) explicitly link this framework to the concept of ecological resilience, 2) direct management attention away from thresholds and toward the maintenance of state resilience, and 3) enhance the ability of STMs to capture a broader set of relevant ecological information to support ecosystem management. Ecological resilience describes the amount of change or disruption that is required to transform a system from being maintained by one set of mutually reinforcing processes and structures to a different set of processes and structures (e.g., alternative stable state). Effective ecosystem management must focus on the adoption of management practices and policies that maintain or enhance ecological resilience to prevent stable states from exceeding potential thresholds.  In this context, resilience management does not focus on thresholds per se, but rather on within-state dynamics that influence resilience and state proximity and vulnerability to thresholds. Resilience-based ecosystem management provides greater opportunities to incorporate adaptive management than does threshold-based management because thresholds specifically define the limits of state resilience, rather than the conditions that determine the likelihood that these limits will be surpassed.  We recommend that the STM framework incorporate triggers, at-risk communities, feedback mechanisms, and restoration pathways and develop process-specific indicators that enable managers to identify at-risk plant communities and potential restoration pathways.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN322</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 30, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 30, 2007</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Briske, D.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stringham, T.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaver, P.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recommendations for development of resilience-based state-and-transition models</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem management, resilience-based</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management, resilience-based</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, ecological resilience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, state and transition</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">359-367</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The objective of this paper is to recommend conceptual modifications for incorporation in state-and-transition models (STMs) to link this framework explicitly to the concept of ecological resilience. Ecological resilience describes the amount of change or disruption that is required to transform a system from being maintained by one set of mutually reinforcing processes and structures to a different set of processes and structures (e.g., an alternative stable state). In light of this concept, effective ecosystem management must focus on the adoption of management practices and policies that maintain or enhance ecological resilience to prevent stable states from exceeding thresholds. Resilience management does not exclusively focus on identifying thresholds per se, but rather on within-state dynamics that influence state vulnerability or proximity to thresholds. Resiliencebased ecosystem management provides greater opportunities to incorporate adaptive management than does threshold-based management because thresholds emphasize limits of state resilience, rather than conditions that determine the probability that these limits will be surpassed. In an effort to further promote resilience-based management, we recommend that the STM framework explicitly describe triggers, at-risk communities, feedback mechanisms, and restoration pathways and develop process-specific indicators that enable managers to identify at-risk plant communities and potential restoration pathways. Two STMs representing different ecological conditions and geographic locations are presented to illustrate the incorporation and application of these recommendations. We anticipate that these recommendations will enable STMs to capture additional ecological information and contribute to improved ecosystem management by focusing attention on the maintenance of state resilience in addition to the anticipation of thresholds. Adoption of these recommendations may promote valuable dialogue between researchers and ecosystem managers regarding the general nature of ecosystem dynamics.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN321</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00946</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//NONE//LTER V//entered 07/28/2008</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File; PDF (07/28/2008)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1448</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thorpe J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands and climate change: A synthesis and challenges</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangelands</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 30, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-021.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52-53</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change, along with other aspects of global change, represents a great challenge to rangeland management in the coming century.  Coping with this challenge requires collaboration among scientists, managers and policy makers to develop new tools and management systems.  This collaboration should focus on meeting the need for 1) improved prediction of changes in climate and the subsequent effects on rangeland ecosystems at relevant spatial scales, 2) integrated monitoring systems and 3) the necessity of managers to respond with unprecedented speed and flexibility to changes in their operating environment.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN345</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 30, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 30, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resolving critical issues for the development of ecological site descriptions: Summary of a symposium</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological site descriptions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESD</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-053.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16-18</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The concepts, methods and procedures for describing rangelands help define the profession of range management. None of these is more important than the system for dividing rangelands into spatially distinct units for the purpose of classifying and managing. Range Sites and Range Condition and the ecological concepts on which they were based dominated research, policy and application virtually from the time SRM was formed (1948) until the late 1990s. In 1997, the revised version of the NRCS Range and Pasture Handbook first referred to Ecological Site Descriptions (ESDs) and gave basic guidance on definitions and procedures for implementation. The change from Range Sites to Ecological Sites is representative of two important changes in the profession: the incorporation of nonequilibrium ecology to describe rangeland dynamics in some ecosystems and the expansion of the array of ecosystem services provided by all rangelands.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN329</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 17, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 21, 2008</style></custom6><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampson, N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integrating terrestrail sequestration into a national greenhouse gas management program</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Geophysical Union</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sequestration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">terrestrail</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terrestrial sequestration is the deliberate process of storing carbon in the soil or vegetation via the net effect of naturally occurring processes (photosynthesis, leading to storage in plants; humification and aggregation, leading to conversion of plant carbon to soil carbon; and respiration, which returns some plant and soil carbon to the atmosphere as CO2).  Removing carbon from the atmosphere via terrestrial sequestration has been proposed as a critical element in the portfolio of actions to stabilize greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and avoiding undesirable climate change. One benchmark for integrating terrestrial sequestration into a GHG management plan might be to increase sequestration beyond “business-as-usual” levels by an average of about 1-2 PgC/yr during the next 50 years.  Assuming this benchmark is accomplished by a linear increase in sequestration rates, the integrated total over 50 years would be 25-50 PgC.  Achieving this level of performance will require 1) improvements in existing understanding of sequestering processes, 2) more focused incentive programs to accelerate adoption and maintenance of sequestering practices and 3) an enhanced monitoring and verification effort to insure credibility.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN334</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland ecology and management in a changing world</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">XXI International Grassland Congress; VIII International Rangeland Congress</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological site descriptions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiscale management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">state and transition models</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 30 - July 5</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-022.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guangdong People's Publishing House</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hohhot, China</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41-45</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland ecological science and management over the past century has emphasized external human actions to supplement and direct natural ecological processes in the hope of achieving sustained production.  The focus has usually been on an improve efficiency of production, generally achieved by adding fossil fuel based input, to increase consistency of harvest. The results have been relatively benign in the more mesic and fertile rangelands and unsuccessful to disastrous in the more arid and infertile areas.  We suggest a broader view of the interactions of humans and rangelands, one that included people as a vital component within the system, might be a more realistic approach to achieving economic, ecological and social sustainability.  An increase emphasis is necessary to develop new tools for capturing, organizing and communicating information and to provide testable hypotheses that can  advance rangeland ecological science and management.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN338</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 15, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon sequestration and sink resources in grazed lands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Rangleand Congress</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazed lands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangelands</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 15, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">240-247</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon storage in terrestrial sinks is attractive as a policy alternative in that 1) results can be achieved quickly 2) technologies for enhanced sequestration can be implemented without major economic impact and are generally associated with improved management of resources and more efficient production systems and 3) delivery infrastructure (extension, conservation programs) are in place and proven successful.  However, the design and implementation of policies and programs to accelerate and realize the potential of terrestrial sequestration requires analyses that examine regional land use patterns, human activity systems and economic development objectives.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN326</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ProCite field[35]: Book Chapter</style></notes><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 15, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thorpe, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change and rangelands: Responding rationally to uncertainty</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangelands</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 30, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-020.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands constitute a substantial portion of the earth’s surface and contribute a wide variety of products and services to human well being.  Global climate change will have an inordinate impact on rangelands because the productivity of grass and shrub dominated ecosystems is so closely linked to the short term expression of climate, weather.  In general, most rangeland ecosystems and human activities associated with them are forecast to experience increasingly erratic precipitation and temperature patterns in the short and mid term future (20-100 years).  Other aspects of global change, such as CO2 fertilization, invasive species and changes in land use, will also have significant effects on the ability of rangelands to meet human needs and desires.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN347</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 30, 2006</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 30, 2006</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Casanova, L.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">What can ant diversity-energy relationships tell us about land use and land change (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myremecological News</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energy flux</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mesocale</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June  28, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-031.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">183-190</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We identify and review an approach that views ant species diversity as a consequence of energy flux through an ecosystem. In this bottom-up view, energy apportioned to trophic guilds drives ant community responses to mesoscale variation generated by land-use and other processes. We introduce a conceptual model based upon this idea, and offer an interpretation of some data we have collected in the light of the model. Operationally, the concept focuses analysis upon the relationships between species richness/composition, trophic group identity, body size, and abundance. These attributes are compared among ecosystems that vary in total net primary productivity (NPP) and in how that productivity is divided among plant functional groups. We offer a brief example of how biomass and abundance of three ant trophic groups, large granivores, small granivores and scavengers, differed between two ecosystems that varied strongly in NPP patterns. We emphasize the value of linking ant measurements directly with NPP at mesoscales.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN423</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 1, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 25, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chopping, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martonchik, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bull, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schaaf, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhao, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Want, Z.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetation canopy structure from NASA EOS multiangle imaging</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AGU 2008 Fall meeting</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AGU 2008 Fall Meeting</style></tertiary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 15-19, </style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Francisco, CA</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">B33D-04</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We used red band bidirectional reflectance data from the NASA Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) mapped onto a 250 m grid in a multiangle approach to obtain estimates of woody plant fractional cover and crown height through adjustment of the mean radius and mean crown aspect ratio parameters of an hybrid geometric-optical (GO) model. We used a technique to rapidly obtain MISR surface reflectance estimates at 275 m resolution through regression on 1 km MISR land surface estimates previously corrected for atmospheric attenuation using MISR aerosol estimates. MISR data were used to make end of dry season maps from 2000-2007 for parts of southern New Mexico, while MODIS data were used to replicate previous results obtained using MISR for June 2002 over large parts of New Mexico and Arizona. We also examined the applicability of this method in Alaskan tundra and forest by adjusting the GO model against MISR data for winter (March 2000) and summer (August 2008) scenes. We found that the GO model crown aspect ratio from MISR followed dominant shrub species distributions in the USDA, ARS Jornada Experimental Range, enabling differentiation of the more spherical crowns of creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) from the more prolate crowns of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa). The measurement limits determined from 2000-2007 maps for a large part of southern New Mexico are ~0.1 in fractional shrub crown cover and ~3 m in mean canopy height (results obtained using data acquired shortly after precipitation events that radically darkened and altered the structure and angular response of the background). Typical standard deviations over the period for 12 sites covering a range of cover types are on the order of 0.05 in crown cover and 2 m in mean canopy height. We found that the GO model can be inverted to retrieve reasonable distributions of canopy parameters in southwestern environments using MODIS V005 red band surface reflectance estimates at ~250 m spatial resolution accumulated over 16 day periods. The MODIS (N=895) and MISR (N=576) estimates of forest height and cover both showed agreement with USDA, Forest Service estimates, with MODIS mean absolute errors (MAE) of 0.09 and 8.4 m respectively; and MISR MAE of 0.10 and 2.2 m, respectively, noting that a sub-optimal background was used for the MODIS inversions. The MODIS and MISR MAE for estimates of aboveground woody biomass via regression against Forest Service estimates were both 10.1 Mg.ha-1. We found that red band MISR data for central Alaska can be used to obtain first-order estimates of forest cover and height using a snow-free summer scene and shrub cover using a winter scene with full snow cover. The GO model inversion results are often physically unrealistic but spatial distributions correspond to high resolution images and reflect the potential for the multiangle/GO method to retrieve meaningful information that is qualitatively different to that obtained using vegetation indices.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN443</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 10, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 12, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chopping, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martonchik, J.V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remote sensing of woody shrub cover in desert grasslands using MISR with a geometric-optical canopy reflectance model</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remote Sensing of Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">woody plants</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 15, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://usda-ars.nmsu/biblio/pdf/08-001.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">112</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">112</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19-34</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A new method is described for the retrieval of fractional cover of large woody plants (shrubs) at the landscape scale using moderate resolution multiangle remote sensing data from the Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and an hybrid geometric-optical (GO) canopy reflectance model. Remote sensing from space is the only feasible method for regularly mapping woody shrub cover over large areas, an important application because extensive woody shrub encroachment into former grasslands has been seen in arid and semiarid grasslands around the world during the last 150 years. The major difficulty in applying GO models in desert grasslands is the spatially dynamic nature of the combined soil and understory background reflectance: the background is important and cannot be modeled as either a Lambertian scatterer or by using a fixed bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF). Candidate predictors of the background BRDF at the Sun-target-MISR angular sampling configurations included the volume scattering kernel weight from a Li-Ross BRDF model; diffuse brightness (rho 0) from the Modified Rahman-Pinty-Verstraete (MRPV) BRDF model; other Li- Ross kernel weights (isotropic, geometric); and MISR near-nadir bidirectional reflectance factors (BRFs) in the blue, green, and near infra-red bands. The best method was multiple regression on the weights of a kernel-driven model and MISR nadir camera blue, green, and near infra-red bidirectional reflectance factors. The results of forward modeling BRFs for a 5.25 km2 area in the USDA, ARS Jornada Experimental Range using the Simple Geometric Model (SGM) with this background showed good agreement with the MISR data in both shape and magnitude, with only minor spatial discrepancies. The simulations were shown to be accurate in terms of both absolute value and reflectance anisotropy over all 9 MISR views and for a wide range of canopy configurations (r2=0.78, RMSE = 0.013, N = 3969). Inversion of the SGM allowed estimation of fractional shrub cover with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.03 but a relatively weak correlation (r2=0.19) with the reference data (shrub cover estimated from high resolution IKONOS panchromatic imagery). The map of retrieved fractional shrub cover was an approximate spatial match to the reference map. Deviations reflect the first-order approximation of the understory BRDF in the MISR viewing plane; errors in the shrub statistics; and the 12 month lag between the two data sets.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN448</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 12, 2005</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 26, 2006</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chopping, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisen, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martonchik, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Large area mapping of southwestern forest crown cover, canopy height, and biomass using MISR</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remote Sensing of Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crown cover</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MISR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">southwestern</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 1, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-007.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">112</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2051-2063</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A rapid canopy reflectance model inversion experiment was performed using multiangle reflectance data from the NASA Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR) on the Earth Observing System Terra satellite, with the goal of obtaining measures of forest fractional crown cover, mean canopy height, and biomass for parts of S.E. Arizona and S. New Mexico (&gt;200,000 km2). MISR red band bidirectional reflectance estimates in nine views mapped to a 250 m grid were used to adjust the Simple Geometric-optical Model (SGM). The soil-understory background signal was decoupled a priori by developing regression relationships with the nadir camera blue, green, and near-infrared reflectance data and the isotropic, geometric, and volume scattering kernel weights of the LiSparse-RossThin kernel-driven bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) model, adjusted against MISR red band data. The SGM’s mean crown radius and crown shape parameters were adjusted using the Praxis optimization algorithm, allowing retrieval of fractional crown cover, mean canopy height and their dot product, a coarse surrogate for biomass. Retrieved distributions these parameters for forested areas showed good matches with maps from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, with R2 values of 0.76, 0.58 and 0.53, post-filtering for high root mean square error (RMSE) and cloud/cloud-shadow contamination. Some areas with important shrub cover are predicted to have low or no woody plant cover, indicating the need to adjust the background calibration and reflecting the difficulty of estimating canopy parameters in low cover environments. This is the first attempt to use data from MISR to produce maps of crown cover, canopy height, and biomass over a large area by seeking to exploit the structural effects of canopies reflected in the observed anisotropy patterns in these explicitly multiangle data.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN445</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 15, 2006</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 27, 2007</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cid, M.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferri, C. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brizuela, M.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, O. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structural heterogeneity and productivity of a tall fescue pasture grazed rotationally by cattle at four stocking densities</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grassland Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cattle grazing management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cattle grazing, effects on plants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cattle grazing, forage utilization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cattle grazing, productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cattle grazing, structural heterogeneity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cattle grazing, vegetation change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazing management, cattle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-16</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN463</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//OTHER//OTHER//entered 06/02/2008 per DEP</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Not in File</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1440</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cipriotti, P. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flombaum, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, O. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguiar, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Does drought control emergence and survival of grass seedlings in semi-arid rangelands? An example with a Patagonian species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">drought, grass seedling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grass seedling, emergence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grass seedling, survival</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">161-174</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN464</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//OTHER//OTHER//entered 06/02/2008 per DEP</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Not in File</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1439</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Courtright, E.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burkett, L.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Customizable tool for ecological data entry, assessment, monitoring, and interpretation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93rd Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93rd ESA Annual Meetings</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interpretation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tool</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 4-8, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milwaukee, WI </style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66-136</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Database for Inventory, Monitoring and Assessment (DIMA) is a highly customizable tool for data entry, assessment, monitoring, and interpretation. DIMA is a Microsoft Access database that can easily be used without Access knowledge and is available at no cost. Data can be entered for common, nationally accepted (by NRCS, BLM and others) vegetation and soil monitoring methods, including the methods described in the “Monitoring Manual for Grassland, Shrubland, and Savanna Ecosystems.” Additionally, NRCS ecological site description data can be collected starting at a low intensity (e.g., general site characteristics, waypoints and photos) and building to a high intensity (e.g., detailed soil and vegetation data). Stored data are easily exported to other databases and spreadsheets while previously entered data can be quickly imported into the database via Excel templates. Indicators and reports, including graphs, are automatically generated from entered data. In addition to data, the database stores critical metadata such as field crew personnel, plant species lists downloaded from the USDA/NRCS PLANTS database, driving directions, method rule sets, soil data and links to photos. The objective of this poster is to make the database available to other ecologists, to review current applications, and to identify areas for future enhancements.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN493</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 15, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 15, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crowl, Todd A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crist, Thomas O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parmenter, Robert R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belovsky, Gary</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lugo, Ariel E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The spread of invasive species and infectious disease as drivers of ecosystem change</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change, continental scales</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change, drivers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change, ecological responses</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change, ecosystem responses</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change, site network</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem change, drivers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem change, infectious disease</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem change, invasive species</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem, climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">infectious disease</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">invasive species</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">238-246</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi:10.1890/070151</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasive species, disease vectors, and pathogens affect biodiversity, ecosystem function and services, and human health. Climate change, land use, and transport vectors interact in complex ways to determine the spread of native and non-native invastive species, pathogens, and their effects on ecosystem dynamics. Early detection and in-depth understanding of invasive species and infectious diseases will require an integrated network of research platforms and information exchange to identify hotspots of invasion or disease emergence. Partnerships with state and federal agencies that monitor the spread and impacts of invasive species and pathogens iwll be critical in developing a national data and research network that can facilitate a full understanding of the resulting effects on ecosystems and society. Citizen science can also play a role; individuals can report new invasions, record phenological changes associated with invasions or disease outbreaks, and can participate in efforts such as the Breeding Bird Survey, which may reveal long-term biotic change following species invasions and disease spread. The ecological and societal impacts of invasive species and pathogens differ across gradients of climate and land use, and in the presence of global climate change may exacerbate both their propagation and impacts. Understanding the interactions of invasive species, disease vectors, and pathogens with other drivers of ecosystem change is critical to human health and economic well-being.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN506</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00951</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//NONE//NONE//entered 07/28/2008</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (07/28/2008)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1450</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cruz, Janella</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioclimatic changes recorded in Holocene soils at the Jornada Basin LTER site and Lincoln National Forest, southern New Mexico</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bioclimate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon isotope ratios</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dissertation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jornada Basin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lincoln National Forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soils, Holocene</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thesis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NMSU Branson Library call #: S 1999 .C88 2008 c.2</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Mexico State University</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Las Cruces, NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;In order to understand the impact humans are having on desertification, it is necessary to address the magnitude of natural cycles of climate change and how it drives the migration of dryland biomes. Paleoclimate studies are useful for obtaining information about natural cycles of climate-driven vegetation change. This paleoclimate study uses carbon isotopes (&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C/&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;C) in Holocene soils to derive paleoclimate information about the movement of arid, semiarid, and subhumid bioclimatic boundaries along an elevational transect in southern NM. Soil profiles of limestone alluvium at four sites of increasing rainfall and decreasing temperature were analyzed for their stable carbon values in order to make inferences about bioclimatic changes (C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; versus C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; vegetation) during the Holocene. This paleoclimate record suggests that the arid site was dominated by C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; shrub vegetation for the last 4,000 years, the semiarid site by C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; grasslands for approximately the last 3,000 yrs, and the subhumid A site by C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; trees or C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; cool season grasses for the last 7,000 yrs. However, minor shifts in the relative proportions of C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; versus C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; vegetation did occur during these time periods. The implications of these findings are that there were no major changes in vegetation (biome movement) during the last 4,000 to 7,000 years this time period. Within each bioclimatic zone vegetation was similar to today&amp;#39;s vegetation. Still, subtle changes in the isotopic record may reflect the climatic influences of the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M.S. Thesis</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN507</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;//USDA//LTER V//entered 06/11/2009; abstract added 06/22/2009ProCite field[12]: Not in File (06/11/2009)&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1458</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cunningham, Lisa Michelle</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sediment transport &amp; vegetation change: A Study Using Medium-Scale Landscape Units as Indicators of the Influence of a Vegetation Transition on Sediment Production - Jornada Experimental Range, New Mexico</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dirt tanks</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dissertation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, sediment transport</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, vegetation change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pond studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stock tanks</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thesis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation change, hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation change, sediment transport</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Leicester</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">186 pp</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Set against a background of vegetation change from grassland to shrubland, this project used the small agricultural stock ponds of the Jornada Experimental Range, in the semi-arid Chihuahuan Desert of New Mexico, to quantify sediment production from the expanding shrubland vegetation communities. In quantifying sediment production, conclusions can be drawn about the importance of land cover in rangeland management, but more significantly for this study, a valuable dataset is generated at a generally under-researched scale. Small pond studies are necessary to expand the existing knowledge on up-scaling of erosion datasets. Sediment yield data are primarily collected from erosion plots, or at a much larger scale using erosion models. These models rely on data from plots for calibration and validation. However, data collected at the plot scale do not accurately represent sediment production at larger scales, often resulting in the propagation of errors. New methods of considering sediment routing through a catchment are necessary if understanding at an intermediate (catchment) scale is to be gained. Three approaches were used to generate comparable datasets: repeated surveys, sediment dating, and reconstructing runoff coefficients from aerial photographs. The results from these projects show internally consistent results, as well as agreement with similar studies in the wider erosion-study literature. This demonstrates the potential of this technique to produce viable datasets. The principal findings of this research are that runoff coefficients calculated at the catchment scale do not show the expected reduction from those gained from plots. This is primarily thought to be a methodological problem. However, the principal aim of the research was met with two complimentary datasets showing variations in sediment fluxes from shrubland vegetation. The dataset was insufficient to conclude this was statistically different from the historic grasslands, but this does appear to be the case. The idea of travel distance of particles as a control on sediment production was only partially substantiated by this work: fining of sediment is evident only within the catchments of the ponds. No statistical difference was found between the particle-size distribution of pond and catchment samples.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PDF</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN518</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA//LTER V//entered 2/19/2009ProCite field[12]: In File (02/19/2009)</style></notes><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1456</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Czech, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heitschmidt, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hild, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable rangeland management, economic growth, and a cautious role for the SRM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">economic growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SRM</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 1, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-041.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33-37</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interest in the art and science of rangeland management increased dramatically during the 20th century and it was out of this interest that the profession of rangeland management was born. As public interest in rangeland management grew, so did the number, breadth, and depth of rangeland management issues. Consequently, the profession has responded to these new challenges and opportunities by encompassing a wider array of rangeland management issues, such as biological diversity, noxious and invasive weeds, protection of rangeland and open space values, and endangered species.  The evolution of resource management policy and practice reveals a general concern with ecosystem health and sustainability, which in turn reflects an overall concern in academia and public life about ecological and economic sustainability. The optimum size and growth rate of an economy may only be ascertained in the context of a staggering array of ecological and cultural factors. One of these factors is the relationship between economic growth and the environment, in our case, rangeland ecosystems. A critical role for the profession of rangeland management is to describe the basic trade-off between economic growth and sustainable rangeland management and to communicate clearly with people interested in that relationship.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN519</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 17, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 21, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Damdinsuren, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pyke, D.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Is rangeland health relevant to Mongolia?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mongolia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">overgrazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland health</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-030.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25-29</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Approximately 800,000 of Mongolia’s 2.5 million people depend directly on livestock production and rangelands for their livelihood. Overgrazing is widespread in the western provinces and near the capital city of Ulaanbaatar, while forage is often underutilized in eastern parts of the country. The rangeland health concept is based on the assumption that the sustainability of all environmental services, including livestock forage production, depend on limiting soil erosion and degradation, effectively capturing, storing and releasing water, and on maintaining productive, resilient biological communities. To be relevant to Mongolian herders and policymakers, rangeland health must be integrated into a management framework that explicitly includes maximizing long-term forage production as a primary objective. This article presents a 4-step management framework that shows how rangeland health assessments and monitoring might be applied in developing countries like Mongolia, where optimizing long-term forage production is the primary management objective. These preliminary attempts to adapt and apply the rangeland health concept, and specifically the IIRH protocol to Mongolia, suggest that additional work is needed in three areas: 1) developing more explicit links between the rangeland health attributes and specific land uses and values, including forage production; 2) anticipating new threats, such as invasive species, which may influence rangeland sustainability; and 3) increasing our understanding of how resilience varies throughout the country.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN523</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 8, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 25, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DeSteiguer, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thorpe, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contributing to the mitigation of climate change using rangeland management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mitigation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland management</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 30, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-019.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-11</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The mitigation of climate change through rangeland management based projects seems to be viable in the marketplace.  Carbon sequestration via rangeland management has a sound basis in both economics and ecology if the offset projects are compatible with existing land uses and management systems.  However, to be competitive in a global, multisectoral market, rangeland projects must operate efficiently within market prices and rules and exploit inherent competitive advantages.  Rangeland carbon sequestration projects are competitive because of the relatively low cost of achieving increased soil carbon storage and compatibility with existing management operations and production systems.  Documenting and verifying changes in carbon storage may be a difficult challenge.  The success of rangeland projects as participants in a private sector market will be determined in large part by the ability of the rangeland management profession (scientists, advisors and managers) to develop accurate, credible and cost-effective protocols to insure that gains are real.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN563</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 30, 2008</style></custom5><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DeWalle, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snowfall, snowpack and meltwater chemistry</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principles of Snow Hydrology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowfall</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowpacks</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521823625</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">211-234</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biogeochemical cycling of nutrients and pollutants in the environment is significantly affected by the occurrence of snowfall and snowpacks.  Snowpacks can be viewed as reservoirs of chemicals that, unlike substances dissolved in rainfall, can be largely stored for significant periods of time during winter until melting occurs.  Snowpacks reflect the chemical nature of the original snowfall events or wet deposition that accumulated to create them as well as the dry deposition of chemicals occurring as aerosol droplets, particles and gases in the atmosphere falling onto the snowpack surface during non-precipitation periods.  Both naturally cycling chemicals and pollutants in the environment end up in the snowpack in this manner.  Snowpack chemistry may also be affected by interactions with plant canopies during interception and the activity of organisms that find a home in the snow.  Once melting or rain-on-snow events occur, chemicals are redistributed and released from the snowpack non-uniformly due to fractionation processes leading to relative enrichment of the initial liquid water releases.  In polluted environments, early spring fish kills have been attributed to effects of these initial concentrated acidic snowmelt runoff events that caused toxic levels of dissolved aluminum to occur in streams.  Studies have also shown that some ions are preferentially eluted or leached from the snowpack in different ratios than found in the snow itself.  Thus, the overall effect of snow on chemicals cycling in the environment is to first store and then alter the timing and concentrations of ions moving in water through a catchment.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN575</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 5, 2005</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chapter 8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DeWalle, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modeling Snowmelt Runoff</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principles in Snow Hydrology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deterministic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forecast</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrologic models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modeling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowmelt runoff</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">statistical model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stochastic</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521823625</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">266-305</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrologic models used to predict streamflow can be generally classified as either deterministic or stochastic and as either lumped-parameter or distributed (Beven 2000).  Deterministic models predict a single value of streamflow from a given set of input variables, while stochastic models predict a range of possible outcomes based upon the statistical distributions of input variables.  Nearly all of the snowmelt models used to continuously predict streamflow from snowmelt are deterministic, but a type of statistical model has been historically used to great advantage to predict seasonal totals of streamflow using measured snowpack and precipitation data each spring. These models are in widespread use in the western United States to forecast spring runoff.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN574</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 15, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chapter 10</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DeWalle, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snowmelt Runoff</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principles of Snow Hydrology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">meltwater</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snow hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowmelt runoff</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowpack</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521823625</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">235-265</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Understanding the generation of streamflow from snowmelt involves integration of processes that produce meltwater within the snowpack, processes that delay and store liquid water in the snowpack and processes that direct the flow of meltwater through watersheds to stream channels.  Computations of liquid water dynamics in snowpacks and melt rates have been covered in prior chapters.  In this chapter these concepts and computations are synthesized with a discussion of the movement of meltwater within watersheds and the resulting hydrographs of snowmelt runoff.  Emphasis is given to factors unique to generation of streamflow from snowmelt, such as frozen ground effects and rain-on-snow flooding.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN573</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 15, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chapter 9</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DeWalle, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principles of Snow Hydrology</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principles of Snow Hydrology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">book</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chapter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snow</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521823625</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">410</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN578</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 1, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">410</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DeWalle, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ground-based snowfall and snowpack measurements</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principles of Snow Hydrology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowfall</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowpack</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521823625</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76-117</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One of the most fundamental aspects of snow hydrology is an understanding of the processes that lead to snowfall and the eventual distribution of a snowpack on the landscape.  The factors that lead to the formation of snowfall are generally discussed in the beginning sections of the chapter.  Since snowfall once formed, unlike rain, is quite easily borne by the wind and redistributed across the landscape before finally coming to rest to form a snowpack, the basic principles controlling blowing snow are also reviewed.  Finally, the interception of snow by vegetation, which can have a profound effect on the amount and timing of snow that accumulates into a snowpack beneath a plant canopy, is described in the final section of the chapter.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN572</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 2, 2004</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DeWalle, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snowpack Energy Exchange: Basic Theory</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principle of Snow Hydrology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowpack</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">theory</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521823625</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">146-181</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The exchange of energy between the snowpack and its environment ultimately determines the rate of snowpack water losses due to melting and evaporation/sublimation.  Energy exchange primarily occurs at the snowpack surface through exchange of shortwave and longwave radiation and turbulent or convective transfer of latent heat due to vapor exchange and sensible heat due to differences in temperature between the air and snow.  Relatively small amounts of energy can also be added due to warm rainfall on the snowpack surface and soil heat conduction to the snowpack base.  Changes in snowpack temperature and meltwater content also constitute a form of internal energy exchange.  Melting usually represents the major pathway for dissipation of excess energy when the snowpack ripens and becomes isothermal at 0'C (see Chapter 3).</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN577</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 23, 2004</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chapter 3</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DeWalle, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snowpack Condition</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principles of Snow Hydrology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conduction of heat and liquid water</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metamorphism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">processes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowpack</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521823625</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48-75</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Once snow has accumulated on the landscape, the individual snowflakes and ice grains can be rapidly transformed or metamorphosed into a structured snowpack.  Metamorphism ultimately influences the thermal conductivity and liquid permeability of the snowpack that in turn influence the snowpack temperature regime and storage and release of liquid water.  Snowpacks vary seasonally from low density, sub-freezing snowpacks capable of refreezing any liquid water inputs to isothermal, dense snowpacks that rapidly transmit liquid water to the ground below.  In this chapter, important processes controlling snowpack metamorphism and the conduction of heat and liquid water in snow are described along with methods hydrologists use to describe snowpack condition.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN571</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 15, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chapter 3</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DeWalle, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snowpack energy exchange: Topographic and forest effects</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principles  of Snow Hydrology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">effects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">exchange</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modeling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowpack</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">topographic</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521823625</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">182-210</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recent innovations in computing techniques and the need for modeling snowpack energy exchange processes for large diverse basins have lead to consideration of topographic and forest effects.  Both topography and forests can have a major impact on snowpack radiation energy exchange.  Effects on convective exchange are less well known.  Methods for adjusting the basic theory of snowpack energy exchange for the effects of topography and forests are considered in this chapter.  Latent heat and sensible heat convection were much lower in the forest than in the open due to reduced wind speeds.  Net radiation was the dominant snowpack energy budget component at both the open and forest sites.  Net radiation was reduced by about 20% by the forest relative to the open, based upon regression analysis of hourly data.  Because of overall differences in net radiation and total energy supply to the snowpack, daily snowmelt rates in the forest were reduced by 15-60% compared to melt at the open site.  Results of this study illustrate how forest cover can reduce the snowpack energy supply and how more humid conditions can increase the importance of latent heat convection as a source of melt energy.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN576</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 1, 2005</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chapter 7</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duniway, M.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessing resilience of western rangelands to transportation-related land-use change</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geological Society of America</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Joint Meetings</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">decades</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ex-urban</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">transportation activity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 5-9, 200</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Houston, TX</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51-10</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The amount and extent of transportation related activity in western rangelands has rapidly increased in recent decades. This increase is due to a variety of factors including oil and gas development, recreational activities, and ex-urban development. In addition to areas directly impacted by infrastructure installation, the presence and use of these travelways has potentially altered the resilience of adjoining areas through indirect effects such as altered site hydrologic and eolian processes, invasive seed dispersal, and sediment transport. Direct and indirect impacts of these networks are of particular concern in ecosystems with inherently low resilience, such as those with aridic soils. There is little guidance, however, on appropriate methods for assessing and monitoring the impacts of transportation related land-use activities on soils and vegetation. We tested the sensitivity of a qualitative assessment technique (Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health) and quantitative measures to roads, trails, and pipelines. The protocols used have a demonstrated connection to soil nutrient and moisture-related processes in a wide range of ecosystems. We conducted surveys at plots near, far and very far from travelways at 16 sites selected using a stratified random sampling design in 3 ecosystems for a total of 208 plots evaluated. Results indicate that qualitative techniques are sensitive to direct and indirect impacts of transportation activities. Additionally, differences detected with qualitative techniques between areas near, far and very far from disturbances followed the same trends and were highly correlated with quantitative measures. The qualitative and quantitative assessment techniques employed in this study can be used to assess impacts of individual transportation features or to assess cumulative impacts of a transportation network. Assessing how transportation related activities on western rangelands affects ecosystem resilience is crucial for understanding how these systems will respond to the warmer and drier conditions predicted as a result of global climate change.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN603</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 1, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 15, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duval, B.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, W. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resource regulation by a twig-girdling beetle has implications for desertification</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-050.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">161-166</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1. Resource regulation by insects is the phenomenon by which herbivory enhances resources for the progeny of the herbivore. This report provides an example of resource regulation with implications for desertification in the Chihuahuan Desert of North America.  2. Female &lt;i&gt;Oncideres rhodosticta &lt;/i&gt;beetles chew girdles around mesquite (&lt;i&gt;Prosopis glandulosa &lt;/i&gt;) stems before ovipositing in those stems. The mesquite plants respond by producing compensatory stems below the girdle. Mesquite volume was significantly correlated with the total number of beetle girdles across a suite of low shrub density grassland and high shrub density dune sites, and plants in dune sites had more old and new girdles than mesquite in grasslands. 3. Smaller, younger shrubs in grassland responded more vigorously to girdling than did larger, older shrubs in dune landscapes. Stems on shrubs within grassland produced significantly more and longer compensatory stems per girdle than stems on shrubs in dunes. Soil capture by individual plants positively correlated with stem density, and stem density is increasing in the younger plants as a response to beetle damage.  4. This study suggests that the interaction between &lt;i&gt;O. rhodosticta &lt;/i&gt;and mesquite is an example of resource regulation that increases the stem density and soil capture ability of mesquite. Because the conversion of productive grasslands to mesquite dune landscapes is one of the most important drivers of desertification in the Chihuahuan Desert, feedbacks between organisms that promote an increase in the size and soil capture ability of mesquite may exacerbate desertification.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN613</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duval, B.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, W. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resource regulation by a twig-girdling beetle has implications for desertifi cation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Entomology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arthropod, mesquite</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arthropod, Prosopis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification, resource regulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape conversion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oncideres</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant-herbivore interactions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prosopis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">161-166</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.2007.00928.x</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1. Resource regulation by insects is the phenomenon by which herbivory enhances resources for the progeny of the herbivore. This report provides an example of resource regulation with implications for desertification in the Chihuahuan Desert of North America.2. Female &lt;i&gt;Oncideres rhodosticta &lt;/i&gt;beetles chew girdles around mesquite ( &lt;i&gt;Prosopis glandulosa &lt;/i&gt;) stems before ovipositing in those stems. The mesquite plants respond by producing compensatory stems below the girdle. Mesquite volume was significantly correlated with the total number of beetle girdles across a suite of low shrub density grassland and high shrub density dune sites, and plants in dune sites had more old and new girdles than mesquite in grasslands.3. Smaller, younger shrubs in grassland responded more vigorously to girdling than did larger, older shrubs in dune landscapes. Stems on shrubs within grassland produced significantly more and longer compensatory stems per girdle than stems on shrubs in dunes. Soil capture by individual plants positively correlated with stem density, and stem density is increasing in the younger plants as a response to beetle damage.4. This study suggests that the interaction between &lt;i&gt;O. rhodosticta &lt;/i&gt;and mesquite is an example of resource regulation that increases the stem density and soil capture ability of mesquite. Because the conversion of productive grasslands to mesquite dune landscapes is one of the most important drivers of desertification in the Chihuahuan Desert, feedbacks between organisms that promote an increase in the size and soil capture ability of mesquite may exacerbate desertification.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN612</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00921</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA//LTER V//entered 04/03/2008</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (04/03/2008)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1412</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remmenga, M.D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of cis-beta-sabinene hydrate, and monoterpene adn sesquiterpene mixtures on alfalfa pellet intake by lambs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Animal Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alfalfa pellets</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lambs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monoterpene</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sesquiterpene</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-009.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1478-1484</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The transition of grasslands to shrub-dominated scrubland reduces livestock productivity and contributes to impoverished human conditions in arid and semiarid regions worldwide. Many shrubs increasing in dominance contain secondary compounds that deter herbivores. Knowledge concerning the effects of specific compounds on herbivore diets is limited but may provide useful insights into desertification. &lt;i&gt;Flourensia cernua&lt;/i&gt; is a dominant shrub in the northern Chihuahuan Desert that contains an abundance of terpenes. Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of individual terpenes (&lt;i&gt;cis&lt;/i&gt;-&amp;acirc;-ocimene and &lt;i&gt;cis&lt;/i&gt;-sabinene hydrate; Exp. 1 and 2) or mixtures of monoterpenes (borneol, camphene, camphor, 1,8-cineole, limonene, myrcene, and &amp;aacute;-pinene; Exp. 3) or sesquiterpenes (&amp;acirc;-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, &amp;aacute;-copaene, and &amp;aacute;-humulene; Exp. 4) on intake of alfalfa pellets by lambs. Forty-five lambs (9 lambs/treatment) were individually fed treated alfalfa pellets for 20 min each morning for 5 days. Five treatments (0X, .5X, 1X, 2X, and 10X; multiples of the concentrations of the same terpenes in &lt;i&gt;Flourensia cernua&lt;/i&gt;) were applied to alfalfa pellets (637 g, DM basis) in an ethanol carrier. Experiments were preceded by a 10-d adaptation period to untreated pellets. Except during the 20-min test, lambs were maintained outdoors and fed untreated alfalfa pellets (total mean intake = 4.7% of BW, DM basis). Day &amp;times; treatment interactions were detected (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&amp;lt; 0.04) in Exp. 1 and 4, due to greater intake for 0X than other treatments on day 1 (Exp. 1) and lower intake for the 10X treatment on day 1 and 2 (Exp. 4). A trend for decreased intake (g/kg BW) as concentration of the sesquiterpene mixture increased was observed in Exp. 3 (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.093 for the linear contrast). Although there was a tendency for the sesquiterpene mixture to decrease intake, &lt;i&gt;cis&lt;/i&gt;-&amp;acirc;-ocimene, &lt;i&gt;cis&lt;/i&gt;-sabinene hydrate, and the monoterpene mixture did not appear to affect intake by lambs. Thus, sesquiterpenes may exert antiherbivory properties under certain conditions that may contribute to shrub dominance with extended periods of livestock foraging.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN661</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;October 31, 2007&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom5><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;2008&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L. D. Estes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, G.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A. G. Mwangi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shugart, H. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Habitat selection by a rare forest antelope: A multi-scale approach combining field data and imagery from three sensors</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remote Sensing of Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Akaike's Information Criterion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASTER</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">field data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest structure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">habitat selection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbivore</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">logistic regression</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MODIS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mountain bongo</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rare species</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scale</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spectral mixture analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SPOT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">texture analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">topographic correction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">112</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2033-2050</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3278</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flombaum, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, O. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Higher effect of plant species diversity on productivity in natural than artificial ecosystems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biodiversity, plant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon cycle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem, artificial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem, natural</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patagonian steppe</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resource partitioning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6087-6090</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN709</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//OTHER//OTHER//entered 06/02/2008 per DEP</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Not in File</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1436</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peinetti, H.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscape histories, livestock management, and mesquite expansion in the Chihuahuan Desert of New Mexico</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 26, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Louisville, KY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2188</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">During the past 125 years the northern Chihuahuan Desert has undergone a significant shift from desert grasslands to desert shrub conditions, with mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) dramatically increasing in dominance during this period.  The transition from desert grasslands is viewed as deleterious, decreasing forage availability for both wildlife and livestock while negatively impacting air, water, and soil processes that support ecosystem services important to rapidly growing, human populations.  Causes leading to this transition include formulation of government and industry policies, and later application of some range management principles, without an understanding of the evolutionary and landscape history of the northern Chihuahuan Desert.  In addition, as causes of mesquite expansion were determined, primary factors leading to mesquite’s eventual dominance did not receive adequate attention, most likely because they did not fit within dominant scientific paradigms, or social-political realities of the time.  Future work needs to focus on better understanding evolutionary and landscape legacies of this region; including factors that created and maintained the original desert grasslands prior to desert scrub conditions.  Using this understanding we must create appropriate theory that will guide future human-ecological interactions and assessment of ecological trajectories.  This knowledge must affect policy and eventual management. We must relax the need for ecosystems to adapt to human behaviors and consider how human behaviors can best adapt to the ecosystems on which they depend.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN773</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 17, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 13, 2007</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ginzburg, O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, W. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steinberger, Y.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of harvester ant (&lt;i&gt;Messor&lt;/i&gt; spp.) activity on soil properties and microbial communities in a Negev Desert ecosystem</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology and Fertility of Soils</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desert system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvester ants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microbial biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Negev Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil moisture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil organic mater</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 1, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-042.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45</style></number><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">165-173</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvester ants (Messor spp.) function as an essential link between aboveground resources and belowground biota such as the microbial community.  We examine changes in soil microbial biomass and functional diversity resulting from harvester ant (Messor spp.) activity in the Negev Desert, Israel. Abiotic and biotic soil parameters were recorded during two seasons – wet and dry – also representing food availability periods for the ants (low and high seed availability, respectively). Soil samples were collected monthly from the 0- to 10- and 10- to 20-cm soil layers: (1) near the nest entrance, (2) under chaff piles, and (3) at a 2-m radius from the nest entrance (control). Harvester ant activity increased the percentage of organic matter, total soluble nitrogen, and microbial activity in nest-modified soils in comparison to the control soils. Higher CO2 evolution was recorded in the low-seed season in ant nest soils than in the control soils.  During the high-seed season, higher carbon dioxide evolution was recorded only at the nest entrance locations. There were no differences in microbial biomass between the low- and high-seed seasons, but highest microbial biomass was found under chaff in low-seed season and in nest soils in high-seed season. Microbial function diversity was higher in nest-modified soils than in the control soils. This study suggests that the effect of harvester ant nests on soil fertility is due to increased microbial biomass and microbial activity in ant nest-modified soils.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN851</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 3, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Godinez-Alvarez, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mattocks, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toledo, D.N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van Zee, J.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Line-point intercept, grid-point intercept,and ocular estimate methods: their relative value for rangeland assessment and monitoring</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Building Bridges: Grasslands to Rangelands</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grid-point</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">line-point</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ocular</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland assessment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 26-31, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Louisville, KY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2380</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We compared the utility of three methods for rangeland assessment and monitoring based on the number of species detected, foliar cover, precision (coefficient of variation) and time required for each method. We used four 70-m transects in 15 sites of five vegetation types (3 sites/type). Point intercepts were recorded every 1 m along each transect (280 points/site).  Five one square meter quadrats (for ocular and grid-point) were located on each transect (20 quadrats/site). Grid-point intercepts were recorded in 16 points evenly distributed in each quadrat (320 points/site). Foliar cover estimates based on line-point and grid-point intercept methods were similar and correlated based on Spearman’s correlations (r =0.96, p&lt;0.0001).  Ocular estimates were poorly correlated with other methods, although they were significant (Line-point: r =0.62, p=0.007; Grid-point: r =0.70, p=0.002). The relationship between foliar cover estimated with line-point and ocular estimates varied with vegetation type. The number of species detected per site by line-point (17 ± 2) and grid-point (16 ± 2) intercept methods was significantly lower than the number detected by ocular estimates (21 ± 2). The time required for line-point (23 ± 2 min) was less than for grid-point intercept (31 ± 3) and ocular estimates (27 ± 4). The coefficient of variation (n=15 sites) was lower for the line point (32%) than for grid-point (37%) or ocular (49%). This study supports others indicating that ocular estimates are more effective for detecting species, while line-point intercept and gridpoint provide more precise cover estimates. These results suggest that when assessing the effects of conservation practices (e.g. CEAP), methods should be selected based on objectives (e.g. biodiversity vs. cover). The results also suggest that species area curves can be used to estimate total species using any of the methods. Future analyses will include comparisons with ground and aerial photography.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN854</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 15, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 30, 2007</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Godinez-Alvarez, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mattocks, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toledo, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Do sampling methods differ in their utility for ecological monitoring? Comparison of line-point intercept, grid-point intercept, and ocular estimate methods</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society fo America Abstracts</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological monitoring</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 3-8, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milwaukee, WI</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PS 83-125</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study compared the utility of three sampling methods for ecological monitoring based on: interchangeability of data (rank correlations), precision (coefficient of variation), cost (minutes/transect), and potential of each method to generate multiple indicators. Species richness and foliar cover by species were measured for each method on four transects (70 m) in 15 sites (three in each of five plant communities) in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. Randomized species accumulation curves and rank correlations of the three methods were conducted with these data.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN853</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 15, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 15, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goolsby, D.P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrub expansion in northern Chihuahuan Desert grasslands: Spatial patterns and biophysical constraints</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93rd Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grassland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub-steppe</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">socioeconomic</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 4-8, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milwaukee, WI</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PS 37-25</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conserving and restoring grasslands and shrub-steppe has important ecological and socioeconomic implications in arid rangelands of the world. Among the greatest contemporary threats to the structure, function and biological diversity of desert grassland and shrub savanna ecosystems of the southwestern United States is the displacement of mesophytic grasses by xerophytic woody plants. The needs of land managers in addressing this issue have surpassed the information provided by inventories and traditional monitoring programs. Land managers must understand the mechanisms behind shrub expansion in order to identify grasslands that are at risk and shrublands that may be viable candidates for grassland restoration. As yet, there are no objective criteria for making these key distinctions. Through a combination of field sampling and spatial modeling we sought to create a predictive understanding of the biophysical conditions under which grasslands are converted to shrublands. We asked: What are the physiographic settings of persistent grass patches and what environmental factors contribute to their persistence? In communities that are a mosaic of grass and shrub patches, which of these are stable and which are in the process of transitioning to shrub dominance?  What do spatial patterns of past shrub expansion suggest about future landscape change? As a first step in addressing these questions, we characterized landscape-scale perennial plant cover across grassland-to-shrubland gradients within the Jornada Basin near Las Cruces, NM. Soil was characterized to 150 cm or to restrictive calcium carbonate horizon and the relationships between perennial plant assemblages and soil characteristics were explored using multivariate statistics. Changes in shrub and perennial grass patch structure and distribution were quantified using time-series aerial photography (1940s - 2000s). Field survey and aerial photography data were then used to develop a model of patch structure dynamics focused on characterizing patterns of vegetation structure and cover that portend dramatic shifts in shrub-grass abundance.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN872</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 15, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 15, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grimm, N.B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foster, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grove, J.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hopkinson, C.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nadelhoffer, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pataki, D.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The changing landscape: ecosystem responses to urbanization and pollution across climatic and societal gradients</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climatic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gradients</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">societal</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-012.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">264-272</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urbanization, an important driver of climate change and pollution, alters both biotic and abiotic ecosystem properties within, surrounding, and even at great distances from urban areas. As a result, research challenges and environmental problems must be tackled at local, regional, and global scales. Ecosystem responses to land change are complex and interacting, occurring on all spatial and temporal scales as a consequence of connectivity of resources, energy, and information among social, physical, and biological systems. We propose six hypotheses about local to continental effects of urbanization and pollution, and an operational research approach to test them. This approach focuses on analysis of “megapolitan” areas that have emerged across North America, but also includes diverse wildland-to-urban gradients and spatially continuous coverage of land change. Concerted and coordinated monitoring of land change and accompanying ecosystem responses, coupled with simulation models, will permit robust forecasts of how land change and human settlement patterns will alter ecosystem services and resource utilization across the North American continent. This, in turn, can be applied globally.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN903</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 15, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 14, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tugel, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Incorporating invasive species and degraded landscapes into ecological site descriptions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Building Bridges: Grasslands to Rangelands</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">degraded</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological site descriptions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">invasive</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 26-31, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Louisville, KY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2100</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Site Descriptions (ESDs) and State-and-Transition Models (STMs) have been developed as means of evaluating the condition of rangelands based on Historic Climax Plant Communities (HCPCs) and for creating land management plans with an understanding of the dynamics of vegetation change.  However, with the overall increase of invasive species, either native or exotic, along with natural or man-made land degradation, it is difficult to find sites not influenced by invasive species or changes in site-defining soil properties.  In some areas, all available sites may be dominated by invasive species and/or extensively degraded.  Although STMs have been developed to include potential states caused by simple disturbances such as long-term overgrazing and increased fire frequency, it is often difficult to create STMs that integrate processes that permanently change an area to a new or modified ecological site.  In addition, it is difficult to define reference conditions in extensively altered ecological sites in a way that incorporates the former HCPC and the new ecological site properties.  This poster will explore possible solutions for writing ESDs and STMs for sites influenced by invasive species and severely degraded landscapes, along with the strengths and weaknesses of these solutions.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN938</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 30, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 30, 2007</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen, Nicole Kay</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patterns of soil and vegetation change associated with grassland-shrubland transitions: a case study</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dissertation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grassland-shrubland transition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil change, soil function</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil characteristics, spatial variability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil patterns</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil properties, changes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil, classification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil, description</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil, drought</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil, methods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil, vegetation changes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil, vegetation on gypsum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil,dune development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thesis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation change, desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation change, grass</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation change, wind erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation change,mesquite influence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation mapping, methods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation mapping, photointerpretation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation, history</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation, management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation, patterns</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation, wind erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation,gypsum soils</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation,shrub encroachment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetative succession, Prosopis dunes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Mexico State University</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Las Cruces, New Mexico</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">152</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The conversion of grasslands to shrublands has been a common feature of desertification in the northern Chihuahuan Desert and other arid and semi-arid regions of the world. This study examined the encroachment of mesquite (&lt;i&gt;Prosopis glandulosa&lt;/i&gt;) onto grasslands dominated by tobosa (&lt;i&gt;Pleuraphis mutica&lt;/i&gt;) and black grama (&lt;i&gt;Bouteloua eriopoda&lt;/i&gt;) around Red Lake, a playa in the northwest corner of the USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range. To identify factors influencing mesquite encroachment, the influences of sand deposition onto the clay soils of the tobosa grasslands and soil properties (e.g., texture, gypsum content) were intensely studied. In addition, the influences of vegetation and erosion type (wind or water) on size and orientation of intercanopy gaps were assessed for all vegetation communities. Field vegetation assessments indicated that mesquite now dominates 55% of the study area. GIS-based analyses of imagery from 1942 to 2003 found that mesquite dunelands replaced 37% of the grasslands in the study area between 1942 and 1973, and dunelands subsequently increased only 3.7% between 1973 and 2003. Mesquite encroachment was associated with increased size and decreased number of intercanopy gaps. Soil profile characterization revealed that mesquite encroachment may have been limited by high electrical conductivity and/or gypsum content of clay soils, but sand deposition on the surface did not appear to be a factor in the rate and extent of mesquite encroachment onto tobosa grasslands. In addition, cesium-137 analyses provided evidence for net erosion across the study area, with net deposition found only under grass canopies in the ecotones between the tobosa grasslands and the sand sheets dominated by mesquite dunelands. This research indicates that 1) sand deposition on fine-textured soils does not significantly facilitate mesquite encroachment; 2) the texture, electrical conductivity, and gypsum content of soils may affect the rate of mesquite encroachment but not the extent of colonization; 3) intercanopy gaps are influenced more by vegetation type (p &lt; 0.05) than by wind or water vectors (p &gt; 0.05); and 4) the formation of coppice dunes has led to the loss of landscape integrity.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pp</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN940</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00945</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA//LTER V//entered 7/23/2008; PDF availableProCite field[12]: In File, partial (7/23/2008)</style></notes><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1447</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pieper, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strategies for sustaining multiple ecosystem services from rangelands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">XXI International Rangeland Congress</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multifunction Grasslands in a Changing World. XXI International Rangeland Congress</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proceedings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangelands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustaining</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 30 - July 5</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-032.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hohhot, China</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">II</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1094</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The application of natural resource science to both management needs and policy formation has been spotty, at best.   Interestingly, rangeland science had an early history of closely supporting management needs and USA rangeland policies during the early 20th century.  This history of support unraveled during the mid part of the 20th century as the science failed to address increasingly relevant socioeconomic factors, and rangelands were sought to provide other services beyond food and fiber.  Recently, rangeland science has again been coupled to management and policy.  Sustaining any combination of goods and services from rangelands requires that linkages among science, management and policy be well established and functional. An analysis of this history of the coupling, uncoupling and then recoupling of rangeland science with both management and USA rangeland policies may provide useful insights for sustained use of these resources.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN993</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 30, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Essays of a peripheral mind: Authentic frontier gibberish</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">authentic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">essays</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">frontier</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gibberish</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peripheral mind</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trade</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-015.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> 2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The most interesting and intriguing general hypotheses currently being tested within the rangeland science profession are hypotheses related to 1) threshold-resilience (i.e., models which attempt to more explicitly characterize rangeland dynamics through detailing coupled impacts of disturbance to both vegetation and soils), 2) scaling i.e., effects of disturbance which recognize that both time and space can have differential and confounding effects on system response to those disturbances), and 3) indicators (i.e., the detection of components of ecological properties that are related to key community or landscape processes that can be used in assessment and monitoring.  The broad objectives of the above 3 mentioned general hypotheses are actually now new.  For example, for decades we have tried to understand effects of livestock grazing at pasture, allotment and ranch scales, and have worked to develop techniques to assess and monitor rangelands.  What is important about the newer hypotheses is that they reflect efforts to reinterpret the familiar, to continue to discover the hidden realities of these systems, to advance efforts to connect observations to explanations.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN980</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 15, 2007</style></custom5><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Essays of a peripheral mind: Creative destruction</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creative</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">destruction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">essays</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mind</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peripheral</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trade</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">02/01/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-016.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-32</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Since the 1950s the population of the western US has grown by more than 46 million people, and is projected to grow by an additional 20 million or so by 2025.  The increased stress on the region’s natural resources, especially water (for recent descriptions of this stress see: http://www.npr.org/programs/atc/features/2003/aug/water/ or http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/21/magazine/21water-t.html?_r=1&amp;oref=slogin), and the resulting impacts on these landscapes and its species, are well recognized.  Yet, the extent to which this population increase has driven a transition of these regional rangelands from providing the classic provisioning services of food and fiber from livestock grazing to a much more diverse non agricultural set of goods and services is often not so readily grasped.  The extent of this transition is driven home by an array of available statistics that reflect these changes (for a more complete description of rural transformations in America see the 2006 Carsey Institute Report at: http://www.carseyinstitute.unh.edu/documents/Demographics_complete_file.pdf).  For example only 25% of western US non metro counties (72 counties of 286) have a principal economic dependency on agriculture, a number that is strongly influenced by just one state – Montana.  Increasingly, these non metro areas are destinations for both recreation and retirement (over 47% of these counties are either retirement or recreation destinations, or both).  The western U.S. has shifted from a rural to a metro based population with rural economics dependent on non-agricultural enterprises.  Sustainable use of the natural resources of the western U.S. will now need to reflect the goods and services demanded by a non-agricultural oriented population.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN979</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 1, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/15/2007</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Essays of a peripheral mind: An opinion on policy</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">essays</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">opinion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peripheral</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trade journal</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-044.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42-44</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trade Journal</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN984</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Essays of a peripheral mind: Desperately creative acts</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">essays</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peripheral mind</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resource management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trade</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 1, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/09-012.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25-28</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article focuses on New Mexico rangelands and some of the more progressive resource management collaborations that are at home in the Land of Enchantment. These examples can be viewed as experiments, and they are experimental in a sense that they may still fail or reform in face of experience. These examples have several common threads, including people strongly linked to rangelands, often unusual or nontraditional alliances, and efforts often scrutinized, if not criticized. They represent collective risks, but risks seen as necessary to advance resource management beyond its current stasis. In fact, to some extent, these can be seen as acts of desperation, where some unseen threshold of necessity had been breached and the need for another management model was required. The people directly involved in these efforts may cringe, if not loudly object, to having their collaboration depicted as desperate. Yet, these creative acts each represent something other than the norm, and required considerable effort to emerge as viable resource management models against the norm. Each developed and emerged in a very different fashion. One came out of the political world, one came out of a chance encounter, and one came out of a rural community of people sitting down and talking. Obviously, experiments like these can precipitate out of many different reactants and crucibles.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN983</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 9, 2008</style></custom5></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tseelei, E.A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mongolia' s rangelands: Is livestock production the key to the future?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">future</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">livestock</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mongolia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-035.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">386-391</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Approximately half of the world’s land areas is rangeland. Over 1.5 billion people live on or immediately adjacent to this land type.  Common to these rangelands are over 1 billion domesticated animals, primarily cattle, sheep and goats that are managed by pastoralists. The ruminant digestive system common to these livestock species evolved over 20 million years ago and is a mutualistic digestive system that break cellulose bonds to free masses of metabolizable energy present it the nature and introduced forages of these rangelands.  Approximately 10% of eh world’s population are pastoralists, and many of these people live at poverty levels. However, these landscapes can also provide additional goods and services other than food and fiber.  This manuscript is a viewpoint article that debates the capacity of pastoralists, specifically those in Mongolia, to develop other goods and services in order to increase their standard of living while maintaining a sustained capacity to produce food and fiber   A key need for managing a diverse set of goods and services form any landscape, including grasslands, of Mongolia, is knowledge of the values of alternative ecosystem services and their resulting economic opportunities. This knowledge is unavailable at this time except for a few services with market opportunities.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1005</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 1, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Essays of a peripheral mind: The range problem in New Mexico</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">essays</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Mexico</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peripheral</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">range problem</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 30, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-018.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56-58</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This essay reviews the 1908 report on the condition of rangelands in New Mexico written by Elmer Ottis Wooton. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the central recommendation in that report which encouraged a federally based system of land resource management. The premise of this review is that this recommendation was inappropriate, and that management of lands that are strongly shaped by humans should be in the hands of those people living on these rangelands. The increasing frequency of locally-driven, community-based management groups in the western U.S. reflects the value of a non-federal system of management practices and applications.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN982</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 30, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 30, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosystem functions of grazing lands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Community Rangeland Mangement, People and Policy: Introducing Some Key Concepts</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangelands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrubland</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ford Foundation Press</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An ecosystem is a community of animals and plants interacting with one another and their physical environment.  Rangeland ecosystems are the communities of organisms including humans, interacting with each other within environments characterized by herbaceous and/or shrubby vegetation common to arid and semi-arid regions around the world.  These ecosystems occur  within the grasslands of  Asia, the deserts of North America, the savannas of Africa, the shrublands of Australia, the pampas of /South America, and in many other regions.  Over 1 billion people live within these rangeland ecosystems. Though many goods and services from rangeland ecosystems are critically important to the 1 billion people living on or adjacent to rangeland, many of these services lack specific economic values.  Few services are linked to an economic market that would create specific values, or incentives for conservation of their provisions to the public.  Often values for services have been based on the known values of common goods, such as the value of rangeland for providing forage for grazing livestock.  These economic values are often quite low because of the relatively low production capacities of the world’s rangelands.  However, markets for less traditional regulating services such as carbon sequestration, or cultural services such as recreation, are emerging.  It will be critical that appropriate policies are implemented that provide appropriate incentives and benefits that will support the conservation of any ecosystem services as their economic values are more readily apparent and utilized.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN981</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Topic #16</style></notes><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 14, 2008</style></custom5><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dynamic soil property reference values and soil resilience: Keys to developing innovative, sustainable solutions for American agriculture?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geological Society of America</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Joint Meetings</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reference</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resilience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">value</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 5-9, 200</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Houston, TX</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">679-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farmers, ranchers, conservationists and other land managers can benefit from four types of soil information when developing new management systems and deciding where to apply currently available systems: (1) values for relatively static soil properties and relationships to plant growth, (2) values for relatively dynamic soil properties that have a significant effect on soil functions such as supporting plant growth, (3) reference values for the potential range of variability for these dynamic soil properties for their soil(s), and (4) information on resistance to degradation and the extent and rate of recovery (resilience) that should be expected in response to a change in management or other perturbation to their soil(s). The first type of information is widely available through existing soil surveys. The second can be easily measured. The third would be generated through the implementation of the strategic plan for integrating dynamic soil properties into the National Cooperative Soil Survey. The value of this dataset would continue to increase with the number and diversity of management systems and/or ecological states included. Increased availability of standardized, quantitative data on the current range of variability for their soil would help farmers define realistic targets, while providing baseline values for innovative land managers to attempt to exceed. This has the potential to extend the benefits of competition beyond yield maximization. The fourth type of information (resilience) would help land managers increase their ability to anticipate and avoid degradation, while targeting limited resources to target opportunities to promote recovery. This paper will illustrate the points above using several short- and long-term datasets.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1159</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 1, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 15, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wills, S.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tugel, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil, resilience, and state and transition models</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management Annual Meetings</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Building Bridges: Grasslands to Rangelands</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resilience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">state and transition models</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 26-31, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Louisville, KY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1514</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">State and transition models are based on the assumption that less resilient systems are more susceptible to state changes. The objective of this paper is to show how two different types of soil properties contribute to resilience through their direct and indirect effects on ecosystem processes, and through feedbacks with plants, and how this information can be used to guide the sampling of dynamic soil properties. Relatively static soil and topographic properties including texture, mineralogy, depth, slope and aspect determine, together with climate, the ecological site potential. This potential is realized through the establishment of plant and soil biotic communities, and through the subsequent modification of dynamic properties throughout the soil profile including infiltration and water holding capacity and nutrient availability. We will present results of new analyses of variability in soil properties at multiple spatial scales that illustrate both the interactions between relatively static and dynamic soil properties, and the appropriate scales for sampling. We will conclude with the results of a modeling exercise showing how changes in a relatively static soil property (soil surface texture) generated by a state change in an upwind ecological site can trigger soil-plant feedbacks resulting in changes in both dynamic soil properties and plant community composition, and discuss the application of an understanding of changes in relatively static and dynamic soil properties to assessment and  monitoring of the effects of conservation practices (including CEAP).</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1225</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 31, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 30, 2007</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen, N.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ritchie, J.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, G.S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Application of soil physical models to predict soil deposition effects on plant establishment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93rd Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93rd ESA Annual Meetings</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">despsition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water infiltration</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 4-8, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milwaukee, WI</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48-147</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil erosion and deposition often result in significant soil profile modifications, including soil surface texture and structure changes. These properties affect water infiltration and available water holding capacity, both of which affect plant water availability. Because plants are especially sensitive to desiccation during establishment, near-surface changes in these properties can have significant effects on plant community dynamics. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of soil erosion and deposition on plant establishment, and to explore the patterns of shrub encroachment associated with soil deposition. A field study and a series of modeling exercises were completed at the Jornada Experimental Range in association with the Jornada LTER. The Jornada is located in the northern Chihuahuan Desert in south-central New Mexico, and receives approximately 245mm of precipitation, the majority of which arrives during the summer growing season. The field study included repeat air photo analysis, detailed mapping of plant cover, composition and spatial structure, field soil interpretation, and characterization of contemporary soil redistribution based on cesium analyses.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1185</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 15, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 15, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A lunch date with your future: Exploring non-academic jobs through personal interviews</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interviews</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">non-academic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">review article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thorso</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 15, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">337-338</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article is a response to an article by Eileen Thorsos in which she describes how non-academic jobs can be explored through personal interviews. The response emphasizes the importance of finding people, rather than job titles, to interview. The same title can mean very different things in different organizations, and even within the same organization. Soil scientists who work for the Natural Resources Conservation Service may be asked to spend much of their time conducting workshops and developing protocols, while US Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (ARS), and US Geological Survey scientists often have responsibilities that are virtually distinguishable from those of university professors with 100% research appointments. Although Thorsos’ structured approach has several potential benefits, more serendipitous conversations can be equally valuable when searching for subjects, keep in mind that the most obvious venues are not necessarily the best. The article concludes by encouraging other students to follow Thorsos’ lead, while keeping in mind that many of the same limitations that apply to ecological research based on small, non-random samples also apply to career investigations.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1152</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">review article</style></notes><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 9, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 24, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, G.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen, N.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predicting soil erosion and deposition effects on plant establishment: A key to increasing restoration success</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">XXI International Grassland Congress; VII International Rangeland Congress</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land degradation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proceedings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">restoration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seedling establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil erosion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 29-July 5, </style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">743</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil erosion and deposition can result in significant modification of the soil profile, including changes in soil surface texture and structure. A series of field studies and modeling exercises are currently being completed at the USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, located in the northern Chihuahuan Desert in south-central New Mexico, USA to examine the effects of soil erosion and deposition on plant establishment. As predicted, model results showed that sand addition to the soil surface affected establishment differently depending on the amount of sand added and the initial soil texture. Field studies of areas where sand deposition has been occurring during past several decades indicate that plant community dynamics are controlled by a number of different factors in addition to sand deposition, and that feedbacks with the plant community itself are likely to be important. We conclude that careful characterization of site conditions and soil profile characteristics should be completed before restoration. At a minimum, changes in soil water characteristics should be predicted using texture relationships. In some cases, restoration treatments can be designed to improve water holding capacity by promoting soil deposition.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1184</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 15, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 29, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crossland, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simplifying ecological site verification, rangeland health assessments, and monitoring</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-052.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24-26</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">During the past several decades, scientists and land managers in North America have increasingly recognized the importance of rangeland assessment relative to ecological potential based on soil and climate. The adoption of the site potential based “ecological site” system was recently formalized in a memorandum of understanding between the US Forest Service, the Bureau of Land Management, and the Natural Resources Conservation Service. During the same period, integration of soil and vegetation indicators has led to the development and adoption of new assessment protocols, such as “Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health. “In addition to requiring ecological site identification based on soils, this protocol includes at least two indicators that require soil excavation: “soil surface loss or degradation” and “compaction layer.” The “pedestals and/or terracettes” indicator also sometimes requires excavation to determine whether erosion or deposition has resulted in the apparent elevation of plants relative to the soil surface. All three of these indicators can be difficult to assess in some ecological sites, and we have found that the best way to learn is through observation and comparison of a large number of soil profiles. Many monitoring protocols in the United States and Canada also include soil indicators. Some have even argued that, “If one agrees that a variety of current and potential plant communities can occur above a conservation threshold for a particular ecological site, then monitoring vegetation has to take a backseat to monitoring soils.”</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1161</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trade Journal</style></notes><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 need to report 2010</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James, A.I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edridge, D.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Koen, T.B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, W. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscape position moderates how ant nests affect hydrology and soil chemsitry across a Chihuahuan Desert watershed</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscape Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">infiltration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscape scale</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">macropores</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sorptivity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 15, 200</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-039.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">961-975</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ants moderate the supply of critical resources such as water and nutrients in desert environments by changing the physical arrangement of soils during nest construction. We measured water infiltration and soil physical and chemical properties on and off the nests of two ant species (&lt;i&gt;Pogonomyrmex rugosus, Aphaenogaster cockerelli&lt;/i&gt;) across five sites at differing landscape positions within a Chihuahuan Desert watershed. Our aim was to test whether the effects of these long-lived ant nests on water infiltration and soil chemistry varied between ant species or across sites within a watershed. Water flow was generally slowest at the site with the highest silt and clay contents, and fastest at the site with sandy soils. Flow was generally greater through ant nest soils than adjacent non-nest soils, and we attribute this to increases in macropores in the nests. However, the effects of both ant nests and species varied among sites. Despite wide variation in soil chemical properties across all sites, ant nests had a consistent effect on soil chemical properties, with higher levels of carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and electrical conductivity on nests compared with non-nest soils. Our results demonstrate that while we can generalise about the effects of ant nests on water flow and nutrient levels, differences in soil type, nest density and ant species across sites are likely to moderate these effects.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1330</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 12, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 21, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapp, A.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Briggs, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, S.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archer, S.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bret-Harte, M.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ewers, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaver, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cleary, M.B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrub encroachment in North American grasslands: Shifts in growth form dominance rapidly alters control of ecosystem carbon inputs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">encroachment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grass-dominated biomes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grasslands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">growth form</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LAI</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAP</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">North American</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrublands</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 30, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-005.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">615-623</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrub encroachment into grass-dominated biomes is occurring globally due to a variety of anthropogenic activities, but the consequences for carbon (C) inputs, storage and cycling remain unclear.  We studied eight North American graminoid-dominated ecosystems invaded by shrubs, from arctic tundra to Atlantic coastal dunes, to quantify patterns and controls of C inputs via aboveground net primary production (ANPP). Across a 4-fold range in mean annual precipitation (MAP), a key regulator of ecosystem C input at the continental scale, shrub invasion decreased ANPP in xeric sites, but dramatically increased ANPP (&gt;1000 g/m2) at high MAP, where shrub patches maintained extraordinarily high leaf area. Concurrently, the relationship between MAP and ANPP shifted from being non-linear in grasslands to linear in shrublands. Thus, relatively abrupt (&lt;50 yrs) shifts in growth form dominance, without changes in resource quantity, can fundamentally alter continental-scale pattern of C inputs and control by MAP in ways that exceed the direct effects of climate change alone.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1403</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 18, 2007</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation of object-based texture measures at mutliple scales in sub-decimeter resolution aerial photography</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">imagery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">object-based</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">panchromatic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proceedings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sub-decimeter</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 6, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-045.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calgary</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">XXXVII4/C1</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Texture measures are commonly used to increase the number of input bands in order to improve classification accuracy, especially for panchromatic or true color imagery. While the use of texture measures in pixel-based analysis has been well documented, this is not the case for texture measures calculated in an object-based environment. In addition, the latter application is computer intensive, and may occur at multiple segmentation scales. Therefore fewer variables are preferred and a knowledge of correlation and how it changes across segmentation scales is required. The objectives of this study were to assess correlations between texture measures as a function of segmentation scale while mapping rangeland vegetation structure groups. A 5-cm resolution true-color aerial photo mosaic was segmented at 15 consecutively coarser scales using the object-based image analysis Definiens Professional. We investigated 10 gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) texture measures, determined the optimal texture measures for each scale with a decision tree, and calculated correlation coefficients for all texture pairs. Entropy, mean and correlation were least correlated with other texture measures at all scales. The highest correlation that remained stable across all segmentation scales was found for contrast and dissimilarity. We observed both increasing and decreasing correlation coefficients for texture pairs as segmentation scale increased, and there was larger variability from one scale to the next at finer segmentations and more consistency in correlation at medium to coarse scales. This was attributed to the fact that at finer segmentation scales, smaller objects were more numerous, and the ratio of edge to interior pixels for an image object was higher than at coarser scales. At medium to coarse scales, vegetation patches were delineated more precisely, and as a result, classification accuracy and class separability were highest. Due to the sensitivity of texture to scale, an optimal segmentation scale is important in object-based analysis. This approach allowed for determining the most suitable and uncorrelated texture measures at the optimal image analysis scale, was less computer intensive than a series of test classifications, and shows promise for incorporation into rangeland monitoring protocols with very high resolution imagery.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1460</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 10, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 25, 2008</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Incorporation of texture, intensity, hue, and saturation for rangeland monitoring with unmanned aircraft imagery</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GEOBIA Proceedings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aerial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hyperspatial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">imagery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">object-based</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proceedings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UAV</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-046.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calgary, Canada</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">XXXVII</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4/C1</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aerial photography acquired with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has great potential for incorporation into rangeland health monitoring protocols, and object-based image analysis is well suited for this hyperspatial imagery. A major drawback, however, is the low spectral resolution of the imagery, because most lightweight cameras suitable for UAVs only acquire imagery in the red, green, and blue bands (RGB). Potential solutions include the incorporation of intensity, hue, and saturation (IHS) and/or texture measures. The use of texture had improved classification results in a related study, but we wanted to investigate whether IHS would yield similar results, because texture calculations in object-based analysis are computer intensive. Our objectives were to determine the optimal analysis scale and optimal band combinations: RGB, RGB+texture, RGB+IHS, or RGB+IHS+texture. Eight aerial photos were mosaicked and segmented at 15 consecutively coarser scale parameters (from 10 to 80) using the object-based image analysis program Definiens Professional. Class separation distances, classification accuracies and Kappa Index of Agreement were used to assess the classifications. The highest classification accuracies were achieved at segmentation scales between 50 and 70 and were consistently in the high 90% range, regardless of which bands were included. The inclusion of texture measures increased classification accuracies at nearly all segmentation scales, but the use of RGB+IHS alone resulted in comparable accuracies at most scales and with considerably less computation time. Techniques used in this study offer an objective approach for determining segmentation scale, and for selecting bands useful for rangeland mapping with hyperspatial, low spectral resolution imagery.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1459</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 10, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 25, 2008</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winters, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A procedure for orthorectification of sub-decimeter resolution imagery obtained with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Proceedings</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Proceedings</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aerial photography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">high resolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">imagery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UAV</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 28, 2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-047.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Portland, OR</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digital aerial photography acquired with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has great value for resource management due to the flexibility and relatively low cost for image acquisition, and very high resolution imagery (5 cm) which allows for mapping bare soil and vegetation types, structure and patterns in great detail. While image acquisition is relatively straightforward, the creation of orthorectified, GIS-ready image mosaics presents multiple challenges. Those include relatively small image footprints, image distortion due to the use of low-cost digital cameras, difficulty in locating ground control points and in automatic generation of tie points, and relatively large errors in exterior orientation (camera position and attitude information from the UAV’s GPS/IMU). We developed an automated procedure to improve the accuracy of the exterior orientation by matching the UAV images to an orthorectified reference image. Using the UAV reported exterior orientation and camera geometry, combined with the reference image and DEM, the algorithm simulates image acquisition and then computes the covariance between camera image and simulated image pixels. With this evaluation function, a heuristic search algorithm finds successive improvements to the external orientation, ultimately producing a corrected exterior orientation that allows orthorectification with minimal input of tie points and/or ground control points. The RMS error for a 5-cm resolution, 257-image mosaic was 48 cm. Cost and turnaround time for production of orthorectified mosaics from UAV imagery are considerable reduced due to less time and money spent on ground control point and manual tie point collection.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1468</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 20, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 29, 2008</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laney, C.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Servilla, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Addressing challenges in cross-site synthesis of long-term ecological data</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Informatics International Conference</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Conference on Ecological Informatics 6</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EcoTrends</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">informatics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cancun, Mexico</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term ecological datasets are becoming increasingly abundant on the internet, and are available both on websites hosted by the originating sites and/or in online repositories. While sites and networks are increasingly conforming to adopted metadata standards (which themselves continue to evolve to meet modern data collection challenges), the data themselves are often found in seemingly infinite combinations of 1) various formats, ranging from fixed width format to complex Microsoft Excel workbooks, 2) various levels of quality, from raw, unchecked data to flagged and corrected data values, and 3) various levels of time-step aggregations, from the raw data that include every data point measured, to data aggregated into annual means, totals or other estimations. In addition, datasets are documented to varying levels of completeness. Thus, the time-consuming process of preparing data from different sites (or even from different studies) for synthetic analyses and visualization often falls on the researchers interested in making the comparisons, with support of principal investigators and information managers associated with the project or site of origination. Over time, many researchers may have to independently aggregate the same data. With increasing demand for these synthetic analyses, coupled with decreasing availability of time and funding, it is important that these datasets be made not only more accessible, but in forms that allow comparisons and visualizations to be made quickly and in a single website location. To respond to this demand, the EcoTrends project (http://www.ecotrends.info) was initiated in 2004 to synthesize long-term datasets (&gt; 10 years) from many US sites. Here, we discuss how data were obtained from partnering sites; how they were handled, from origination to derivation being made available on the EcoTrends web portal; and how the  website component of this project meets the needs of ecologists. We also discuss lessons learned along the way and present recommendations for future projects.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1489</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 30, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 13, 2008</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laundre, J.W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hernandez, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campanella, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James, D.K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodent density and the landscape of fear in the Chihuahuan Desert</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93rd Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93rd ESA Annual Meetings</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desnity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rodent</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 3-8, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COS 118-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small mammals in desert environments are important links in ecosystem energy flow, with their densities often effecting the abundance of their primarily predators.  Granivorous small mammals also affect seed dispersal and can shape vegetation characteristics.  Consequently, factors affecting small mammal abundance are important in understanding community and ecosystem structure and dynamics.  Small mammal abundance has been attributed to levels of precipitation/primary productivity (bottom up) and/or removal by predation (top down).  However, small mammal abundance can vary greatly over the landscape in relatively short (&lt; 5 km) distances.  Similarities in precipitation amounts and predator abundance on this small scale do not explain this within-landscape variation in abundance.  However, on this scale, habitat heterogeneity can be high. Under the landscape of fear model, such habitat heterogeneity can result in proportionally different amounts of safe vs risky habitat and consequently, predation risk among adjacent areas.  We predicted that density of small mammals in an area is inversely related to the proportion of risky habitat/level of predation risk of an area.  We tested this prediction with kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spp.) in two geographically separate areas of the Chihuahaun Desert:  Mapimi Biosphere reserve in Durango Mexico and the Jornada Experimental range in New Mexico.  We measured giving up densities (GUDs) in 8 distinct areas of similar shrub/grass habitat with different densities of kangaroo rats. GUD’s were measured with commercial 50 x30 x 10 cm aluminum buffet trays containing 3 kg of sand and 4 g of millet seed.  The specific prediction was that GUDs would be inversely related to kangaroo rat densities.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1497</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 15, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 15, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Junran</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, Gregory S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alvarez, Lorelei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epstein, Howard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of wind erosion on the spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients in two desert grassland communities</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biogeochemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geostatistics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial heterogeneity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wind erosion, soil carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wind erosion, soil nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wind erosion, soil nutrients</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">88</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind is known to affect the spatial heterogeneity of soil resources in arid and semiarid systems, but multi-year, quantified observations are largely absent. We studied the effects of wind erosion on the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) and other soil nutrients at the Jornada Experimental Range, in southern New Mexico. Enhanced wind erosion was encouraged by grass cover reduction in a Sporobolus-mesquite dominated site (SM) and a Bouteloua-mesquite dominated site (BM). The scale and magnitude of spatial dependence for the soil analytes were quantified using geostatistical analyses. Results of this study show that soil organic matter related analytes such as SOC, TN, Navail, and SO&lt;sub&gt;4 &lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; are among the first to be eroded and redistributed; cations such as Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; and Mg&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; may not be removed and redistributed significantly; and other ions such as K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;, Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; and Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; showed no discernible pattern of change. Geostatistics show that wind appeared to increase the scale of spatial autocorrelation, but decrease the scale of spatial dependence of most soil analytes over 2–3 windy seasons. In the wind enhanced plot of the SM site, up to 99% of the spatial dependence of SOC was autocorrelated at the distance of 1.45 m before the initiation of wind erosion, but the spatial dependence dropped significantly to only 60% at a larger autocorrelation distance of 2.76 m after three windy seasons. Similar but less significant changes were observed for SOC in the BM site. Despite the differential effects of wind on the soil analytes, we conclude that the overall results of wind on the grass cover reduction plots are the disappearance of small, strong fertile islands, which may be related to grasses; and the reinforcement of large fertile islands, which are likely related to mesquite shrubs. In addition, the change of the spatial patterns of SOC and other soil nutrients induced by enhanced wind erosion may persist and reinforce soil islands associated with shrubs, thus allowing a positive feedback for further desertification in this arid grassland.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1508</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00943</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA//LTER-V//entered 06/06/2008; PDF on file</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (06/06/2008)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1443</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lightfoot, David C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brantley, Sandra L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allen, Craig D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geographic patterns of ground-dwelling arthropods across an ecoregional transition in the North American Southwest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Western North American Naturalist</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arthropod, biogeography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arthropod, ecotones</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arthropod, geographic distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arthropod, ground-dwelling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arthropod, species richness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cricket, geographic distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grasshopper, geographic distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spider, geographic distribution</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83-102</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We examined the biogeographic patterns of ground-dwelling arthropod communities across a heterogeneous semiarid region of the Southern Rio Grande Rift Valley of New Mexico. Our 3 sites included portions of 5 ecoregions, with the middle site a transition area where all ecoregions converged. We addressed the following 3 questions: (1) Do the species assemblage patterns for ground arthropods across habitats and sites conform to recognized ecoregions? (2) Are arthropod assemblages in distinct vegetation-defined habitats within an ecoregion more similar to each other or to assemblages in similar vegetation-defined habitats in other ecoregions? (3) Is there a detectable edge effect with increased arthropod diversity in the area of converging ecoregions? We encountered 442 target arthropod species from pitfall traps operating continuously for 7 years over a series of different habitats at each of the 3 sites. We examined geographic distributions of spider and cricket/grasshopper species in detail, and they showed affinities for different ecoregions, respectively. Each habitat within a study site supported a unique overall arthropod assemblage; nevertheless, different habitats at the same site were more similar to each other than they were to similar habitats at other sites. Overall arthropod species richness was greatest in the area where all 5 ecoregions converged. Arthropod species and their geographic distributions are poorly known relative to vascular plants and vertebrate animals. Findings from this research indicate that ecoregional classification is a useful tool for understanding biogeographic patterns among arthropods.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1514</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00920</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//NMSU,USDA//LTER V//entered 04/03/2008, pdf available</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (04/03/2008)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1413</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, M.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrow, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osuna, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reyes-Vera, I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Enhancing native grass productivity by cocultivating with endophyte-laden calli</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atriplex canescens</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bouteloua eriopoda</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">endophytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">native grasses</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">non-mycorrhizal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sporobolus airoides</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sporobolus cryptandrus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-004.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">124-130</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The influence native endophytes have on grass establishment and productivity was evaluated by co-cultivating Bouteloua eriopoda (Torr.) Torr. (black grama) or Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray (sand dropseed) seedlings with endophyte-laden calli from three of four native grass and shrub species; Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. (fourwing saltbush), S. cryptandrus, S.  airoides (Torr.) Torr. (alkali sacaton), and B. eriopoda in-vitro.  Following co-cultivation, grass seedlings were hardened and transferred to 3 replicate field plots each containing 16 grass plants of a single species which had been co-cultivated with a single callus species.  Plant establishment rates, heights, crown diameters, above ground biomass, seed yields, and seed quality were compared.   In B. eriopoda (black grama), significant increases in plant biomass were not observed. However, early plant heights and crown diameters, establishment rates, and stolon production were higher in some callus treatments.  In S. cryptandrus (sand dropseed), all variables were positively influenced by one or more of the endophyte treatments.  Biomass increases ranged from 2.5 to 3-fold over untreated plants, and harvested seed increased 5.9-fold in plants treated with endophytes from A. canescens (fourwing saltbush).  Seed quality, determined by purity, germination rates, and tetrazolium assays, and did not differ across endophyte treatments for either grass.  There is evidence that endophyte transfer is responsible for the altered vigor of treated plants, but this conclusion requires further study.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1544</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 31, 2006</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 11, 2007</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, M.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrow, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osuna-Avila, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reyes-Vera, I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A cryptic microbial community persists within micropropagated &lt;i&gt;Bouteloua eriopods &lt;/i&gt;(Torr.) Torr. cultures</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bouteloua eriopoda</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">endophytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gungal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">icroporpagated</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">population</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 16, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-008.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">174</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">570-575</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Higher plants are ubiquitously colonized with fungal endophytes, which often lack readily detectable structures.  This study examines the diverse endophyte population within a single line of micropropagated Bouteloua eriopoda (Torr.) Torr., using microscopy and comparison of internal spacer (ITS) gene sequences obtained from both plant and isolated fungal tissues.  Sequences amplified from three ascomycete and one basidiomycete fungi isolated from a micropropagated line were compared to seven unique, ITS sequences amplified directly from the fungal-laden micropropagated plant tissue.  Clone sequences were also compared to grass ITS sequences.  Bayesian analysis placed four of the seven sequences in a tight grass clade.  The remaining sequences were placed in a more diverse clade representing both cultured and uncultured endophytes.   Results confirm a diverse, cryptic endophyte consortium is retained within this micropropagated plant line.  The probability that similar complexity is common among higher plants implies a need to revise commonly held assumptions that aseptically propagated plants are axenic.  Genes and natural products derived from such systems could be microbial in origin.  Meanwhile, while the development of controlled systems in which to study single plant-fungal interactions presents significant technical challenges, the potential to uncover multi-species interactions that influence plant growth and development is high.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1546</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 17, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 28, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mahowald, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jickells, T. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baker, A. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artaxo, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benitez-Nelson, C. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bergametti, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bond, T. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cohen, D. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herut, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kubilay, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Losno, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luo, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maenhaut, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McGee, K. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, G.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Siefert, R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tsukuda, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The global distribution of atmospheric phosphorus deposition and anthropogenic impacts</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Biogeochemical Cycles</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">anthropogenic impacts/ atmospheric deposition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phosphorus deposition</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GB4026</style></pages><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3282</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marshall, J.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blair, J.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, M .</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predicting and understanding ecosystem responses to climate change at continental scales</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continental scales</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global ecosystem</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-013.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">273-280</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate is changing around the world across a range of scales from local to global, but ecological consequences remain difficult to understand and predict. Such predictions are complicated by changes in connectivity of resources, in particular water, nutrients, and propagules, that influence the way ecological responses scale from local to regional and from regional to continental.  This paper describes ecological responses at regional to continental scales associated with four key meso-scale drivers that influence the ecosystems of the continental interior: drought, warming, snowpack disappearance, and altered fire regime. These drivers will affect, for example,  atmospheric smoke, dust, and reactive nitrogen concentrations; stream discharge, nitrate concentrations, and sediment loads; and the vector-borne spread of invasive species and infectious diseases. A key component of the continental network should be simulation models that describe transport vectors, particularly atmospheric, hydrologic, and human transport processes, that connect different spatial scales.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1606</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 20, 2007</style></custom5><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martinec, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roberts, R.T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) User's Manual</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowmelt runoff model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SRM</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">user's manual</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-023.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Mexico State University</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Las Cruces, NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">175 pp</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This 2008 edition of the User’s Manual presents a new computer program, the Windows Version 1.11 of the Snowmelt Runoff Model (WinSRM). The popular Version 4 is also preserved in the Appendix because it is still in demand to be used within its limits. The Windows version adds new capabilities: it accepts more detailed climate scenarios; for example, different daily changes of temperature and precipitation. It makes possible to substitute a data set of temperatures and precipitation of a selected year as a “climate scenario” for any available existing year and evaluate the resulting snow conditions and runoff. A normalized year, including normalized Conventional Depletion Curves (CDC’s) from long term temperature and precipitation data can be derived to represent today’s climate. It is now possible to divide a basin into as many as 16 elevation or other zones in order to refine the modeling, while Version 4 only allowed 8. These improvements facilitate new developments in SRM applications which are already taking place: runoff modeling by using different land use zones, separating satellite mapping of snow and glaciers, runoff modeling in very large basins with an extreme elevation range, and others. The specific features of WinSRM Version 1.11 are explained in detail in this document in Sections 8.5, 8.6, 9, and 10. WinSRM Version 1.11 has been developed without sacrificing the advantages of the SRM Version 4, in particular the speed of getting results. Both versions are available on the Internet by accessing http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=8872. Should this link not be “current” for the reader, one can “search” on “SRM home” or “WinSRM” to locate a “current site”. So far, four SRM workshops (in 1992, 1994, 1996, and 1998) have been organized at the University of Bern, Switzerland, with about 130 participants from 20 countries taking part. A fifth SRM workshop was organized in 2005 at New Mexico State University. In addition, the authors are available to assist users in overcoming special problems which may be encountered.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1608</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 1, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 1, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meyerson, L. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, O. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Froment, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Friedman, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hund-Rinke, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martens, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mazumder, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Purohit, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomas, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilby, A.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, O. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meyerson, L. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parmesan, C.  (eds.)</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable allocation of biodiversity to improve human health and well-being</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity change and human health: from ecosystem services to spread of disease</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biodiversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">book</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chapter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disease</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem services</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">report</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Island Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Washington, DC</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1638</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//OTHER//LTER-V//entered 06/02/2008 per DEPProCite field[6]: In</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Not in File</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1433</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meyerson, F. A. B..</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meyerson, L. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parmesan, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, O. E.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, O. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meyerson, L. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parmesan, C.  (eds.)</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human health, biodiversity and ecosystem services: the intertwined challenging future</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity change and human health: from ecosystem services to spread of disease</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biodiversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">book</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chapter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disease</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem services</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">report</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Island Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Washington, DC</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1637</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//OTHER//LTER-V//entered 06/02/2008 per DEPProCite field[6]: In</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Not in File</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1434</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moran, M.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McClaran, M.P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nichols, M.H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adams, M.B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term data collection at USDA experimental sites for studies of ecohydrology</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecohydrology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abiotic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biotic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">watersheds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-040.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">377-393</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Federally established watersheds, rangelands and forests have produced long-term records of biotic and abiotic measurements that span decades and centuries across the U.S.  The goal of this review is to express the value of such long-term data for understanding and predicting ecosystem dynamics and the importance of continued long-term data collection.  The basic conclusion is that the current understanding of hydrologic, ecologic, and climatic processes would simply not be possible without these multi-decadal datasets.  Similarly, the development of many prediction models has been based largely on parameterization and validation with these data.  As a result, long-term data have influenced management strategies for the most important activities and events affecting our natural resources, including livestock grazing, erosion control, logging, urbanization, disease, flood, drought, fire, desertification, and non-native plant invasion.  Long-term data collection is just as important now as it was when the federal experimental watersheds, rangelands and forests were established nearly a century ago. There is a movement in the U.S. to develop a network of networks to study spatial patterns as well as temporal trends.  Toward this integrated scientific infrastructure, new long-term data collection efforts have been designed to coordinate with existing networks, and existing long-term data collection networks have adapted their measurements to address new science issues.  This flexibility and foresight has made, and continues to make, long-term data collection sustainable, relevant and inherently valuable.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1708</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 13, 2006</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 17, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moran, M.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McClaran, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nichols, M.H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adams, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term data collection at USDA experimental sites for studies of ecohydrology</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28th Conference on Agriculture and Forest Meteorology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecohydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">watersheds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 28, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The goal of this review is to show the value of long-term, continuous data from the network of USDA experimental watersheds, forests and ranges for studying the interaction between ecology and hydrology, termed ecohydrology.  We identified 81 USDA experimental sites with data records of more than 20 years measuring important ecosystem dynamics, such as variations in vegetation, precipitation, climate, runoff, water quality and soil moisture.  Through a series of examples, we showed how USDA long-term data have been used to understand key ecohydrological issues, including 1) critical thresholds and cyclic trends, 2) time lags between cause and effects, 3) context of rare and extreme events and 4) land surface simulation modeling.  New analyses of network-wide, long-term data from USDA experimental sites were used to explore the scales of temporal and spatial measurement required for ecological and hydrological research.  The results underscored the need for continuous, interdisciplinary data records spanning more than 20 years across a wide range of ecosystems within and outside the conterminous U.S. for key ecohydrological research.  The basic conclusion is that USDA experimental sites play a unique and important role in addressing the major crosscutting problems facing ecohydrology, such as spatial complexity and scaling, thresholds, and feedbacks and interactions.  Conversely, the heightened interest in ecohydrology has impacted USDA experimental sites by encouraging new long-term data collection efforts and adapting existing long-term data collection networks to address new science issues.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1707</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 5, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 1, 2005</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mueller, Eva Nora</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wainwright, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parsons, Anthony J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial variability of soil and nutrient characteristics of semi-arid grasslands and shrublands, Jornada Basin, New Mexico</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecohydrology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">connectivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desert ecosystems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grassland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jornada</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jornada Basin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrubland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil characteristics, spatial variability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil nutrients, spatial variability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial variability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-12</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DOI: 10.1002/eco.1</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heterogeneity of vegetation and soil properties is characteristic of semi-arid and arid environments. The potential underlying causes of the dynamics that create this spatial variability, with consequent impacts on landscape connectivity and thus ecological and ecohydrological processes, are not clearly understood. An investigation was carried out into the spatial variability of ponded infiltration rate, soil moisture, soil-aggregate stability, vegetation cover, random roughness and nutrient content in the soil (ammonium, nitrate and phosphorus) at grassland and shrubland sites for two spatial scales in the Jornada Basin, in the northern part of the Chihuahua desert. At the plant-interplant scale, statistically significant differences exist between vegetated and non-vegetated sites for soil moisture and infiltration rate within both shrublands and grasslands. The spatial distributions of all other parameters follow a more complex scheme at this scale. At the landscape scale, distinct differences exist for most parameters between the grasslands and the shrubland sites. Geostatistical analysis revealed that the autocorrelation lengths are not simply a function of average shrub sizes, but may be caused by a more complex pattern probably related to the spatial layout of rill and inter-rill areas and other localized transfers of soil resources through the redistribution of water and wind. These results demonstrate the importance of understanding spatial linkages of processes within the landscape in understanding dryland ecosystem dynamics. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1719</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00940</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA//LTER-V//entered 06/02/2008; PDF on file</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (06/02/2008)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1430</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northcott, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andersen, M.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roemer, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demers, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Truett, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ford, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial analysis of effects of mowing and burning on colony expansion in reintroduced black-tailed prairie dog (&lt;i&gt;Cynomys ludovicianus)&lt;/i&gt;</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Restoration Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fossorial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prairie</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 September </style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-034.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">495-502</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Factors contributing to the expansion of prairie dog (Cynomys spp.) colonies are poorly understood. Models simulating expansion of fossorial mammal populations interacting with the physical environment have shown mixed results. Data of burrow locations, burrow status, entrance type, aspect, and other characteristics were collected over a 4-year period on three study colonies. Several 50 m x 50 m plots were either mowed or burned near the periphery of the 3 colonies to determine the effects of these treatments on colony expansion. Spatial point patterns of burrows were analyzed for the post-treatment period. The overall orientation of new burrow locations was also examined. These analyses dealt exclusively with active burrows since numbers of active burrows are highly correlated with population density. Chi-square analysis suggested that burrows tended to be clustered. Directional analysis showed that colony expansion was oriented towards the treated plots 1 and 2 years after the treatments. K-function plots showed clustering at distances of 5.0 – 7.0 m. These analyses show that the fire and mowing treatments influence colony expansion. Our results contribute to our current knowledge of the factors both promoting and constraining the expansion of reintroduced prairie dog colonies, and may lead to more effective management of prairie dog colonies following reintroduction.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1784</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 1, 2005</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 20, 2006</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obeidat, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bai, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rayson, G.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Puscheck, A.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landau, S.Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glasser, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A multi-source portable light emiting diode spectrofluorometer</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied Speactroscopy</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LED</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spectrofluorometer</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 1, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-006.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">327-332</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	A portable luminescence spectrofluorometer weighing only 1.5 kg that uses multiple light emitting diodes (LEDs) as excitation sources was developed and evaluated. Excitation using a sequence of seven individual broad-band LED emission sources enabled the generation of excitation-emission spectra using a light weight (&amp;lt;1.5 kg) spectrometer. Limits of detection for rhodamine 6G, rhodamine B and fluorescein were 2.9, 3.2, and 11.0 nM, respectively. Generation of excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) enabled the analysis of samples containing mixtures of rhodamine B and fluorescein. Buffered saline plant and animal feed extracts were also analyzed using this instrument. These samples included the woody plants Pistacia lentiscus (Evergreen pistache or Mastic) and Philyria latifolia, and the herbaceous species Medicago sativa (alfalfa), Trifolium spp. (clover), and a feed concentrate. Application of multi-way principal component analysis (MPCA) to the resulting three-dimensional data sets enabled discernment among these various diet constituents.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1789</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	September 5, 2007&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	December 28, 2007&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	2008&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, G.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alvarez, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">D'Odorico, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feedbacks between aeolian processes, vegetation productivity, and nutrient flux in deserts</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geological Society of America Meetings</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geological Society of America Meetings</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aeolian</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biotic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">semiarid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wind</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind is a key abiotic factor that influences the dynamics of arid and semiarid systems. A series of experiments and models will be presented that show the important feedbacks that exist between Aeolian processes and biotic process in deserts. Wind impacts vegetation by both changing the composition of the soils, mainly by winnowing fines from erosional areas and redeposition of fines in deposition areas, and by direct physical effects on plants. The former leads to significant loss and redistribution of soil organic matter and plant nutrients as well as the disruption of nutrient cycling process. The latter leads to burial, pedestaling, leaf stripping and branch abrasion that lead to increased plant mortality. There is significant evidence that this leads to state changes in deserts, namely replacement of grasses by shrubs, which in turn create landscapes that are far larger emitters of dust. Changes in aridity have, in the past, caused changes variations in dust emission associated with vegetation state changes and, models suggest, aeolian processes will be increasingly important in vegetation change and dust emissions in deserts.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1800</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 9, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 10, 2008</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, G.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mladenov, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cassel, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caylor, K. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ringrose, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Macko, S. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial patterns of soil nutrients in two southern African savannas</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">G02011</style></pages><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3287</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peinetti, H.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roacho-Estrada, J.O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessing the importance of landscape attributes for livestock distribution within a complex desert environment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society of America Abstracts</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstrace</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape attributes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">livestock</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 4-8, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milwaukee, WI</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54-22</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predictive models of grazing distribution are used to explore livestock – landscape interactions. However, conventional models based on local foraging rules or regression analyses have limited predictive value at larger scales commonly of interest to land managers. We developed a landscape scale model that matches the spatial scale of decision factors with the predicted distribution pattern.  The model was used to infer how animals integrate landscape factors. Predictive models of grazing suitability were generated for different seasons (Spring and Fall) and cattle breeds (Angus and Criollo) in a 2,425 ha pasture on the Jornada Experimental Range located in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. Models generate raster maps of grazing suitability using an adapted version of the Multi-Criteria Evaluation method from decision theory. Four factors: vegetation, distance from water, shrub density, and elevation were represented by 10 m grid maps. Independent GPS collars grazing positions data acquired at 5-minute intervals were used to calculate decision functions, which describe animal preference for different landscape attributes, and to evaluate how well the model fit the data. Models with three predictors produced the best fit of the data. Distance to water was the most important factor in all models. Animals showed higher preferences for areas within 4 to 6 km of permanent water depend upon breeds. Other factors were included with lower relative importance. Animal preferences were greater for areas with low shrub density and for low elevation sites where Pleuraphis mutica, Schleropogon brevifolius, and Sporobulus spp. dominate heavier texture soils. Suitable areas delimited by the models realistically represent the observed spatial pattern of grazing. Between 70 to 90 % of grazing positions occurred in cells classified by the model as suitable. Conversely, the number of suitable cells was 5 to 8 times larger than the observed grazed cells. These differences may have occurred because grazing positions correspond to a very low stocking rate (6 cows in a 2,425 ha pasture); under a realistic situation the number of grazed cells is expected to largely increase. According to the models the pasture is characterized by a single or few large grazing patches which includes about 80% of all suitable cells for grazing. This modeling approach can contribute to an understanding of how large animals perceive landscape heterogeneity.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1841</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 27,2 008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 15, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D. P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lauenroth, W.K.</style></author></authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laurenroth, W. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burke, I.C.</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation of disturbances and recovery in shortgrass steppe plant communities</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology of the Shortgrass Steepe: A long-term perspective</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gap dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">recovery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shorgrass plant community</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119-131</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The objective of this chapter was to evaluate the importance of gap dynamics concepts of succession for understanding shortgrass plant community recovery following disturbances.   A gap dynamics approach focuses on individual plants, and the interactions between disturbance characteristics and plant life history traits in explaining successional patterns. We developed a gap dynamics model for shortgrass steppe plant communities (STEPPE) based upon the conceptual and modeling framework provided by forest models, modifying it to represent Great Plains grasslands. We used STEPPE in several capacities: (1) to synthesize and integrate existing knowledge to improve our understanding of recovery processes following disturbance; (2) to identify key processes limiting recovery; and (3) to predict long- term recovery dynamics for different climate and disturbance characteristics, in particular soil texture and disturbance size. Our analyses show that seed dispersal is a key process limiting recovery of the dominant species, blue grama, across a range of disturbance sizes. Our simulation results also indicate the importance of soil properties, especially silt content, to recovery rates of blue grama, and the greater importance of seedling establishment compared to seedling growth; however these hypotheses have yet to be tested in the field.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1907</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 1, 2000</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 1, 2007</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapp, A.K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perspectives on global change theory</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society of America Abstracts</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstracts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nitrogen</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 3, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SYMP 2-7</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global changes in ecological drivers, such as CO2 concentrations, climate, and nitrogen deposition, are increasingly recognized as key to understanding contemporary ecosystem dynamics, but a coherent theory of global change has not yet been developed. We outline the characteristics of a theory of global change that draws upon other theories from a range of sub-disciplines, including population biology, landscape ecology, and Earth system sciences. The theory is based on the following propositions: (1) global scale patterns can be understood via the hierarchy of interacting processes at finer scales, from plants to landscapes and regions, and fine-scale patterns often cannot be understood without knowledge of global processes; (2) dynamics at any location on the globe are affected to varying degrees by transfer processes that connect adjacent as well as distant locations, (3) transfer processes (wind, water, animals, humans) connect locations via the movement of organisms, materials, disturbance, and information, (4) spatial heterogeneity (i.e., pattern) determines how drivers and transfer processes interact across scales, and (5) the relative importance of fine- or broad-scale pattern-process relationships can vary through time, and alternate as the dominant factors controlling system dynamics. We develop the basis for this theory and provide supporting evidence for it. This multiple, interacting scale theory has the potential to integrate much of our information about global change drivers and responses.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1865</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 10, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 11, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groffman, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nadelhoffer, K.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grimm, N.B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, S.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michener, W.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huston, M.A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Living in an increasingly connected world: a framework for continental-scale environmental science</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continental-scale</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temporal</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-011.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">229-237</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The global environment is changing rapidly through processes that act at multiple spatial and temporal scales. It is now clear that local processes can affect broader-scale ecological dynamics, and that broad-scale drivers may at times overwhelm local patterns and processes. Understanding these cross-scale interactions requires a conceptual framework to predict continental-scale ecosystem dynamics based on connectivity in material and information flow across scales. In this paper, we (1) discuss a multi-scale conceptual framework, including the key drivers and consequences of ecological connectivity acting across spatial and temporal scales, (2) provide a series of testable hypotheses, predictions, and an approach derived from this conceptual framework, and (3) propose the development of a network of networks largely taking advantage of existing research facilities and cyberinfrastructure to address these hypotheses. This framework and associated research infrastructure based on connectivity across scales will uniquely enable our understanding and enable us to better forecast global environmental change at multiple spatial scales, from local research sites to regions and continents.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1874</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 29, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nov. 13, 2007</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lauenroth, W.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burke, I.C.</style></author></authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lauenroth, W.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burke, I.C.</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Role of Disturbances in Shortgrass Steppe Community and Ecosystem Dynamics</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-Term Ecological Research in the Shortgrass Steppe</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84-118</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The disturbance regime of shortgrass steppe ecosystems consists of a number of different types of disturbances operating over a range of spatial and temporal scales. Each disturbance type has its own set of characteristics including size, frequency of occurrence, intensity, and location by soil texture, topographic position, and grazing intensity by cattle. These  characteristics result in different short-term, localized effects on plant as well as long-term, broad-scale effects as the disturbances accumulate through time. Although successional studies have been conducted in these grasslands for over a century, our understanding of the role of different kinds of disturbances in generating and maintaining patterns in vegetation and species dominance in shortgrass ecosystems has developed only since the 1980's. Our current view of the role of disturbance is a dynamic one where the recovery of vegetation depends upon interactions among disturbance  characteristics and the life history traits of plants. This gap dynamics conceptualization provides an alternative view of vegetation dynamics compared to traditional successional models based on Clements. Much of the recent work on disturbances in the shortgrass steppe has focused on the relationships between disturbance characteristics and plant life history traits in order to test these different models. This chapter describes the various alternative models, and summarizes the literature on the disturbance regime of shortgrass steppe ecosystems and the responses of vegetation and soils following different kinds of disturbances.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1883</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 3, 2000</style></custom5><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology in a connect world: A vision for a &quot;network of networks&quot;</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fluxes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-010.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">227-284</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This special issue addresses the importance of connectivity in driving ecosystem dynamics. Connectivity is defined as the transfer of materials by wind, water, humans, and animals. Although it is well-recognized that we live in a connected world, it is less well-appreciated that these interconnections can determine ecosystem dyamics across a range of spatial and temporal scales, and in particular at regional to continental scales. The six papers in this issue provide examples of research questions and approaches necessary for conducting research at the continental scale. These papers address questions such as: what are the consequences of connectivity, not only at the global scale, but also at relevant continental, regional, and local scales? how do we identify connections among non-adjacent and seemingly disconnected locations, to both minimize the element of surprise and mitigate or avert potential impacts? how do we adjust our thinking about ecological systems and modify our sampling strategies to account for the fluxes and flows of materials among locations?  New insights are discussed for five topics (spread of invasive species and infectious diseases, climate change and aquatic systems, climate change and coastal systems, climatic and societal gradients across landscapes, climate change and terrestrial systems) that are critical elements of our connected world, now and in the future.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1862</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martinec, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predicitons for snow cover, glaciers and runoff in a changing climate</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HydroPredict 2008</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Interdisciplinary Conference on Predictions for Hydrology, Ecology, and Water Resource Mangement</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proceedings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">runoff</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowmelt</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SRM</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 15, 20</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-038.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prague, Czech Republic</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">277-280</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The problem of evaluating the hydrological effects of climate change has opened a new field of applications for snowmelt runoff models.  The Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) has been used to evaluate climate change effects on basins in North America, the Swiss Alps, and the Himalayas.  Snow covered area depletes about one month earlier in response to warmer temperatures (+40C) with runoff peaks shifted accordingly.  Runoff will be higher in winter at the expense of summer runoff.  In glacerized basins, runoff is not only redistributed, but increased due to glacier melting.  This improved knowledge facilitates long-term decisions concerning hydropower, flooding, water allocations, and water management in general.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1989</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 15, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 11, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DeWalle, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snow Climatology and Snow Distribution</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principles of Snow Hydrology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climatology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">measurements</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">precipitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowpack</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521823625</style></url></web-urls></urls><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20-47</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Processes controlling snowfall amounts and timing are reasonably well understood, but snow hydrologists still must rely on precipitation and snowpack measurements to obtain basic liquid inputs to models.  However, it is becoming possible to predict the distribution of snow across landscapes due to effects of blowing snow and vegetation interception.  Blowing snow adjustments are especially needed in cold locations with high wind speeds where entire slopes may be swept free of snow while others may be deeply drifted.   Basins with a wide variety of land cover types and extensive dense tree and shrub vegetation will also require adjustment for canopy interception due to differences in types of vegetation as well as vegetation density.  A simple reduction of snowfall for interception may suffice in some applications, but in others where time and space scales are expanded, accounting for storage of snow in the canopy and gradual sublimation losses and intermittent throughfall releases are needed.  Much has been learned, but blowing snow and canopy interception remain two of the most important areas for future snow hydrology research.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1961</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 23, 2005</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martinec, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predictions for snow cover, glaciers and runoff in a changing climate</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrology and Water Resrouces International Conference Proceedings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">runoff shifts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowmelt runoff modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water management</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The problem of evaluating the hydrological effects of climate change has opened a new field of applications for snowmelt runoff models.  The Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) has been used to evaluate climate change effects on basins in North America, the Swiss Alps, and the Himalayas.  Snow covered area depletes about one month earlier in response to warmer temperatures (+4oC) with runoff peaks shifted accordingly.  Runoff will be higher in winter at the expense of summer runoff.  In glacerized basins, runoff is not only redistributed, but increased due to glacier melting.  This improved knowledge facilitates long-term decisions concerning hydropower, flooding, water allocations, and water management in general.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1988</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DeWalle, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snowpack Management and Modification</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principles of Snow Hydrology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">agriculture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">blowing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modifications</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowpack</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 7, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521823625</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">365-391</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snow in the global environment is altered by human activity in many ways, some intentional and others inadvertent.  Among the deliberate changes made to snowpacks are blowing snow management to benefit agriculture and transportation, forest management to protect and enhance water yields from snowpacks, urban snow management to improve transportation and habitation in developed areas, albedo modification to enhance snowmelt rates, and ski area management for enhanced and safe recreational opportunities.  The major inadvertent change that may impact snowpacks is the possibility of global warming being forecast for the next century. This final chapter generally discusses these human-snow interactions from the viewpoint of the snow hydrologist.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1960</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 5, 2005</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7><orig-pub><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></orig-pub><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DeWalle, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remote Sensing of the Snowpack</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principles of Snow Hydrology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">drainage basin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowmelt</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snowpack</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521823625</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">118-145</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Because of vast differences in the physical properties of snow and other natural surfaces, the occurrence of snow in a drainage basin can cause significant changes in energy and water budgets.  As an example, the relatively high albedo of snow reflects a much higher percentage of incoming solar, shortwave radiation than snow-free surfaces (80% or more for relatively new snow as opposed to roughly 15% or less for snow-free vegetation).  This can be important because snow may cover up to 53% of the land surface in the northern hemisphere and up to 44% of the world’s land areas at any one time.  The visible portion (0.4 to 0.7 µm) of the electromagnetic spectrum can be used to map the percentages of a basin covered by snow because of the differences in reflectance of snow and snow-free areas.  The thermal infrared portion of the spectrum (8-14 µm) can detect snowpack surface temperature variability in space and time which can be directly linked to the presence of water in the snowpack and perhaps to snowmelt.  Although, in widely disparate portions of the spectrum the gamma radiation (3 divided by 10 to the sixth power to 3 divided by 10 to the fifth power µm) and the microwave radiation (1 mm  1 m) bands can be used in similar ways to detect the snowpack water equivalent using the attenuation of the relevant radiation by the snowpack itself.  A combination of two different remote sensors can at certain times increase information available about the snowpack.  With recent technological advances in data processing and transmission, data and derived snow and ice products from many current sensors are available to the hydrologic community in near real time (e.g., within 6 to 24 hours of satellite overpass).</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1959</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 2, 2004</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winters, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maxwell, C.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steele, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The remote characterization of vegetation using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle photography</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AGU 2008 Fall Meeting</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AGU 2008 Fall Meetings</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UAV</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unmanned Aerial Vehicles</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 15-19, </style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Francisco, CA</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">B32A-01</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can fly in place of piloted aircraft to gather remote sensing information on vegetation characteristics. The type of sensors flown depends on the instrument payload capacity available, so that, depending on the specific UAV, it is possible to obtain video, aerial photographic, multispectral and hyperspectral radiometric, LIDAR, and radar data. The characteristics of several small UAVs less than 55lbs (25kg)) along with some payload instruments will be reviewed. Common types of remote sensing coverage available from a small, limited-payload UAV are video and hyperspatial, digital photography. From evaluation of these simple types of remote sensing data, we conclude that UAVs can play an important role in measuring and monitoring vegetation health and structure of the vegetation/soil complex in rangelands. If we fly our MLB Bat-3 at an altitude of 700ft (213m), we can obtain a digital photographic resolution of 6cm. The digital images acquired cover an area of approximately 29,350sq m. Video imaging is usually only useful for monitoring the flight path of the UAV in real time. In our experiments with the 6cm resolution data, we have been able to measure vegetation patch size, crown width, gap sizes between vegetation, percent vegetation and bare soil cover, and type of vegetation. The UAV system is also being tested to acquire height of the vegetation canopy using shadow measurements and a digital elevation model obtained with stereo images. Evaluation of combining the UAV digital photography with LIDAR data of the Jornada Experimental Range in south central New Mexico is ongoing. The use of UAVs is increasing and is becoming a very promising tool for vegetation assessment and change, but there are several operational components to flying UAVs that users need to consider. These include cost, a whole set of, as yet, undefined regulations regarding flying in the National Air Space(NAS), procedures to gain approval for flying in the NAS(FAA Certificate of Authorization), and training(remote control piloting, UAV-specific instruction, FAA ground school and testing, FAA observer procedures, FAA medical Class 2 exam, and a private pilot's license). The relevance and need of all these to developing a UAV capability will be explained. While working through the necessary requirements above, we have also learned that we need to know how to handle extremely large and easily acquired data sets as well as to develop tools to orthorectify and mosaic individual UAV images for analysis.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1986</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December, 10, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 12, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DeWalle, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principles of Snow Hydrology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521823625</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">306-364</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Snowmelt-Runoff Model (SRM) is designed to simulate and forecast daily streamflow in mountain basins where snowmelt is a major runoff factor.  Most recently, it has also been applied to evaluate the effect of a changed climate on the seasonal snow cover and runoff.  SRM was developed by Martinec (1975) in small European basins.  Thanks to the progress of satellite remote sensing of snow cover, SRM has been applied to larger and larger basins. The Ganges River Basin in the Himalayas, the largest basin where SRM has been applied so far, is about 917,000 km2(Seidel et al., 2000).  Runoff computations by SRM appear to be relatively easily understood.  To date, the model has been applied by various agencies, institutes and universities in about 80 basins situated in 25 different countries. About 25% of these applications have been performed by the model developers and 75 % by independent users.  SRM also successfully underwent tests by the World Meteorological Organization with regard to runoff simulations (WMO, 1986) and to partially simulated conditions of real time runoff forecasts (WMO, 1992).  SRM is one of the few hydrological models developed that requires direct inputs derived from remote-sensing data.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1958</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 15, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7><orig-pub><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></orig-pub><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martinec, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roberts, R.T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relative importance of glacier contributions to water supply in a changing climate</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">World Resource Review</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">glacierized</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 8, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-027.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(3)</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">487-503</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) was designed for simulation, forecasting, and future assessments, such as the effects of climate change. The most recent version of SRM uses the Microsoft Windows operating system and operates efficiently in the PC environment. A formalized algorithm for assessing the effects of climate change on runoff is included in the model. SRM parameters are predetermined from actual measurements or from hydrological experience and, therefore, calibration is not necessary. This deterministic approach allows the parameters to be altered with regard to a changed future climate. SRM variables of daily temperature, precipitation, and snow covered area are also easily acquired. SRM allows contributions of snow, rain, and glacier ice to be separately computed for a present year and for a future climate-changed year. In basins with a significant glacier melt component, such as the Illecillewaet Basin in British Columbia, as the climate warms, the glacier runoff component increases. Of course, when the glacier volume is depleted to a certain point, the glacier areas will start to decline and the valuable glacier melt component will also be diminished.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1991</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original submission: Intern'tl Cong on Modeling &amp; Simulation Proccedings 7-30-07; resubmitted to World Resource Review 9/25/2007</style></notes><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 25, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 29, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winters, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Role of aerial photos in compiling a long-term remote sensing data set</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Applied Remote Sensing</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aerial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">photos</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 8, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-043.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">023541</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term data sets are important in the fields of ecology, hydrology, rangeland science, and geography.  Remote sensing is an especially important component of such studies when spatial and temporal capabilities are important considerations.  In many cases, satellite remote sensing is not adequate because of resolution or length of observation considerations.  However, aerial photography, which extends back into the mid 1930s, is often overlooked.  In order to find relevant imagery, considerable effort needs to be expended because the aerial photos over a particular study area can be scattered in a large number of archives across the country.  Once the photos are assembled, digital scanning, proper documentation, storage, and a searchable data base are necessary to make easy and effective use of the aerial photos.  The aerial photo data are of immense value to researchers, natural resource managers, students, and the general public.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1985</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 5, 2007</style></custom5><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DeWalle, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Introduction to Snow Hydrology</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principles of Snow Hydrology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">introduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rio Grande</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">southwestern</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521823625</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-19</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There are many fallacies or misconceptions about snow and its importance in the environment.  One good example of this is found in the Rio Grande Basin in the Southwestern United States and Mexico.  The Rio Grande, the third longest river in the United States, is sustained by snow accumulation and melt in the mountain rim regions which provide a major contribution to the total streamflow, despite flowing right through the heart of North America’s largest desert (Chihuahuan).  Because the majority of the population in the basin resides in a few large cities in the Rio Grande Valley, which are all located in the desert there is little realization on the part of the urban residents that snowmelt is an important factor in their lives.  This is true around the globe.  Where agricultural water use predominates, however, the importance of snow for the water supply and food production is more widely known, although to a markedly smaller proportion of the population.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1962</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 22, 2005</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winters, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development of an operational UAV / Remote sensing capability for rangeland management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bristol 23rd International Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAVs) Conference</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">imagery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UAV</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">unmanned aerial vehicle</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-048.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CDROM 9 pp.</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland comprises approximately 70% of the Earth’s land surface area.  Much of this vast space is in very remote areas with difficult access.  Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have great potential for rangeland management applications.  UAVs have several advantages over satellites and piloted aircraft: they can be deployed quickly and repeatedly; they are less costly and safer than piloted aircraft; they are flexible in terms of flying height and timing of missions; and they can obtain imagery at sub-decimeter resolution.  This hyperspatial imagery allows for observation of individual plants, patches, gaps, and patterns over the landscape not previously possible.  Our experiments have shown that this capability, from an off-the-shelf small-UAV is directly applicable to operational agency needs for evaluating rangeland health.  At the Jornada Experimental Range in southern New Mexico, USA, ongoing research is aimed at determining the utility of UAVs for rangeland mapping and monitoring.  For use by operational agencies to carry out their mandated responsibilities, various requirements must be met: an affordable and reliable platform; a capability for autonomous, low altitude flights; takeoff and landing in minimal size and rugged areas; and an easily applied data analysis methodology.  There are a  number of image processing and orthorectification challenges;  image distortion associated with inexpensive, consumer grade digital cameras; difficulty of detecting sufficient ground-control points in small area photos; accuracy of exterior information (X.Y,Z, roll, pitch, and heading); and the large number of images that can be collected.  Recent results of this research are presented.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1981</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reichmann, L.G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, Osvaldo E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Precipitation and nitrogen interactions in arid ecosystems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society of America Abstracts</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93rd ESA Annual Meetings</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">terrestrail</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 4-8, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milwaukee, WI</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COS 89-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arid and semi-arid ecosystems are among the most impoverished terrestrial systems in terms of water and nitrogen (N) availability. Productivity (NPP) is generally low, soil N pools are small and N loss through percolation is assumed to be negligible. Increased water availability can stimulate both N plant uptake (and hence NPP) and microbial N mineralization, but controls on N cycling are still poorly understood because of confounding temporal effects. We conducted an experiment with five levels of water input (-80% reduced PPT, -50% reduced, ambient PPT, +50% increased, and 80% increased PPT) and 2 levels of N fertilization in the Northern Chihuahuan desert (NM, USA) and estimated inorganic N pools, in situ net N mineralization and N leaching loss from the upper-root zone of N-NO-3 and N-NH-4.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2020</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 15, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 15, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reyes-Vera, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potenza, C.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrow, J.R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hyperhydricity reversal and clonal propagation of fourwing saltbush (&lt;i&gt;Atriplex canescens, Chenopodiaceae)&lt;/i&gt; cultivated &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australian Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">botany</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">clonal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fourwing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hyperhydricity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">saltbush</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-024.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CSIRO Publishing</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">358-362</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vitro propagated shoots of fourwing saltbush [Atriplex canescens (Pursh Nutt)] showed severe symptoms of hyperhydricity. Hyperhydricity is a frequent physiological problem reported in micropropagation of A. canescens and other plant species, and drastically reduces the quality of in vitro cultures.  It is exacerbated when plants are cultured in airtight culture vessels on medium formulations with high nitrogen concentrations.  We show that the reversion of hyperhydric A. canescens shoots to normal shoots was significantly affected by the presence of inorganic nitrogen in the culture vessel.  When the culture vessel was vented or when ammonium nitrate was deleted from Murashige and Skoog basal medium, rates of reversion were significantly higher. While statistically significant differences were evident when comparing vented vs. non-vented treatments for each medium, the modified culture medium with vented closures was consistently the best treatment, showing a total cumulative frequency of 39.7% compared with a total cumulative frequency of 7.1 % observed in the control treatment. Resulting normal shoots also showed significant improvements in further manipulations, including rooting in vitro, transplantation to soil, and survival in native sites.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2031</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 8, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 28, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riggs, Justin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experiments with methods for particle size analysis of gypsic soils</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dissertation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">G-BASN</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">P-COLL</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">P-TOBO</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technique, gypsic soils</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technique, particle size analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technique, soil methods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thesis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NMSU Branson Library call #: S 1999 .R3916 2008 c.2</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Mexico State University</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Las Cruces, NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gypsum is a common mineral in many dryland soils throughout the world. Gypsic soils have unique properties that impact roads, foundations, metal and concrete. One challenging aspect of gypsic soils is determining the particle size distribution. Because of gypsum's softness (1.5-2.0 on the Mohs scale) gypsum particles can be broken by rolling pins and shakers. Because of its solubility (2.41 g/L), gypsum particles can be dissolved during sedimentation. This research effort explores ways to prevent gypsum dissolution, while conducting textural analysis by using low viscosity oil, NaCl solution, saturated gypsum solution, a combination of a saturated Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and gypsum solution, a method with no clay sized gypsum, and finally, a filtration method where the sand and the silt is sieved in saturated gypsum solution. Although low viscosity oil prevented gypsum dissolution, it was unsuitable because of problems with the drying of the oil-saturated sample and cost. NaCl solution was unsuitable because it did not prevent gypsum dissolution as a result of ion pairing. Saturated gypsum solution prevented gypsum from dissolving because of the common ion effect; however, clay particles flocculated in the solution. The use of  Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and saturated gypsum solution was used to disperse these particles. However, with high concentrations of Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; the clay particles still flocculated. The method based on the assumption that no gypsum exists in the clay fraction was proven inaccurate with scanning electron microscope (SEM). Finally, the filtration method, in which silt is collected on high flow glass fiber filter paper under vacuum, shows good results when compared to the standard pipette method.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M.S. Thesispp</style></work-type><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2059</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA//LTER V//entered 06/11/2009; added abstract 6/22/2009ProCite field[12]: Not in File (06/11/2009)</style></notes><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1459</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rio-Casanova, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Does energy flux determine ant diversity? A case study in an arid ecosystem</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93rd Ecological Society of America Annual Meetings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 3, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PS 71-14</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ants are highly diverse, widespread, and abundant organisms playing important roles in ecosystem functioning. For these reasons, it is useful to know what structures their diversity.  Biodiversity is ultimately constrained by energy availability and the relationship between energy and diversity has been considered at global scales. Energy flux measured as net primary productivity (NPP), however, also varies considerably at landscape scales. In this work, we asked if patterns of ant diversity within a landscape can be predicted by variation in energy flux. To answer this question, we studied ant biodiversity and its relationship to NPP in the Chihuahuan Desert. This study was carried out at the Jornada Basin in southern New Mexico, in a portion of about 100,000 ha that comprises a variety of soils and geomorphology that result in substantial differences in NPP. We measured the peak standing crop biomass (as a proxy for NPP) of 20 sites that comprise 5 different types of vegetation states (grasslands, shrublands and ecotones between them), as well as the richness, abundance and biomass of ants.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN289</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 15, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 5, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rios-Casanova, Leticia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, Brandon T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">What can ant diversity-energy relationships tell us about land use and land change (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myrmecological News</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ant community</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ant diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ants, granivorous</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ants, scavenger</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem attributes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">functional groups</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">macroecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mesoscale</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">net primary productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">review</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">183-190</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We identify and review an approach that views ant species diversity as a consequence of energy flux through an ecosystem. In this bottom-up view, energy apportioned to trophic guilds drives ant community responses to mesoscale variation generated by land-use and other processes. We introduce a conceptual model based upon this idea, and offer an interpretation of some data we have collected in the light of the model. Operationally, the concept focuses analysis upon the relationships between species richness / composition, trophic group identity, body size, and abundance. These attributes are compared among ecosystems that vary in total net primary productivity (NPP) and in how that productivity is divided among plant functional groups. We offer a brief example of how biomass and abundance of three ant trophic groups, large granivores, small granivores and scavengers, differed between two ecosystems that varied strongly in NPP patterns. We emphasize the value of linking ant measurements directly with NPP at mesoscales.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2060</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA//LTER V//entered 07/28/2008; pdf available</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PDF (07/28/2008)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1449</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ritchie, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmugge, T.J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remote sensing studies of arid rangelands in the southwestern United States</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 26-31, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Louisville, KY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1504</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The USDA ARS Jornada Experimental Range (Jornada) in southern New Mexico and the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge (Sevilleta) in Central New Mexico are Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites that provide unique opportunities to study changing rangeland conditions using remote sensing techniques.  A research program began in 1995 collecting remotely sensed data from ground, aircraft, and satellite platforms to provide spatial and temporal data on the radiometric, thermal, physical, and vegetative properties of ecosystems (grass, grass/shrub transition, and shrub) typical of arid rangeland of southwestern United States.  Data from these different platforms are being used to evaluate the physical and vegetation changes over time and at different scales in these ecosystems.  Reflectance and thermal measurements from all platforms indicate that the shrub ecosystems have greater reflectance and are warmer that the grass ecosystems.  Comparison of ground (ASD), aircraft (MASTERS), and satellite (ASTER) reflectance measurements showed that they were measuring similar reflectance values for three dates and the three vegetation communities. Reflectance was highest from the shrub and shrub-grass transition communities and lowest from the grass community and was related to the amount of vegetation cover present.  This has implications for the energy and water budgets in this region of the Chihuahuan desert where shrub communities with low ground cover are invading and replacing grass communities.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2075</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Submitted by Beltsville Area</style></notes><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 25, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 25, 2007</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roacho-Estrada, J.O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bezanilla-Enriquez, G.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peinetti, H.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gonzalez, A.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rios, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A comparison of grazing behavior between desert adapted Mexican Criollo cattle and temperate British breeds using two diverse landscapes in New Mexico and Chihuahua</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management </style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahua</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazing behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mexican Criollo</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 26, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Louisville, KY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2379</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study was designed to test how grazing behaviors differ between desert adapted Mexican criollo cattle and temperate British beef breeds, to learn how each breed interacts with environments common to the southwestern US and northwestern Mexico. Additionally, criollo cattle may be a better breed for regional beef production systems less reliant on fossil fuels for feed supplements and other production inputs. Two sites were used: the Jornada Experimental Range (JER) in south-central New Mexico and Rancho Experimental Teseachi (RET) in central Chihuahua.  The JER pasture is 2,425 ha of undulating desert grasslands receiving an average of 245 mm precipitation. Elevation of the 2,552 ha RET pasture varies from 1,900 to 2,800 m with an average annual precipitation of 580 mm. Vegetation ranges from Pinyon-Juniper-Bouteloua on the lower slopes to Pine-Oak-Muhlenbergia.  Four replicates were conducted during the spring and fall at each location. In each replicate, six different mature cows per breed were were fitted with Lotek GPS collars, equipped with activity sensors, and allowed to graze each pasture with position acquired at 5-minute intervals.  British cattle grazed longer per day than criollo cattle: 9.0 versus 7.3 hours at JER (P = 0.003) and 10.0 versus 9.0 hours at RET (P = 0.006) for British versus criollo cows, respectively.   British cattle also traveled less each day: 8.6 versus 10.4 km /d at JER (P = 0.03) and 4.9 versus 5.6 km/d at RET (P = 0.08) for British versus criollo breeds, respectively.  In addition, British breeds remained closer to water and had significantly smaller home ranges.  Larger British breeds grazed more hours and used a smaller proportion of the environment than Mexican criollo cattle.  Forage conditions were better than average for each location; when poorer, we hypothesize differences between breeds will be greater.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2077</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 16, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 13, 2007</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rogosic, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivankovic, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kezic, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Razov, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potential mechanisms to increase shrub intake and performance of small ruminants in Mediterranean shrubby ecosystems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small Ruminant Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">small ruminants</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-002.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-15</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrubby vegetation types called “maquis” and “garrigue” are widespread throughout the Mediterranean Basin, including the Adriatic littoral of Croatia. In Croatia and elsewhere, these shrublands represent traditional grazing areas and are a significant source of forage for small ruminants, particularly during the dry summer. Utilization of these Mediterranean shrublands is often limited by secondary compounds that adversely affect forage intake and animal health. Likewise, shrubs containing substantial quantities of secondary compounds dominate arid and semiarid rangelands globally. These secondary compounds reduce livestock productivity, cause significant toxicity and abortion problems, and reduce efficiency of use of rangeland shrubs worldwide. Feed additives (e.g., activated charcoal, polyethylene glycol, and calcium hydroxide) may be useful for enhancing shrub intake through decreased absorption and/or increased elimination of secondary compounds. The biological diversity of Mediterranean maquis vegetation may also positively influence shrub consumption by small ruminants. Consumption of combinations of shrubs containing varied classes of secondary compounds (e.g., tannins and saponins) may lead to complementary chemical interactions within the intestinal tract and/or post-absorption that reduces their toxic effects and/or increase efficiency of detoxification. Although goats consumed more total shrubs than sheep across experiments, both species responded similarly to supplemental charcoal, PEG, and calcium hydroxide.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2081</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 26, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 20, 2007</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Romme, W.H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allen, C.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bailey, J.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baker, W.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eisenhart, K.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floyd-Hanna, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huffman, D.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Historical and modern disturbances regimes, stand structures, and landscape dynamics in pinon-juniper vegetation of the western U.S.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Applications</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">North America</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinon-juniper</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 4, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-026.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35 p</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piñon-juniper is one of the major vegetation types in western North America.  It covers a huge area, provides many resources and ecosystem services, and is of great management concern.  Management of piñon-juniper vegetation has been hindered in the past by inadequate understanding of its prehistoric and historic dynamics, of the mechanisms controlling those dynamics, and of the variability in ecosystem structure and process that exists among the many different environmental contexts and floristic combinations of piñon, juniper and associated species.  This paper presents a summary of what we currently know – and don’t know – about historical and modern stand and landscape structure and dynamics, in three major and fundamentally different kinds of piñon-juniper vegetation in the western U.S.: persistent woodlands, savannas, and wooded shrublands.  It is the product of a workshop that brought together experts from across the geographical range of piñon-juniper vegetation.  The intent of this synthesis is to provide a source of information for managers and policy-makers, and to stimulate researchers to address the most important unanswered questions.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2085</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 9, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 2, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ryan, M. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archer, S.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Birdsey, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dahm, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heath, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hicke, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hollinger, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huxman, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oren, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Randerson, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Backlund, Peter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janetos, Anthony</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schimel, David</style></author></secondary-authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walsh, Margaret</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land resources: forests and arid lands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of climate change on agriculture, land resources, water resources, and biodiversity in the United States.</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arid lands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">book</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chapter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">report</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap4-3/final-report/default.htm</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Synthesis and Assessment Product 4.3.</style></number><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Washington, DC., USA</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">362 pp.</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This synthesis and assessment report builds on an extensive scientific literature and series of recent assessments of the historical and potential impacts of climate change and climate variability on managed and unmanaged ecosystems and their constituent biota and processes. It identifies changes in resource conditions that are now being observed and examines whether these changes can be attributed in whole or part to climate change. It also highlights changes in resource conditions that recent scientific studies suggest are most likely to occur in response to climate change, and when and where to look for these changes. As outlined in the Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) Synthesis and Assessment Product 4.3 (SAP 4.3) prospectus, this chapter will specifically address climate-related issues in forests and arid lands.In this chapter the focus is on the near-term future. In some cases, key results are reported out to 100 years to provide a larger context but the emphasis is on next 25-50 years. This nearer-term focus is chosen for two reasons. First, for many natural resources, planning and management activities already address these time scales through development of long-lived infrastructure, forest rotations, and other significant investments. Second, climate projections are relatively certain over the next few decades. Emission scenarios for the next few decades do not diverge from each other significantly because of the “inertia” of the energy system. Most projections of greenhouse gas emissions assume that it will take decades to make major changes in the energy infrastructure, and only begin to diverge rapidly after several decades have passed (30-50 years).</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2100</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00941</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA//LTER V//entered 05/29/2008; PDF availableProCite field[6]: InProCite field[8]: Convening lead authorsProCite field[31]: Managing editor</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (05/29/2008)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1429</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, O. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meyerson, L. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parmesan, C.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, O. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meyerson, L. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parmesan, C.  (eds.)</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in biodiversity and their consequences for human health</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity change and human health: from ecosystem services to spread of disease</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biodiversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">book</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chapter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disease</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem services</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">report</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Island Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Washington, DC</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2106</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//OTHER//LTER-V//entered 06/02/2008 per DEPProCite field[6]: In</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Not in File</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1432</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sayre, N.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whelan, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulldozers, mental models, and aerial photography: Geographies of long-term private restoration on semi-arid rangelands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Association of American Geographers</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aerial photography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bulldozers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">private</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">restoration</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 14-19, 200</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18115</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Private efforts to restore degraded Southwestern desert grasslands have been under way at least since the 1920s, but their effects are little studied and poorly understood. Most are considered simply to have failed, or to have been swamped by the effects of climate and fire suppression. These judgments may need to be reevaluated on longer temporal scales, however, in light of evidence that semiarid rangeland systems are strongly determined by &quot;slow&quot; variables and thresholds of nonlinear change. Drought, erosion, fire, grazing and other disturbances may leave historical legacies that persist on scales of decades or longer, and management interventions may require comparable periods of time to show significant responses in target organisms. Long-term data have been collected for a handful of government research sites, and repeat photography and aerial photographs have enabled analysis of broader patterns of vegetation change, but historical information about management of private ranches has been almost wholly lacking. We use a combination of interviews, archival records, aerial photography, remote sensing and GIS to evaluate restoration efforts on the Elbrock Ranch in southwestern New Mexico over the past seventy years. This research contributes to efforts to historicize state-and-transition models in rangeland ecology, and to understand ranchers'&quot;mental models&quot; as slow variables in their own right. It also enables us to see beyond dualisms of human/natural and pristine/degraded to geographies of restoration on very large spatial and temporal scales.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2121</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 15, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 15, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schwager, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deweiler, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vasilescu, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rus, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data-driven identification of group dynamics for motion prediciton and control</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Field Robotics</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">control</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">data-driven</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Least Squares</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motion prediction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-014.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6-7</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">305-324</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A distributed model structure for representing groups of coupled dynamic agents is proposed, and the Least Squares method is used for fitting model parameters based on measured position data. The difference equation model embodies a minimalist approach, only incorporating factors essential to the movement and interaction of physical bodies. The model combines effects from an agent’s inertia, interactions between agents, and interactions between each agent and its environment. GPS tracking data were collected in field experiments from a group of three cows and a group of ten cows over the course of several days using custom-designed, head mounted sensor boxes. These data are used with the Least Squares method to fit the model to the cow groups. The modeling technique is shown to capture overall characteristics of the group as well as attributes of individual group members.  Applications to livestock management are described, and the potential for surveillance, prediction, and control of various kinds of groups of dynamical agents are suggested.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2178</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 19, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 2, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>19</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skaggs, Rhonda</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosystem services and western U.S. rangelands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choices</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon credits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon sequestration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem services</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">magagine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Agricultural Economics Association</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37-41</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2236</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00962</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//OTHER//LTER V//entered 06/29/2009; pdf available</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (06/29/2009)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1461</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slaughter, A.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maxwell, C.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winters, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland monitoring with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management Annual Meetings</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the 2008 Joint Meeting of the Society for Range Mangement and the American Forage and Grazing; Building Bridges: Grasslands to Rangelands</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UAV</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unmanned Aerial Vehicles</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 26-31, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Louisville, KY</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have great potential for rangeland management applications, such as monitoring vegetation change, developing grazing strategies, determining rangeland health, and assessing remediation treatment effectiveness. UAVs have several advantages: they can be deployed quickly and repeatedly; they are less costly and safer than piloted aircraft; they are flexible in terms of flying height and timing of missions; and they can obtain imagery at sub-decimeter resolution. This hyperspatial imagery, imagery with a resolution finer than the object of interest, allows for observation of individual plants, patches, gaps, and patterns over the landscape not previously possible. At the Jornada Experimental Range (JER) in New Mexico, ongoing research is aimed at determining the utility of UAVs for rangeland mapping and monitoring. The UAV was flown at 150 m above ground and acquired imagery at approximately 5 cm ground resolution. The images were orthorectified, mosaicked, and classified using an object-based image analysis technique. Overall classification accuracies were in the high 90% range, and we were able to differentiate multiple soil types and different densities of vegetation. While image acquisition and classification are quite easily accomplished, image rectification and mosaicking are more time consuming due to small image footprints, image distortion and the difficulty of detecting sufficient ground control points. Our efforts are focused on developing and refining a complete and efficient workflow for UAV missions, consisting of flight planning, image acquisition, image rectification and mosaicking, and subsequent image classification.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2238</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 22, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 19, 2007</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steele, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campanella, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The contribution of vegetation cover and bare soil to pixel reflectance in an arid ecosystem</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AGU 2008 Fall Meeting</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AGU 2008 Fall Meetings</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aerial imagery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASTER</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pixel</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 15-19, </style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Francisco, CA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The heterogeneity of vegetation and soils in arid and semi-arid environments complicates the analysis of medium spatial resolution remotely sensed imagery. A single pixel may contain several different types of vegetation, as well as a sizeable proportion of bare soil. We have used linear mixture modeling to explore the contribution of vegetation cover and bare soil to pixel reflectance. In October, 2006, aerial imagery (0.25 m spatial resolution) was acquired for our study sites in the Jornada Experimental Range, southern New Mexico. Imagery was also acquired from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) for June and November, 2006. These data corresponded with pre- and post monsoon conditions. Object-based feature extraction was used to classify the aerial imagery to shrub, grass and bare ground cover classes. Percent cover was then calculated for each cover class. Visible-near-infrared and shortwave infrared ASTER reflectance data from both dates were combined into a single 18-band dataset (30 m spatial resolution). A vector overlay from the classification results of the aerial imagery was used to define pure endmember pixels in the ASTER imagery. Estimates of the proportions of shrub, grass and bare ground cover from the linear mixture modeling approach were compared with cover calculated using feature extraction from the aerial imagery. The results indicate that reflectance in ASTER pixels is likely to be a linear combination of the cover proportions of the three main cover types (shrubs, grass, bare ground). However, noticeable outliers in the relationship between cover calculated from each method, indicate there may be other variables that affect the accuracy with which can estimate cover using linear mixture modeling.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2284</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 10, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 17, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stringham, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Briske, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaver, P.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Current status of the state-and-transition framework</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management Annual Meetings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">state-and-transition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STM</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 26-31, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Louisville, KY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1495</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">State-and-transition models (STM) have been widely adopted as a tool for explaining plant community dynamics and response to disturbance within rangeland ecosystems.  Our understanding of the STM concepts has advanced substantially since they were introduced by Westoby et al. (1989) and modified by Stringham et al. (2003).  This paper summarizes recent advancements in STM concepts presented at a State-and-Transition workshop sponsored by Oregon State University and NRCS, August 2006.  The STM framework is founded upon the concept of ecological resilience, however models to-date have focused primarily on ecological thresholds with little acknowledgement of the triggers and feedback mechanisms associated with a reduction in ecological resilience and a subsequent potential threshold event.  Ecological resilience describes the amount of change required to transform a stable ecosystem, maintained by one set of reinforcing processes and structures, to an alternative stable state defined by a different set of processes and structures.  Effective STM’s must focus management attention on maintenance of ecological resilience to prevent stable states from exceeding thresholds.  Resilience management changes the focus from threshold identification to within-state dynamics that influence resilience and decreases vulnerability to thresholds.  Attention to within-state dynamics emphasizes the need to identify community phases that are at-risk of a threshold occurrence.  Once a threshold has been crossed identification of the feedback mechanisms supporting the alternative stable state allows management to develop restoration practices specifically designed to recover the ecological processes that supported the pre-threshold state.  Migration of alternative stable states back across thresholds in response to management prescriptions may be best defined as restoration pathways.  Restoration pathways convey that restoration practices are required to reestablish the former state.  We recommend that the STM framework incorporate triggers, at-risk communities, feedback mechanisms, and restoration pathways and develop process-specific indicators that enable managers to identify at-risk plant communities and potential restoration pathways.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2303</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 1, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 30, 2007</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svejcar, Tony</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angell, Raymond</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bradford, James A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dugas, William</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emmerich, William</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frank, Albert B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gilmanov, Tagir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haferkamp, Marshall</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, Douglas A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mayeux, Herman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mielnick, Pat</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morgan, Jack</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saliendra, Nicanor Z.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schuman, Gerald E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sims, Phillip L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snyder, Kereith</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon fluxes on North American rangelands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climatic variability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grassland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leaf area</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">method, Bowen ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NEE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">net ecosystem exchange of CO2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">precipitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">respiration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrubland</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">465-474</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands account for almost half of the earth's land surface and may play an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle. We studies net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of C on eight North American rangeland sites over a 6-yr period. Management practices sand disturbance regimes can influence NEE; for consistency, we compared ungrazed and undisturbed rangelands including four Great Plains sites from Texas to North Dakota, two Southwestern hot desert sites in New Mexico and Arizona, and two Northwestern sagebrush steppe sites in Idaho and Oregon. We used the Bowen ratio-energy balance system for continuous measurements of energy, water vapor, and carbon dioxide (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) fluxes at each study site during the measurement period (1996 to 2001 fore most sites). Data were processed and screened using standardized procedures, which facilitated across-location comparisons. Although almost any site could be either a sink or source for C depending on yearly weather patterns, five of the eight native rangelands typically were sinks for atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; during the study period. Both sagebrush steppe sites were sinks and three of four Great Plains grasslands were sinks, but the two Southwest hot desert sites were sources of C on an annual basis. Most rangelands were characterized by short periods of high C uptake (2 mo to 32 mo) and long periods of C balance or small respiratory losses of C. Weather patterns during the measurement period strongly influenced conclusions about NEE on any given rangeland site. Droughts tended to limit periods of high C uptake and thus cause even the most productive sites to become sources of C on an annual basis. Our results show that native rangelands are a potentially important terrestrial sink for atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, and maintaining the period of active C uptake will be critical if we are to manage rangeland for C sequestration.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2314</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00973</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA//LTER V//entered 02/03/2010, pdf available</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (02/03/2010)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1470</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tartowski, S.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James, D.K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiple constraints on ecological restoration: Re-establishment of black grama grass (Bouteloua eriopoda) after intensive grazing</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society of America Abstracts</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93rd ESA Annual Meetings</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">restoration</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 4-8, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milwaukee, WI</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COS 119-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change may alter potential ecological restoration of semi-arid rangeland. Bouteloua eriopoda (black grama, BOER) is a perennial C4 grass that usually fails to re-establish in degraded rangeland and may be constrained by increased atmospheric CO2 and reduced or seasonally redistributed rainfall. Eighteen contiguous 0.5-ha plots were established in a remnant black grama grassland at the Jornada Experimental Range in the Northern Chihuahuan Desert. Removal of mesquite shrubs (Prosopis glandulosa) and intensive seasonal grazing (none, winter, summer) were applied in a randomized complete block design. From 1996-2000 annual grazing removed 65-85% of the available forage in 24-36 h, a grazing intensity 30X greater than in the previous 40 years. In 2002 the mean percent cover of BOER was 5.82±0.94 in grazed plots compared to 27.3±1.33 in ungrazed plots. By 2005 BOER had not re-established. A pair of circular 1 m diameter, 6.35 mm wire mesh exclosures, were randomly located in each of the 18 plots. Annually from 2005-2007 the treatment exclosure of each pair had non-BOER above-ground biomass removed and viable BOER seed planted and fertilized.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2342</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 15, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 15, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tugel, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wills, S.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remmenga, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biggam, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hipple, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil survey and resource inventory guide for dynamic soil properties and soil change</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geological Society of America</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Joint Meetings</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dynamic soil properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inventory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil survey</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 5-9, 200</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Houston, TX</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">756-2</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data and information about how soils change are needed by producers, land managers, and decision makers in order to plan for long-term productivity, interpret indicators used in monitoring and assessments, and manage human impacts on soil. In order to meet these needs, the National Cooperative Soil Survey is now including data collection procedures to characterize dynamic soil properties. The new procedures are based on simple conceptual models of management effects on soil, integrated soil and vegetation (where present) data collection, and replicate sampling at multiple scales. A cooperative effort to develop sampling guidelines was initiated in 2004. NRCS, working with the Agricultural Research Service Jornada Experimental Range, National Park Service, Forest Service, and Bureau of Land Management has developed the “Soil Survey and Resource Inventory Guide for Dynamic Soil Properties and Soil Change”. Data collection will be organized within projects to document land use or management effects on extensive, ecologically or economically important, or benchmark soils. Comparison study projects, which are designed to characterize dynamic soil properties for one or more land cover types or management systems, include the following six steps: 1) Project Planning, 2) Sampling Design, 3) Sampling Requirements, 4) Field Work, 5) Data Preparation, and 6) Data Analysis and Interpretation. These steps are described in this poster.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2390</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 1, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 15, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tugel, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wills, S.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O'Green, A.T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology and research needs to support soil change studies in reserach and soil survey</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geological Society of America</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Joint Meetings</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural resources</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil survey</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 5-9, 200</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Houston, TX</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">679-11</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil survey products must evolve to address the effects of management practices on the soil resource. There is a rising demand by soil survey customers interested in sustainable use of natural resources for information about land-use impacts on soil quality, ecological processes, and soil function. Meeting this demand requires new soil survey approaches to characterize soil change in agricultural and non-agricultural ecosystems. The challenge is to identify cost-effective measurement tools and data comparison techniques that are sensitive enough to reflect functional changes in soil properties. Methods are needed to measure or model key dynamic soil properties (DSP’s) and link them with conceptual state-based models to forecast biotic-abiotic interactions and resilience. Concepts and terms that apply to soil change, including state variables, fluctuation changes, trend, rates and pathways of change, thresholds, reversibility, and characteristic response time, will be reviewed and needs for improvements through research, testing, and academic debate will be identified. The following research needs will be presented: 1) capturing the spatial and temporal variability of DSP’s, 2) quantification of thresholds and relationships between DSP’s and functions, and 3) interpretive tools or metrics to compare non-impacted soil pedons with those impacted by erosion, tillage, or other disturbances. The benefits of integrating soil survey DSP data with information about rates, pathways, and thresholds of change derived from long-term studies are also identified. To stay relevant to society’s needs soil survey must document state variables (DSP’s) for a wide range of land uses and management systems.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2393</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 1, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 15, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utsumi, S.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cibils, A.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boren, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cooper, B.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cox, S.H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vaneeuwen, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">How Does targeted grazing with small ruminants influence subsequent patch use by mule deer and cattle?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corona Field Day Proceedings</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings, Corona Range Livestock Research Center Field Day</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cattle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corona</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mule deer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proceedings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">small ruminants</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 18, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-036.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corona, NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21-22</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small ruminants are increasingly being used in controlled grazing programs to target undesirable vegetation. It has not been determined how targeted juniper browsing affects subsequent use of those patches by cattle and wildlife. To determine whether cattle or mule deer used or avoided patches that had been intensively browsed by sheep and goats, presence of deer and cattle on patches of juniper infested rangeland that had previously been subjected to four targeted grazing prescriptions were monitored. Digital cameras with infrared motion sensors were installed in 10 plots and maintained for one year after intensive grazing by small ruminants. Four single large patches (20 x 30 m) and four patches containing six small (10 x 10 m) plots subjected previously to browsing by goats or goats plus sheep at high (10 m2/AU/day) or low (60 m2/AU/day) stocking density were used (two replicates per treatment), and two other large plots without previous intensive targeted grazing served as controls. Selection indices (frequency of animals in plots compared to control plots) were determined. Both deer and cattle avoided large patches that had been previously browsed by sheep and goats. These patches had received heaviest use of herbaceous vegetation the previous summer (&gt; 73%). Deer selected small patches that had previously been browsed by sheep and goats (SI: 2.24), whereas cattle selected large patches (SI: 1.50) and avoided small patches (SI: 0.59) that had been browsed by goats alone. Cattle showed greatest preference for grazed patches during summer (SI: 3.18), while deer avoided them during summer (SI: 0.20) and spring (SI: 0.13). Presence of cattle on a given patch reduced the probability of mule deer presence.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2420</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 8, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 15, 2008</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utsumi, S.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cibils, A.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walker, J.W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cox, S.H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Targeted grazing with small ruminants to control encroachment of one-seed juniper saplings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corona Field Day Proceedings</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corona Field Day Proceedings</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corona</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">juniper</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proceedings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ruminants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">saplings</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 18, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-037.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corona, NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19-20</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrub encroachment into rangelands is a concern for livestock producers. A study was conducted to determine whether targeted grazing with small ruminants could be used to suppress one-seed juniper sapling growth. Since most domestic ruminants avoid feeding on juniper, this study focused on approaches to boost shrub browsing intensity to levels that would kill or cripple sapling growth without permanently damaging the grass understory. We tested use of goats or mixed species (goats plus sheep) during two periods of growth (summer and spring) at two stocking densities (10 and 60 m2/AU/day) with two replicates per treatment. Animals tended to strip needles and thin stems from young saplings, whereas impacts on older saplings consisted mainly of bark stripping. Mixed species high-density stocking resulted in the fewest tall saplings (&gt; 1 m) in the low utilization category (&lt; 33% of branches defoliated), the most small (&lt;0.5 m) saplings with heavy use (&gt; 66% of branches defoliated), and the fewest saplings with low (&lt; 33%) bark stripping during spring. Fecal analysis indicated juniper intake accounted for about 25% of animal diets across treatments. A great deal of animal to animal variation was observed, with juniper intake accounting for up to 60% of some individual animal diets. Season did not affect time spent feeding on juniper or understory utilization. Rate of sapling kill and vegetation characteristics are currently being monitored. Results suggest mixed grazing at high stocking density can boost utilization of juniper saplings by goats.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2431</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 8, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 15, 2008</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utsumi, S.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cibils, A.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soto-Navarro, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hallford, D.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects  of one-seed juniper on intake, rumen fermentation, and plasma amino acids in sheep and goats fed supplemental protein</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Animal Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">goats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">juniper</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">one-seed</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sheep</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 7, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E-supple. 2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">223</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We tested the effect of feeding one-seed juniper on total intake, VFA profile, and plasma amino acids (AA) of 12 does and 12 ewes fed sudangrass and a basal diet with no protein supplement (Control; 5% CP) or rumen degradable (SBM; RDP 15% CP) or undegradable (FM; RUP 15% CP) protein supplement. After 15 d of adaptation to sudangrass and basal diets (period 1), animals received one-seed juniper leaves in addition to sudangrass and basal diets during a second 15-d period. Each food was fed separately during 3-h periods at 10% of previous day intake. Blood and ruminal fluid samples were collected on the last 2 d of each period to determine plasma AA, VFA (µM), and rumen pH. Analyses followed a split-plot design with periods with or without juniper as a sub-plot factor. Juniper intake did not vary between species (P = 0.54) or supplement treatments (P = 0.93; 4.7 g/kg&lt;sup&gt;0.75&lt;/sup&gt;). Total intake (TI), basal diet intake (BDI), and sudangrass intake (SGI) were unaffected by supplements, were higher for sheep than goats (P &lt; 0.01), and decreased with juniper feeding in period 2 (P &lt; 0.01). Total intake, BDI, and SGI for periods 1 and 2 were 54.9 vs. 47.6, 36.7 vs. 31.5, and 18.2 vs. 11.5 g/kg&lt;sup&gt;0.75&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively. Total VFA, acetate (Ac), and propionate (Pr) increased with juniper in period 2 (P &lt; 0.01; period 1 vs. 2, VFA: 63.9 vs. 79.4; Ac: 47.5 vs. 60.5; Pr: 9.3 vs. 11.7). Rumen pH averaged 6.4 and did not differ between supplements, species, or periods. Total AA and some individual AA differed between supplements (RUP = RDP &gt; Control), species (goats &gt; sheep), and decreased with juniper feeding in period 2 (P &lt; 0.05). Juniper intake in period 2 was associated with decreased plasma ALA, GLY, THR, SER, ASP, MET, GLU, PHE, CYST, TYR, and TRP. These data suggest one-seed juniper in sheep and goat diets depresses intake, but may increase VFA and requirements for certain amino acids.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2424</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 8, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 3, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utsumi, S.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cibils, A.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walker, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Targeted grazing of one seed juniper sapling with small ruminants: Influence of stocking density and mixed grazing in summer and spring</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Western Region Research Project Annual Report</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">annual report</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">one seed juniper</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ruminants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">saplings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">western regiona</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 15, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A study was conducted to examine the potential for targeted grazing of one seed juniper saplings with small ruminants. A 2x2 factorial design was used consisting of targeted grazing application with sheep and goats at two stocking densities in spring and summer. Ten female goats or five goats plus four ewes were placed on 10x10 m plots for 1 day (high density treatment) or 20x30 m plots for 6 days (low density treatment) with 2 replicates per treatment per season. Stocking rate for both treatments was 1.1 AU/ha/yr. Time spent feeding on juniper and utilization of herbaceous vegetation did not differ between seasons. Goats spent more time feeding on juniper in the high density stocking treatment vs low density, although differences were greater in mixed species plots (34.4 vs 17.7%) than in plots with only goats (28.2 vs 22.2%). Utilization of herbaceous vegetation was greater in low vs high density stocking (67.0 vs 59.6; P = 0.05), and for mixed vs single species grazing (69.8 vs56.9); P &lt; 0.01). Targeted grazing at high stocking density with sheep and goats may be a tool for increasing juniper use by goats. Low density grazing appears to encourage selective grazing and more intense utilization of the understory.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2430</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 28, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2008</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utsumi, S.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cibils, A.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soto-Navarro, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hallford, D.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of one-seed juniper and polyethylene glycol on intake, rumen fermentation, and plasma amino acids in sheep and goats fed supplemental protein and tannins.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Animal Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">goats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">one-seed juniper</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">polyethylene glycol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rumen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sheep</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 7, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(E-Supple. 2)</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">224</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We tested the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on juniper and total intake, rumen fermentation, and plasma amino acids (AA) of 12 does and 12 ewes fed sudangrass and basal diets containing 10% quebracho tannins with no protein supplement (Control; 5% CP) or high rumen degradable (RDP 15% CP) or undegradable (RUP 15% CP) protein supplement. After 15 days of exposure to non-restrictive amounts of juniper leaves, sudangrass, and basal diets (period 1), animals received an additional 50 g of PEG for a second 15-d period. Blood and ruminal fluid samples were collected on the last 2 d of each period to determine AA and VFA (µM). Analyses followed a split-plot design with periods with or without PEG treated as a sub-plot factor. Juniper intake did not differ between species (P &gt; 0.05) or supplements (P &gt; 0.05), but increased with addition of PEG in period 2 (Period 1 vs. 2: 4.3 vs. 10.8 g/kg &lt;sup&gt;0.75&lt;/sup&gt;; P &lt; 0.01). Total intake and intake of sudangrass and basal diets were higher for sheep than goats (P &lt; 0.01) and differed between supplements and periods (supplement x period, P &lt; 0.05). Polyethylene glycol stimulated higher intakes of basal diet for Control and RDP, and of sudangrass for RUP. Total VFA was higher for sheep than goats (P &lt; 0.05) and decreased from period 1 to period 2 with supplemental PEG in sheep (70.6 vs. 62.1; species x period, P &lt; 0.05) and with RDP (67.3 vs. 58.6; supplement x period, P &lt; 0.05). Acetate and propionate differed between periods with or without PEG in the same manner as total VFA. Total AA and some individual AA differed between species (sheep &gt; goats), supplements (RUP = RDP &gt; Control), and periods (P &lt; 0.05). Increased juniper intake with PEG in period 2 was associated with lower plasma GLY, THR, SER, ASP, MET, GLU, PHE, CYST, GLN, ORN, LYS, HIS, and TRP. Polyethylene glycol increased juniper intake and decreased several plasma AA when tannin-rich foods with varying CP were fed.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2423</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 8, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 4, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utsumi, S.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cibils, A.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walker, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One-seed juniper use by goats: Influence of stocking density and mixed grazing in summer and spring</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstracts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">density</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">juniper</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">one-seed</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 26-31, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Louisville, KY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1952</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Targeted grazing with goats could be used to suppress one-seed juniper (&lt;i&gt;Juniperus monosperma&lt;/i&gt;) sapling invasion if suitable grazing techniques are identified and applied. We examined the effects of stocking density and mixed grazing with sheep on utilization of herbaceous vegetation and juniper saplings (&lt; 2m) by Boer-Spanish goats in summer and spring. The study was a 2x2 factorial with two herbivores and two stocking densities. Ten goats (Goats alone) or five nannies mixed with four Rambouillet ewes (Mixed grazing) were placed in 10x10 m plots for one day (High Density) or 20x30 m plots for six days (Low Density). Stocking rate for both treatments was 1.1 AU/ha/yr. There were two complete blocks in each season. Time spent feeding on juniper (TFJ; %) and utilization of herbaceous vegetation (UHV; %) were determined. There were no differences in TFJ (P=0.99) nor UHV (P=0.27) between seasons. TFJ varied by herbivore and density treatment (herbivore x density: P = 0.16). Goats spent more time feeding on juniper in high vs. low stocking density treatments (P=0.01), although differences in TFJ among stocking density treatments were larger in mixed grazing plots (34.4 vs. 17.7% ± 3.5) than in plots where goats grazed alone (28.2 vs. 22.2% ± 3.6). UHV was higher in low vs. high stocking density plots (67.0 vs. 59.6% ± 2.3; P=0.05) and in plots with mixed grazing vs. goats grazing alone (69.8 vs. 56.9% ± 2.4; P&lt;0.01). High density grazing and mixed grazing with goats and sheep can increase the use of juniper by goats. Low density grazing appears to encourage selective grazing which results in more intensive use of herbaceous understory. Overall, stocking density and mixed grazing are two promising techniques to manipulate juniper and herbaceous plant utilization in targeted grazing programs with goats.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2429</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 16, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 19, 2007</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valverde-Saenz, S.I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walsh, J.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gardner, C.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mulliniks, J.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schilling, B.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hallford, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conzalez, A.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kane, K.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hawkins, D.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Age at puberty in beef heifers: Criollo cattle versus british crossbred cattle</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Western Section of Animal Science Proceedings</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Western Section of Animal Science</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">age</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angus-hereford</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bovine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Criollo</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proceedings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">productivity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 24-26, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laramie, WY</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Age at puberty is an important factor in estimating the potential productivity of the bovine female. A study was conducted at the ARS-USDA Jornada Experimental Range in 2006 and 2007 to compare onset of puberty, BW, and serum insulin in Criollo and Angus-Hereford crossbred heifers. In 2006, 7 Criollo and 5 crossbred heifers were used to determine length of the estrous cycle and insulin concentrations. Heifers grazed the same pasture during the study with free access to water and mineral supplement. Blood samples were collected twice weekly for both years. In 2007, 15 Criollo and 15 crossbred heifers were used to determine age to puberty (2 or more consecutive progesterone concentrations &gt; 1 ng/mL), length of the estrous cycle, and insulin concentrations. Initial BW in both 2006 and 2007 crossbred heifers were heavier (P &lt; 0.01), when compared to Criollo heifers (251.7 and 166.4 ± 12.9 kg; 236.2 and 158.8 ± 4.7 kg, respectively). In 2006, BW gain did not differ (P &lt; 0.01) between breeds (80.5 and 71.1 ± 4.4 kg for crossbred and Criollo heifers, respectively). In 2007, crossbred heifers gained more BW than Criollo heifers during the study (P &lt; 0.01; 128.2 and 91.2 ± 4.1 kg, respectively).  In 2007, BW at puberty (P &lt; 0.01) was greater for crossbred heifers than Criollo heifers (323.8 and 213.9 ± 6.6 kg, respectively). However, Criollo heifers tended (P = 0.15) to reach puberty earlier than crossbred heifers (363.5 and 376.7 ± 6.3 d, respectively). Estrous cycle length between crossbred and Criollo heifers in both 2006 and 2007 did not differ (P &gt; 0.53; 18 and 19 ± 1 d; 18 and 19 ± 1 d, respectively). Serum insulin concentrations were also greater (P &lt; 0.01), for Criollo compared to crossbred heifers in both 2006 and 2007 (0.67 and 0.54 ± 0.02 ng/mL; 0.68 and 0.58 ± 0.02 ng/mL, respectively). This study suggests that Criollo heifers may reach puberty earlier than British breeds.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2441</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 15, 2008</style></custom5></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wainwright, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parsons, Anthony J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Müller, Eva N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brazier, Richard E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Powell, D. Mark</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fenti, Bantigegne</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A transport-distance approach to scaling erosion rates: 3. Evaluating scaling characteristics of MAHLERAN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Earth Surface Processes and Landforms</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">erosion, hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, scaling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, sediment transport</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, soil-erosion model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, validation model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, MAHLERAN</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, scaling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, soil-erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, validation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1113-1128</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;b&gt;DOI: &lt;/b&gt;10.1002/esp.1622</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the two previous papers of this series, we demonstrated how a novel approach to erosion modelling (MAHLERAN – Model for Assessing Hillslope-Landscape Erosion, Runoff And Nutrients) provided distinct advantages in terms of process representation and explicit scaling characteristics when compared with existing models. A first evaluation furthermore demonstrated the ability of the model to reproduce spatial and temporal patterns of erosion and their particle-size characteristics on a large rainfall-simulation plot. In this paper, we carry out a more detailed evaluation of the model using monitored erosion events on plots of different size. The evaluation uses four plots of 21·01, 115·94, 56·84 and 302·19 m2, with lengths of 4·12, 14·48, 18·95 and 27·78 m, respectively, on similar soils to the rainfall-simulation plot, for which runoff and erosion were monitored under natural rainfall. Although the model produces the correct ranking of the magnitude of erosion events, it performs less well in reproducing the absolute values and particle-size distributions of the eroded sediment. The implications of these results are evaluated in terms of requirements for process understanding and data for parameterization of improved soil-erosion models. We suggest that there are major weaknesses in the current understanding and data underpinning existing models. Consequently, a more holistic re-evaluation is required that produces functional relationships for different processes that are mutually consistent, and that have appropriate parameterization data to support their use in a wide range of environmental conditions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2469</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00938</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//NMSU,USDA//LTER V//entered 05/29/2008, In Press available online; updated 06/12/2008, in print; PDF on file</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (06/12/2008)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1428</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wainwright, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parsons, Anthony J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Müller, Eva N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brazier, Richard E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Powell, D. Mark</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fenti, Bantigegne</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A transport-distance approach to scaling erosion rates: 2. Sensitivity and evaluation of MAHLERAN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Earth Surface Processes and Landforms</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">erosion, hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, sediment transport</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, soil-erosion model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, validation model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, MAHLERAN</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, soil-erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, validation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">962-984</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;b&gt;DOI: &lt;/b&gt;10.1002/esp.1623</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the first paper in this series, we demonstrated that most process-based erosion models have a series of in-built assumptions that led us to question their true process basis. An alternative soil-erosion model (MAHLERAN – Model for Assessing Hillslope-Landscape Erosion, Runoff And Nutrients) based upon particle-travel distance has been presented in the first paper in this series and this paper presents the first of two evaluations of the model. Here, a sensitivity analysis shows that the numerical model is consistent with the analytical model of Parsons &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (2004) and demonstrates that downslope patterns of sediment flux on hillslopes are a complex interaction of rainfall intensity, duration and pattern; hillslope gradient; surface roughness and sediment size. This result indicates that the spatial scaling of sediment transfers on hillslopes is a non-trivial problem and will vary from point to point and from event to event and thus from year to year. The model is evaluated against field data from a rainfall-simulation experiment on an 18 m × 35 m plot for which there are sub-plot-scale data on runoff hydraulics and sediment flux. The results show that the model is capable of reproducing the sedigraph with an overall normalized root-mean-square error of 18·4% and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0·90. Spatial and temporal patterns of particle-size distributions of the eroded sediment are also reproduced very well, once erosion parameters have been optimized for the specific soil conditions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2468</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00937</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//NMSU,USDA//LTER V//entered 05/29/2008</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (05/29/2008)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1427</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wainwright, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parsons, Anthony J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Müller, Eva N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brazier, Richard E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Powell, D. Mark</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fenti, Bantigegne</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A transport-distance approach to scaling erosion rates: 1. Background and model development</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Earth Surface Processes and Landforms</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">erosion, hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, sediment transport</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, soil-erosion model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, MAHLERAN</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, soil-erosion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">813-826</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DOI:&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;10.1002/esp.1624</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The process basis of existing soil-erosion models is shown to be ill-founded. The existing literature builds directly or indirectly on Bennett’s (1974) paper, which provided a blueprint for integrated catchment-scale erosion modelling. Whereas Bennett recognized the inherent assumptions of the approach suggested, subsequent readings of the paper have led to a less critical approach. Most notably, the assumption that sediment movement could be approximated by a continuity equation that related to transport in suspension has produced a series of submodels that assume that all movement occurs in suspension. For commonly occurring conditions on hillslopes, this case is demonstrably untrue both on theoretical grounds and from empirical observations. Elsewhere in the catchment system, it is only partially true, and the extent to which the assumption is reasonable varies both spatially and temporally. A second ground-breaking paper – that of Foster and Meyer (1972) – was responsible for subsequent uncritical application of a first-order approximation to deposition based on steady-state analysis and again a weak empirical basis. We describe in this paper an alternative model (MAHLERAN – Model for Assessing Hillslope-Landscape Erosion, Runoff And Nutrients) based upon particle-travel distance that overcomes existing limitations by incorporating parameterizations of the different detachment and transport mechanisms that occur in water erosion in hillslopes and small catchments. In the second paper in the series, we consider the sensitivity and general behaviour of MAHLERAN, and test it in relation to data from a large rainfall-simulation experiment. The third paper of the sequence evaluates the model using data from plots of different sizes in monitored rainfall events. From this evaluation, we consider the scaling characteristics of the current form of MAHLERAN and suggest that integrated modelling, laboratory and field approaches are required in order to advance the state of the art in soil-erosion modelling. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2467</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00936</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//NMSU,USDA//LTER V//entered 05/29/2008</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (05/29/2008)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1426</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wesley, R.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cibils, A.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollak, E.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cox, S.H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mulliniks, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petersen, M.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Measures of daily distribution patterns of cow calf pairs using global positioning systems on both cows and calves</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Mangement</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstracts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GPS collars</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinyon juniper</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 26, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2186</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GPS collars were used to describe the daily distribution patterns of cows and their calves from 18 to 60 days postpartum on pinyon juniper-shortgrass rangeland in central New Mexico. Eighteen, 3 year old cows and their calves were fitted weekly with GPS collars for seven consecutive weeks. Twenty days with cow calf pair location data for at least 48 consecutive hours were randomly selected. Daily area explored was estimated using the area of the 90% volume contour predicted with Kernel Analysis in the animal movements extension of ArcVeiw GIS 3.3. Cows daily distance traveled ranged from 2.7 to 6.2 km and they explored between 4.5 and 28.5ha day-1. Calves traveled between 2.2 and 6.1 km day-1 while exploring areas ranging from 1.3 to 16.7ha, of which an average of 5.5 ± 2.9ha overlapped with the area explored by its mother. Neither daily distance traveled nor area explored by the cow were correlated with calf age, but calves tended to travel longer distances and explore larger areas with increasing age (r=0.37, P= 0.10 and r=0.38, P=0.10, respectively). Cows visited water 85%, and calves 15%, of the days sampled. Average distance from water was 0.8 ± 0.21 km for cows and calves and was positively correlated for both with calf age (r=0.53, P=0.02 and r =0.57, P=0.01 respectively), as was maximum distance traveled from water (r=0.36, P=0.11, and r=0.47, P=0.03, respectively). Cows spent between 4.4 and 15.1 hours total, but never more than 8.3 hours in one event, farther than 100m away from their calves in any 24 hour period. Maximum distance between a calf and its mother was positively correlated with age (r=.50, P=0.02). Search patterns of cows (ratio between daily distance traveled and daily area explored) became considerably more concentrated when they remained in the proximity of their calves.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2525</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 17, 2007</style></custom5><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wesley, R.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cibils, A.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollak, E.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cox, S.H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mulliniks, J.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petersen, M.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Differences in rangeland use pattterns of young cows with different stress coping styles: Preliminary results</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corona Range and Livestock Research Center Proceedings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corona</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proceedings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stress</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 18, 2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-028.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corona, NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23-26</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individuals in most animal groups exhibit consistent behavioral differences within or across situations (feeding, mating, predator avoidance, etc.) known as behavioral syndromes (Sih et al. 2004). Proactive (more nervous) vs. reactive (calmer) behavioral syndromes have been observed in many animal species and have been shown to influence how individuals cope with stress (Koolhaas et al. 1999). We investigated the relationships between stress coping styles, patterns of rangeland use, and performance of thirty six 3-year-old cows during two consecutive calving seasons (2006-07). We found that calmer cows (classified as reactive) spent more time at water, explored smaller areas in any given day, had lower body weights, longer postpartum anestrous periods, and weaned lighter calves than cows classified as proactive (more nervous cows). Because our results are based on a limited number of animals which belong to a fairly docile herd, they should be considered preliminary. Further work investigating these relationships is underway.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2524</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 15, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 30, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, Walter G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barness, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steinberger, Yosef</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of three species of Chihuahuan Desert ants on annual plants and soil properties</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aphaenogaster cockerelli</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Generalist foragers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Honey-pot ants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microbial biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">myrmecocystus depilis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Persistent nests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pogonomyrmex rugosus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil respiration</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-055.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">392-400</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;We tested the hypothesis that ant species, which occupy the same nest for a decade or longer, would modify nest soils by increasing soil nutrients and microorganisms resulting in increased biomass, density, cover and species richness of annual plants. We measured soil properties and annual plants on nest soils of three species of Chihuahuan Desert ants (Pogonomyrmex rugosus--seed harvester, Aphaenogaster cockerelli--generalist forager, and Myrmecocystus depilis--liquid collector-insect scavenger) in comparison to paired reference soils at several locations. There were no differences in nest and reference total soil nitrogen of M. depilis and of P. rugosus on three catena soils. Total soil nitrogen of nest-modified soils was higher than of reference soils of A. cockerelli and P. rugosus in a desert grassland site. Soil microbial biomass and respiration were not significantly different among ant species at most locations with the exception of P. rugosus at the base of the catena. Annual plant biomass was higher on M. depilis and A. cockerelli nest soils than on the reference soils. Annual plant biomass was higher on P. rugosus nest soils than on reference soils at the base of the catena and in the grassland but not at the mid-slope and top of the catena. The effects of long-lived ant colony nests on soil properties and vegetation vary in time and space but are independent of the feeding behavior of the ant species.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3028</style></accession-num><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">392</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wills, S.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tugel, A.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remmenga, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minimum property dataset and sampling requirement tool for soil change studies in soil survey</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geological Society of America Meeting</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 Joint Meetings</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DSP</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil properties</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 5-9, 200</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Houston, TX</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">679-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dynamic soil properties (DSP) are those properties that change over human time scales. The new sampling guide “Soil and Resource Inventory Guide for Dynamic Soil Properties and Soil Change” includes a minimum DSP dataset and an interactive tool to determine sampling requirements. The minimum dataset is a common set of properties that will be measured on all DSP projects. In order to help guide soil property selection, a ranking tool was developed and completed by 40 experts in soil survey and pedology, soil biology, agronomy, forestry, rangeland, and hydrology. The ranking tool asked experts to rank properties according to 4 criteria important to soil change and soil survey. They ranked sensitivity to change the most important criteria for selecting a minimum DSP dataset. The highest ranked properties were organic carbon, pH and EC. The multi-scale sample requirement evaluation tool (MSSRET) is an Excel spreadsheet-based tool that can be used to determine the necessary sample requirements at plot and landscape scales for DSP monitoring and comparison studies. It is intended to help in project planning and sample sufficiency assessment. The Guide recommends sampling DSPs in a multi-scale fashion (multiple samples on multiple plots) by soil map unit component phases. Sample and plot requirements are calculated from the desired minimum detectable difference (MDD), the variance of the property at plot and project scales and the level of acceptable error rates. The guide represents a new phase in soil survey that will document DSPs and soil change due to management.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2648</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 1, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 15, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yahdjian, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, O. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change impacts on South American rangelands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change, rangeland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland, climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South America</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34-39</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2692</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00960</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//OTHER//LTER V//entered 06/02/2008 per DEP; updated 06/.26/2009 [pdf in file]</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (06/26/2009)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1437</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yahdjian, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, O. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Do litter decomposition and nitrogen mineralization show the same trend in the response to dry and wet years in the Patagonian steppe?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">litter decomposition, Patagonian steppe</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nitrogen mineralization, Patagonian steppe</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patagonian steppe</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">687-695</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In arid environments, dry and wet years have similar number of small rainfall events but wet years result from the occurrence of a few large rainfall events. What are the implications of these different precipitation patterns on ecosystem functioning? Here, we examined the differential response of soil processes to wet and dry years. Specifically, we assessed litter decomposition and soil N mineralization responses to precipitation excess in the Patagonian steppe, and compared with responses to drought conditions previously reported for this ecosystem.Litter decomposition rates did not differ significantly between simulated wet year and control, while litter decomposition rates decreased under a drought of a similar absolute magnitude. We hypothesize that decomposition rate in this ecosystem may be driven more by number of rainfall events than by total precipitation amount. Net nitrification increased in the simulated wet year but only for a short period of time. Moreover, irrigation positive effects on nitrification were offset by negative effects on net ammonification. Consequently, net N mineralization was not affected by water availability. Our results suggest that the different microorganisms responsible of nitrification and ammonification have differential sensitivity to water availability and that the environmental controls might be overwhelmed by substrate availability in longer time scales. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2693</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00959</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//OTHER//LTER V//entered 06/02/2008 per DEP; updated 06/26/2009 [pdf obtained; abstract added]</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (06/26/2009)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1441</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ypsilantis, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karl, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bottomley, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biggam, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O'Green, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Townsend, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davis, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gilgert, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dibenedetto, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renthal, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Understanding global warming impacts to forest and rangeland landscapes with benchmark ecological sites</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geological Society of America</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological sites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global warming</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 5-9, 200</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Houston, TX</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">766-1</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A benchmark ecological site is one that has the greatest potential to yield data and information about ecological functions, processes, and the effects of management or climate change that can apply to a broad area or critical ecological zone. A benchmark ecological site represents other similar sites in a major land resource area (MLRA). Information gathered about benchmark ecological sites can address many different ecological, social, and resource management issues. One of the purposes of designating benchmark ecological sites is to promote greater understanding of the potential impacts of global climate change on rangeland and forest ecosystem dynamics and soils.  Measures of ecosystem change against reliable benchmarks will allow land managers to use adaptive management to provide for sustainability of natural resources on these landscapes.  Examples of resource issues that could be addressed include impacts of climate change and management actions on threatened, endangered, and other plant and animal species of concern; soil erosion, sedimentation, and runoff; soil ecology; plant community composition and productivity; and habitat reclamation potential.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2705</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 1, 2008</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 15, 2008</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steele, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linking ground observations, simulation model output, and remote sensing data to characterize phenology across diverse arid landscapes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Meetings</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Southwest Region</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">simulation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 5, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We combined long-term data on plant phenology with simulation modeling output and remote sensing data to characterize diverse landscapes at the Jornada Experimental Range in the northern Chihuahuan Desert of southern New Mexico. Phenology of 15 key species in Chihuahuan Desert plant communities have been monitored monthly for 15 sites since 1992. Phenological state (non-reproductive, in bud, in flower, dormant) is noted for all plants of selected grass and shrub species at three replicate sites of five major plant communities (upland grasslands, playa grasslands, creosotebush shrublands, mesquite shrublands, tarbush shrublands). We combined these long-term data with simulation model results of key species to extrapolate back in time and to forecast future dynamics under a changing climate. We used a daily timestep model of soil water dynamics (SOILWAT) to simulate recruitment of the dominant grass for the entire Jornada Basin. We also compared the long-term data with remotely sensed images through time for one year from the ASTER satellite. The ability of the ASTER images to sense phonological changes varied by community type. Linking different technologies has great potential for improving understanding and prediction for arid landscapes that vary both temporally and spatially.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN113</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Virtual Fencing - past, present and future</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Rangeland Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">animal tracking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biotelemetry systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Directional Virtual Fencing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dog training collars</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DVFTM</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">electronic fences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Positioning System</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GPS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 15, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-018.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CSIRO Publishing</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65-78</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Virtual fencing is a method of controlling animals without ground based natural or man made structures. Control occurs by altering an animal&amp;#39;s behavior through one or more sensory cues administered to the animal after it has attempted to penetrate an electronically generated 2-dimensional boundary. This boundary can be any geometrical shape, and though unseen by the eye, is detected by an electronic computer system worn by the animal. Autonomous programmable systems use an electronic signal, most commonly from the Global Positioning System (GPS) of satellites that emit electronic signals in the radio frequency (RF) range. Algorithms within a Geographic Information System (GIS) within the computer system worn by the animal use these data to determine if a cue should be applied and if so what cue(s), where on the body the cues should be applied and for how long. The first commercial virtual fencing system, patented in 1973 for controlling domestic dogs, was successfully used in 1987 to contain goats in the first experiment to control livestock using virtual fencing. Since then researchers using commercial as well as custom designed systems have successfully demonstrated that virtual fencing can successfully hold as well as move livestock over the landscape (proof-of-concept). Commercial virtual livestock control systems do not yet exist; however, research in Australia and the United States continues toward this goal. Pending research needs relating to this method of animal control are discussed in light of the currently available technologies.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN55</style></accession-num><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;2007&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrow, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osuna, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reyes, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aaltonen, R.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungal genomes that influence basic physiological processes that enhance survival of black grama and fourwing saltbush in arid southwestern rangelands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13th Wildland Shrub Symposium, Shrubland Dynamics: Fire and Water</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">associations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">composite</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">manipulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">native plants</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 10-12, 20</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_p047/rmrs_p047_123_131.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RMRS-P-47</style></number><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lubbock, TX</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123-131</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Symbiotic fungi confer multiple benefits such as enhanced photosynthetic rates and drought tolerance in host plants. Shrubs and grasses of southwestern deserts are colonized by symbiotic fungi that cannot be removed by conventional sterilization methods. These fungi were extensively studied in Bouteloua eriopoda (Torr.) Torr. and Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. over a wide range of locations and environmental conditions. Fungi were intrinsically integrated with cells, tissues, and regenerated plant cultures. These composite plant-fungus organisms are comprised of more than one fungal species. Fungal association with photosynthetic cells, accumulation of lipids provided evidence for carbon management.  Fungal biofilms that coat cells, tissues, roots, and leaves suggest that they protect cells, roots, and leaves from direct exposure to stressed environments. Associations with vascular tissues suggested a role in resource transport. Association with stomata indicates an influence in gas exchange, photosynthesis, and evapotranspiration. Transfer of fungal endophytes from native plants to nonhost plants resulted in substantial modifications in root, shoot morphology and biomass, chlorophyll content, and fruiting. Host plants are modified by fungi at the genetic, cellular, and physiological levels and positively enhance ecological fitness.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN200</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrow, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, M.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reyes-Vera, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endosymbiotic fungi structually integrated with leaves reveals a lichenous condition of C4 grasses</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Vitro Cellular and Development Biology - Plants</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C4 grasses</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">endosymbiotic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lichenous</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 11, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-013.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65-70</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper addresses the assumed autonomy of vascular plants by revealing the presence of an obligate fungus structurally integrated with leaf anatomy of  C4 grasses. We examined leaf surfaces of 26 species representing 14 genera of C4 grasses.  In all species, we found similarities between leaf surface microhair-like structures and Uredomycete teliospores.  These bicellular structures produced hyphae and spores, confirming they were fungal, rather than plant tissue.  The plant-fungus structural morphology was also observed in Bouteloua eriopoda plants regenerated from embryonic meristem cells.  The conserved symbiosis between fungi and C4 grasses suggests a lichenous association with evolutionary significance.  The structural integration of endosymbiotic fungi with cells and tissues offers novel and unexplored approaches to developing physiological, ecological and systematic models of C4 grasses.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN206</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belnap, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phillips, S.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johansen, J.R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind erodibility of soils at Fort Irwin, California (Mojave Desert), USA, before and after trampling disturbance: implications for land management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Earth Surface Porcesses and Landforms</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-008.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wiley InterScience</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75-84</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We compared short-term effects of lug-soled-boot-trampling disturbance on water infiltration and soil erodibility on coarse-textured soils in the Mojave Desert.  Trampling significantly reduced final infiltration rate and total infiltration and increased sediment generation from small (0.5 m2) rainfall simulation plots (p&lt;0.01).  Trampling had no effect on time to runoff or time to peak runoff.  Trampling also significantly reduced surface gravel cover.  Trampling had similar effects at sites with both low and high chlorophyll a content, where chlorophyll a is used as an index of the level of microbiotic crust development.  We concluded that trampling effects are relatively independent of the presence of microbiotic crusts in this environment.  Instead, trampling appears to reduce infiltration by reducing gravel and coarse sand cover, facilitating the development of a sieving crust during rainfall simulation.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN233</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Originally submitted to Journal of Arid Environments, withdrawn for publication delay reasons.  Submitted to Earth Surface Porcess and Landforms - published with different authors.Duplicate entries 183506-delete/159613-delete.</style></notes><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khalil, N.I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Does shrub invasion indirectly limit grass establishment via seedling herbivory? A test at grassland-shrubland ecotones</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Vegetation Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alternative state</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bouteloua eriopoda</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertifiction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dipodomys</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lepus californicus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">restoration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">small mammal</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 1, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-005.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">363-370</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Does shrub invasion at ecotones indirectly limit grass establishment by increasing mammalian seedling herbivory, Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico? We tested the hypothesis that herbivore-related mortality of seedlings of the dominant perennial grass Bouteloua eriopoda would be highest in shrub-dominated portions of grassland-shrubland ecotones. We tested the hypothesis in two Chihuahuan Desert sites featuring similar shrub encroachment patterns but different shrub species, grass cover, and different abundances of small mammals.  Within each site we transplanted B. eriopoda seedlings to grass-dominated, middle, and shrub-dominated positions of replicate ecotones during the time of year (mid-summer) when they would naturally appear and monitored seedling fates.  We estimated population size/activity of putative small mammal herbivores. Seedlings were killed by mammals in greater number in shrubland than in grassland or middle ecotone positions at the site withlarge herbivore numbers. At the site with low herbivore numbers, most seedlings were killed in middle ecotone positions. The abundance patterns of herbivores did not parallel patterns of seedling herbivory across the ecotones or between sites. Seedling herbivory is an improtant process and is related to vegetation composition, but the mechanisms underlying the relationship are not clear. We speculate that variation in  small mammal foraging behvior may contribute to seedling herbivory patterns. Restoration strategies in the Chihuahuan Desert need to account for the abundance and/or behavior of native herbivores.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN266</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skaggs, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tipping points in rangelands: The scales of social-biophysical interactions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society of America Abstracts</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">socio-economic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tipping points</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 5-10, 200</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Jose, CA</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SYMP 2-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological and socio-economic processes are driving many of the world’s rangelands beyond “tipping points” to degraded states, but we have a poor understanding of the mechanisms by which these processes are linked to each other. We argue that this is due largely to the lack of data on region-scale patterns. We review three key concepts guiding our approach to investigating rangeland degradation at regional scales. First, a mechanistic understanding of tipping points must be based on understanding cross-scale relationships in pattern-process interactions. One insight is that the scales at which we should look for significant patterns/processes (e.g., those that explain variation in vegetation and soil degradation) vary with context and are often broader than we implicitly recognize. Second, transitions to degraded states are strongly conditioned by climo-edaphic heterogeneity. We are only beginning to identify and quantify the key attributes that govern transitions and know little about how climate change will modify those relationships. Finally, it is widely held that human behaviors underlie the approach to tipping points and loss of resilience, but we have little systematic understanding of how variations in behavior affect them. In the U.S., for example, spatial patterns of control of public grazing lands established under the Taylor Grazing Act, the adoption of more stringent rangeland oversight policies (e.g., the National Environmental Policy Act), and changing motivations of landowners may have large and unrecognized impacts on transitions. Improvements to the tools and policies we use to react to tipping points in rangelands will require broad-scale, social-ecological approaches that are still nascent.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN271</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duplicate of 215186.  Use 215042 for reporting purposes</style></notes><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bird, S.B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wander, M.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murray, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiscale variability in soil aggregate stability: Implications for understanding semiarid grassland degradation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geoderma</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grassland degradation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil aggregate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil structure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 15, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6V67-4NHV741-3&amp;_user=1496926&amp;_coverDate=06%2F15%2F2007&amp;_rdoc=13&amp;_fmt=full&amp;_orig=browse&amp;_srch=doc-info(%23toc%235807%232007%23998599998%23659353%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&amp;_cdi=5807&amp;_sort=d&amp;_docancho</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">140</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">106-118</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grassland degradation typifies desertification in many regions of the world.  Changes in plant communities and increased soil resource loss and redistribution have been widely documented in degrading grasslands.  Increased soil loss and redistribution are commonly associated with changes in soil structure, yet variability in soil structure in arid ecosystems has been little studied.  We compared soil aggregate stability in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland at the plant and landscape scales by assessing aggregate stability at four sites in two cover classes (under grass canopy vs. in bare interspace) located within each of three grass cover and land disturbance classes.  Soil aggregate stability is a key indicator of soil structure and is correlated with erodibility and water infiltration capacity.  To increase measurement sensitivity to changes in soil structure and identify potential early warning indicators for monitoring, we used two different methods for quantifying wet aggregate stability: stability of aggregates &gt; 0.25 mm was assessed in the laboratory and that of 1.5 mm aggregates was assessed in the field. As expected, soil aggregate stability was significantly higher under grass plants than in plant interspaces (44.2 vs. 38.4% for the lab test and 4.4 vs. 3.3 stability class for the field test; p &lt; 0.01). This plant-interspace pattern was consistent at all four study sites, but the absolute values for under plants and in interspaces varied across the landscape.  The field test showed higher stability throughout the top 10 cm in plots with higher grass cover throughout the top 10 cm, while disturbance level only affected stability at the soil surface.  The laboratory test was insensitive to differences in grass cover and disturbance. High variability at the plant-interspace scale supports earlier work on biogeochemistry, reflecting linkages between the spatial distribution of soil structure, soil organic matter, and nutrient cycling.  The established relationship between soil aggregate stability and other soil properties and processes, the relative sensitivity of the field test, and lack of sensitivity of the lab test to differences in grass cover and disturbance support the use of the field test as an indicator for managing both grass cover and soil surface disturbance in arid grasslands.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN292</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bishop-Hurley, G.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swain, D.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sikka, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crossman, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corke, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Virtual Fencing Applications: Implementing and Testing an Automated Cattle Control System</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computers and Electronics in Agriculture</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">animal behaviour</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fencing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">free-ranging cattle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prototype virtual fencing device</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sensory stimuli</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wireless sensor network</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-009.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14-22</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Managing livestock movement in extensive systems has environmental and production benefits. Currently permanent wire fencing is used to control cattle; this is both expensive and inflexible. Cattle are known to respond to auditory and visual cues and we investigated whether these can be used to manipulate their behavior. Twenty-five Belmont Red steers with a mean live weight (LW) of 270 kg were each randomly assigned to one of five treatments. Treatments consisted of a combination of cues (audio, tactile and visual stimuli) and consequence (electrical stimulation). The treatments were electrical stimulation alone, audio plus electrical stimulation, vibration plus electrical stimulation, light plus electrical stimulation and electrified electric fence (6 kV) plus electrical stimulation (experimental control). Cue stimuli were administered for 3 seconds followed immediately by electrical stimulation (consequence) of 1 kV for 1 second. The experiment tested the operational efficacy of on-animal control or virtual fencing system. A collar-halter device was designed to carry the electronics, batteries and equipment providing the stimuli, including audio, vibration, light and electrical of a prototype virtual fencing device. Cattle were allowed to travel along a 40 m alley to a group of peers and feed while their rate of travel and response to the stimuli recorded. The prototype virtual fencing control system was successful in modifying the behavioural of the cattle. The rate of travel along the alley demonstrated the large variability in behavioural response associated with tactile, visual and audible cues. The experiment demonstrated virtual fencing has potential for controlling cattle in extensive grazing systems. However, larger numbers of cattle need to be tested to derive a better understanding of the behavioral variance. Further controlled experimental work is also necessary to quantify the interaction between cues, consequences and cattle learning.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN295</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bowker, George E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gillette, Dale A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bergametti, Gilles</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marticorena, Béatrice</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heist, David K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sand flux simulations at a small scale over a heterogeneous mesquite area of the northern Chihuahuan Desert</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aeolian processes, erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aeolian processes, M-NORT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aeolian processes, mesquite dunes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aeolian processes, model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aeolian processes, NPP sites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aeolian processes, QUIC</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aeolian processes, sand flux</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, QUIC</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NPP sites, aeolian processes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1410-1422</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DOI: 10.1175/JAM2537.1</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Within areas of the Chihuahuan Desert dominated by honey mesquite bushes (&lt;i&gt;Prosopis glandulosa&lt;/i&gt;), soil erosion causes open eroded patches and the formation of large coppice dunes. The airflow patterns around the dunes and through the open areas are correlated with sand flux and erosion. This study uses wind velocity simulations from the Quick Urban and Industrial Complex (QUIC) model in combination with a sand flux parameterization to simulate sand fluxes for each of eight storms occurring in the springs of 2003 and 2004. Total sand fluxes based on the sum of all the sand collectors located within the study domain were usually within 50% of the measured values for each of the storms, with simulations for individual sand collectors also often within 50% of the measured values. Simulated fluxes based on two different sand flux parameterizations were generally within 10% of each other, differing substantially only when the sand flux was low (near the threshold velocity). Good agreement between the field observations with a Sensit instrument and QUIC simulations for the same location and time series suggests that QUIC could be used to predict the spatial and temporal variation of sand flux patterns for a domain.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN310</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00953</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA//LTER V//entered 08/19/2008/ PDF on file</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (08/19/2008)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1452</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brazier, Richard E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parsons, Anthony J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wainwright, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Powell, D. Mark</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, William H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Upscaling understanding of nitrogen dynamics associated with overland flow in a semi-arid environment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biogeochemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, nitrogen yields</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, overland flow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, soil erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nitrogen, hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scale</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil erosion, hydrology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">265-278</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DOI 10.1007/s10533-007-9070-x</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An experiment was designed to further the empirical understanding of the effects of scale on fluxes of water and dissolved nitrogen from hillslopes in semi-arid shrubland. It was hypothesised that the behaviour of dissolved nitrogen is related to the scale of the contributing hillslope/catchment area and dynamics of the overland flow as has been demonstrated to be the case for soil erosion (Parsons et al. 2006). Data from four hillslope scales (ca. 21300 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) and one subcatchment (ca. 1,500 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), collected over two monsoon seasons, support this hypothesis and demonstrate that the key controls of average dissolved nitrogen yields are flow discharge and plot scale. The slope of the best-fit line describing the relationship between flow discharge and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) yields descreases with increasing scale, from 0.0183 at 21.01 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 0.0092 at 56.84 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 0.0059 at 115.94 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 0.0024 at 302.19 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; to 0.0004 at 1,500 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. An implication of these findings is that care must be taken when upscaling results describing nutrient behaviour from small, plot experiments, as this behaviour appears to be scale dependent. For example, average yields of TDN in overland flow increase to a maximum with increasing plot area until an area of 50 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; is reached, and decline with increasing plot size thereafter. Thus, studies that rely upon fixed plot scales may misrepresent catchment- or landscape-scale fluxes as they do not describe the changing relationship between overland flow and nutrient fluxes with increasing spatial scale. Further investigations into intra-event behaviour illustrate that nitrogen losses from natural rainfall/runoff events are supply limited as over the course of the events monitored, decreasing concentrations illustrate a pattern of nutrient exhaustion. When events are compared at the same sites through the monsoon season, however, the anticipated seasonal exhaustion effect is not present. This work provides an empirical basis to upscale the understanding of dissolved nitrogen behaviour from small hillslope plots to catchment scales in degraded semi-arid environments.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN312</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00901</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//Walnut Gulch//LTER-V//entered 08/14/2007; updated 05/14/2008</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (08/14/2007)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1388</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Briske, D.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Derner, J.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fuhlendorf, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teague, W.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gillen, R.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ash, A.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willms, W.D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rotational grazing on rangelands: Reconciliation of perception and experimental evidence</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">domestic herbivores</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazed ecosystems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazing management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazing systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland management</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-003.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-17</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In spite of overwhelming experimental evidence to the contrary, rotational grazing continues to be promoted and implemented as the only viable grazing strategy. The goals of this synthesis are to 1) reevaluate the complexity, underlying assumptions, and ecological processes of grazed ecosystems, 2) qualitatively summarize plant and animal production responses to rotational and continuous grazing, 3) characterize the prevailing perceptions influencing the assessment of rotational and continuous grazing, and 4) attempt to direct the profession toward a reconciliation of perceptions advocating support for rotational grazing systems with that of the experimental evidence.  The ecological relationships of grazing systems have been reasonably well resolved, at the scales investigated, and a continuation of costly grazing experiments adhering to conventional research protocols will yield little additional information. Plant production was equal or greater in continuous compared to rotational grazing in 87% (20 of 23) of the experiments.  Similarly, animal production per head and per area were equal or greater in continuous compared to rotational grazing in 92% (35 of 38) and 84% (27 of 32) of the experiments, respectively.  These experimental data demonstrate that a set of potentially effective grazing strategies exist, none of which have unique properties that set one apart from the other in terms of ecological effectiveness.  The performance of rangeland grazing strategies are similarly constrained by several ecological variables establishing that differences among them are dependent upon the effectiveness of management models, rather than the occurrence of unique ecological phenomena.  Continued advocacy for rotational grazing as a superior strategy of grazing on rangelands is founded on perception and anecdotal interpretations, rather than an objective assessment of the vast experimental evidence. We recommend that these evidence-based conclusions be explicitly incorporated into management and policy decisions addressing this predominant land use on rangelands.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN323</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duplicate of 213934. use 204233 for reporting</style></notes><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 15, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 12, 2007</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angerer, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improving estimates of rangeland carbon storage</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60th Annual Meeting of the Society for Range Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GHG</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global climate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">greenhouse gas</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangelands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">terrestrial</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 9-16, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sparks/Reno, Nevada</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paper No. 55</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terrestrial carbon sequestration on rangelands has the potential to make a substantial contribution to the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) levels in the atmosphere and mitigate the effects of global climate change. This enhanced sequestration can be accomplished through the management of soils and vegetation, primarily on land that is used for production of domestic livestock and wildlife habitat. In most cases, management methods to increase sequestration rates are compatible with, and support, conservation and production objectives. The primary barriers to adoption of sequestering practices and 1) the short-term costs and risks associated with changing land use or land management regimes, 2) high spatial and temporal variability in the processes that drive carbon dynamics, and 3) lack of reliable measurement technologies and reliable models for prediction of long-term sequestration and related effects in many rangeland ecosystems. Our analysis of southwestern US rangelands identified limited opportunities to enhance sequestration on intact rangelands, due primarily to low and erratic rainfall. We also identified potentially significant gains in the conversion of existing cropland to permanent vegetative cover, especially in areas with more reliable precipitation and mollisols. Increasing carbon storage on southwestern US rangelands will require programs that encompass large areas and implementation of new technologies to validate the changes in carbon.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN327</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campanella, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roemer, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodent community landscape ecology in grassland-shrubland ecotones and gradients in the Chihuahuan Desert</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22nd Annual Symposium of U.S. Regional Chapter of International Association of Landscape Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rodent</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 9-11, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tucson, AZ</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">p. 21</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is believed that the abundance and diversity of Chihuahuan Desert rodents increases with shrub encroachment accompanying desertification although grassland specialist species decline with loss of perennial grasses. It has been reported, however, that rodent population responses to spatial variation in habitat are mediated by a complex suite of biotic-abiotic interactions. The consistency of such patterns across a landscape has not been examined. We tested the hypothesis that rodent richness, biomass, and density/abundance were highest in shrub-dominated portions of replicate grassland-shrubland ecotones and across a grassland-shrubland gradient. Rodents were trapped on permanent grids scattered over an area of 200 km2. Mark-recapture procedures were used to estimate population density and the software eCognition to estimate landscape structure using an object-oriented spatial analysis approach. We found that rodent abundance, biomass, and species composition were highly variable and related to the details of vegetation structure across the landscape, rather than being simply positively correlated with shrub cover.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN388</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campanella, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roemer, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Complexity in rodent community respones to grassland-shrubland trasititions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87th Annual Meeting American Society of Mammalogist</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abiotic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biotic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rodents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 6-8, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albuquerque, NM</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">p. 89</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is believed that the abundance and diversity of Chihuahuan Desert rodents increases with shrub encroachment accompanying desertification although grassland specialist species decline with loss of perennial grasses. It has been reported, however, that a suite of biotic-abiotic interactions may influence rodent population responses to spatial variation in habitat in complex ways, mediating the general habitat/abundance relationship. The consistency of rodent responses to shrub encroachment across a landscape and over time has not been examined in the past and is the objective of this study. Between 2002 and 2006 we monitored rodent populations on five grassland-shrubland ecotone sites in the Jornada Basin (NM, USA). The ecotones are within the same vegetation types and soils (Bouteloua eriopoda and Prosopis glandulosa on coarse loamy Argids), but they are dynamic (with shrubs expanding into grasslands over the last century) and varied in total shrub and grass abundance depending on mesoclimate and disturbance history. We also monitored 23 additional grids distributed across an area of 200 square kilometers and ranging from healthy grasslands to dense mesquite dunes. Precipitation at all sites was recorded. We tested the hypothesis that rodent richness, biomass, and density/abundance were highest in shrub-dominated portions of replicate grassland-shrubland ecotones and across grassland-shrubland transitions. We found that overall rodent richness, biomass and abundance were highly variable across the landscape and responses to shrub cover and precipitation were not always linear across years. Perennial grass cover and bare ground cover did not show significant effects on rodent populations. We conclude that absolute differences in shrub cover across the landscape are more important than relative differences in vegetation structure (i.e. shrub cover) within an ecotone for aggregate measures of rodent communities.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN387</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chambers, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geary, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrow, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gardner, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burr, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Confirmation of artificial endophyte inoculation in maize and tomato by scanning electron microscopy and PCR amplification in its sequences</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Phytopathology</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings American Phytopathology Meetings</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">endophyte</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">maize</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tomato</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 28 - August</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Diego, CA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demand for drought tolerant plants is increasing because of water shortages and water quality.  Many plant-microbe symbioses have been shown to increase drought resistance in multiple crops with few to no negative effects.  Novel, artificially created plant-microbe crosses are being sought to increase drought.  All plant species are known to support heavy loads and diverse communities of mutualistic microorganisms on their phylloplane, internal tissues and in the rhizosphere.  Carbon expenditures required to support such a heavy load of organisms suggests an undue stress on the host metabolism (Johri 2006) tolerance through combining the benefits from plant breeding with the secondary metabolite production of symbiotic fungi.  To initiate novel plant-microbe crosses, plant callus containing fungal endophytes or plugs from pure fungal colonies are placed directly on newly germinated seed radicals.  Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of maize inbred B73 incubated with callus from a Great Basin wild rye &lt;i&gt;(Leymus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;cinereus&lt;/i&gt;) shows appresorium formation and endophyte penetration of host tissue.  SEM data from tomato (&lt;i&gt;Solanum&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;lycopersicum&lt;/i&gt;) incubations with an endophyte isolated from Fourwing Saltbush (&lt;i&gt;Atriplex canescens&lt;/i&gt;) show extensive fungal associations with root hairs.  ITS sequence amplification (~600bp fragment) further provides evidence that a novel fungal endophyte has been transferred.  Sequence analysis of ITS regions, identification of endophytes, and drought study results are pending.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN432</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diekmann, Lucy O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lawrence, Deborah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, Gregory S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in the spatial variation of soil properties following shifting cultivation in a Mexican tropical dry forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biogeochemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">goestatistics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mexico</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shifting cultivation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial heterogeneity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tropical dry forest</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99-113</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3275</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duniway, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The functional role of carbonate-cemented soil horizons in desert ecosystems: Spatial and temporal dynamics of plant water availability</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society of America </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbonate-cemented</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temporal</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 5-10, 200</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Jose, CA</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COS 147-6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In water limited ecosystems, soil profile characteristics can control plant community composition and production through their effects on spatial and temporal patterns of plant available water. Little is known, however, about water availability in soil horizons cemented with carbonates (petrocalcic horizons), which occur extensively in arid ecosystems. To investigate petrocalcic water retention and dynamics, a series of replicated experiments at multiple spatial scales was conducted in a mixed shrub-grass community in southern New Mexico, USA. A laboratory study was conducted evaluating the water holding capacity of a variety of petrocalcic material. Petrocalcic temporal water availability and dynamics were monitored in two multiyear field studies: a pasture scale study comparing water availability across soils with differing degrees of petrocalcic development and a companion patch-interspace scale study investigating soil-water dynamics associated with woody shrub encroachment in a petrocalcic soil. Petrocalcic available water holding capacities were up to four times those of the sandy loam parent material. Calcic and petrocalcic horizons retained much greater amounts of available soil water for several months following above-normal winter and summer precipitation than similar depths in a non-carbonate sand. The companion study in the petrocalcic soil showed that unvegetated interspaces absorbed significantly more soil water during a wet winter and retained more available soil water into the spring than soils under shrubs. Wetting and drying dynamics indicate petrocalcic horizons release stored water into the grass rooting zone. Furthermore, patterns of water availability suggest soils with shallow petrocalcic horizons are beneficial to the establishment and persistence of grasses.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN602</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duniway, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger. H.C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The high water-holding capacity of petrocalcic horizons</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil Science Society of America</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petrocalcic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 1, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://soil.scijournals.org/cgi/reprint/71/3/812</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">812-819</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petrocalcic soil horizons occur in most arid and semi-arid ecosystems around the world, often within the plant rooting zone. Little is known, however, about the water holding characteristic of soils indurated with calcium carbonate. We conducted a replicated experiment to define the soil-water release curve (SWRC) for a range of petrocalcic horizon materials. Samples from both plugged and laminar zones of two stage V petrocalcic horizons in southern New Mexico were characterized. Wetter soil-water potentials were measured using a pressure plate; more negative potentials (down to &lt;–10 MPa) were measured using a chilled mirror water activity meter. Measured SWRC data were fitted to the Van Genuchten equation. The SWRC methods used were found to be both reliable and repeatable. Plant available water holding capacity (AWHC) for desert species (with wilting point set at –4.0 MPa)ranged from 0.26 m3 m-3 in plugged zones to 0.06 m3 m-3 in some laminar zones in contrast to ~ 0.07 m3 m-3 in the loamy sand parent material. Correlation analyses across morphologies of AWHC and soil properties resulted in significant statistical relationships only with bulk density and porosity. AWHC and calcium carbonate content, however, were significantly negatively correlated within the laminar and positively correlated within the plugged petrocalcic horizon morphologies. Cementation by calcium carbonate dramatically alters the water holding characteristics of soils and understanding these horizons is crucial to understand patterns of soil-water in desert systems throughout the world.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN600</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remmenga, M.D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of individual terpenes and terpene mistures on intake of lambs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Society of Animal Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alfalfa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alfalfa pellet</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intake</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lambs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrubs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">terpene</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 9, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suppl. 1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">287-288</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland degradation due to shrub encroachment is a major concern to livestock producers and land managers in the western United States and in arid and semiarid regions worldwide. Most invasive shrubs contain secondary compounds that reduce their consumption by herbivores, but knowledge concerning the effects of specific compounds is limited. Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of individual terpenes or mixtures of monoterpenes or sesquiterpenes on intake by lambs. After a 10-day adaptation period with untreated alfalfa pellets, lambs were individually fed treated alfalfa pellets for 20 min. each morning for 5 days. Five treatments (0X, .5X, 1X, 2X, and 10X; multiples of the concentrations of the same terpenes in &lt;i&gt;Flourensia cernua&lt;/i&gt;) were applied to alfalfa pellets (637 g, DM basis) in an ethanol carrier. Except during the 20-m,in test, lambs were maintained outdoors and fed untreated alfalfa pellets (total mean intake = 4.7%) in Exp. 1 and 4 because of greater intake of OX than other treatments on day 1 and lower intake for the 10XZ treatment on day 1 and 2.  A trend for decreased intake (g/kg BW) as concentration of the sesquiterpene mixture increased was observed.  Although there was a tendency for a sesquiterpene mixture to decrease intake, and the monoterpene mixture did not appear to affect intake by lambs.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN660</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remmenga, M.D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of Eugenol, Alpha-Terpineol, Terpin-4-ol, and methyl eugenol on consumption of alfalfa pellets by sheep</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small Ruminant Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diet selection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herviory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intake</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sheep</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">terpenes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Septembe 10, 200</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-026.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">272-276</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Many secondary compounds are typically present in unpalatable shrubs on rangelands in the western United States. However, the relationship between intake by livestock and concentration of individual chemicals has been examined for very few of these compounds. Four experiments were conducted to examine effects of individual volatile compounds on intake of alfalfa pellets by lambs. Forty-five lambs (9 lambs/treatment) were individually fed alfalfa pellets with eugenol, '-terpineol, terpin-4-ol, or methyl eugenol applied at one of five concentrations in an ethanol carrier. Treatments were multiples (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 10X) of the concentration (X) of each compound on the leaf surface of Flourensia cernua. Treatment solutions were sprayed on alfalfa pellets (0.64 kg.lamb-1.d-1, DM basis), and consumption was measured during a 20-min interval for five days. A day effect (P &lt; 0.001 for both linear and quadratic contrasts) was detected for intake in all four experiments, but no day x treatment interactions were observed (P &gt; 0.05). The day effect was generally due to lower intake on day 1, except for the methyl eugenol experiment, in which lambs consumed more pellets on day 1. No treatment effects were observed (P &gt; 0.05) for any of the four chemicals tested; thus, eugenol, '-terpineol, terpin-4-ol, and methyl eugenol were not related to intake of alfalfa pellets by lambs under the conditions of this study.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN659</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flombaum, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, O. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A non-destructive and rapid method to estimate biomass and aboveground net primary production in arid environments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">method, aboveground net primary production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">method, ANPP</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">method, calibration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">method, double sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">method, vegetation cover</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patagonian steppe</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">352-358</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.09.008</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present the calibration of a fast and non-destructive method to estimate aboveground plant biomass measuring vegetation cover. We double-sampled vegetation cover and aboveground biomass in the Patagonian steppe using 150 plots for shrubs and 50 plots for grasses. We performed simple linear regressions between vegetation cover and biomass for the dominant species and life forms (shrubs: Mulinum spinosum, Senecio filaginoides, and Adesmia campestris; grasses: Poa ligularis, Stipa speciosa, and Stipa humilis). All regressions were significant (po:01) for green and total biomass. Whereas all grass species had similar slopes, shrub slopes differed among each other with S. filaginoides and A. campestris having the steepest slopes for green and total biomass, respectively (po:05). Life-form calibrations showed steeper slopes for shrubs than for grasses (po:05). Our regressions are a basis for a non-destructive, rapid, and inexpensive way of estimating green biomass, aboveground net primary production (ANPP), and forage availability. Our life-form equations very likely could be used to estimate biomass and ANPP in other arid ecosystems dominated by tussock grasses and shrubs. ©2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN708</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00906</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//Other//LTER-V//entered 08/15/2007</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (08/15/2007)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1393</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remmenga, M.D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volatile compounds on the leaf surface of intactand regrowth tarbush (&lt;i&gt;Flourensia cernua DC) &lt;/i&gt;canopies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Chemical Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flourensia cernua DC</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 25, 20</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-029.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1867-1875</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrub expansion into desert grasslands is a serious problem resulting in loss of forage and rangeland productivity. &lt;i&gt;Flourensia cernua&lt;/i&gt; DC (tarbush) is one such shrub contributing to the decline of Chihuahuan Desert grasslands. Our previous research has shown tarbush consumption by sheep and goats to be negatively related to leaf surface concentration of individual terpenes and epicuticular wax. Concentrations of compounds such as terpenes often change with plant age and phenology. Our objective was to examine the effect of altering the vegetative state of tarbush on volatile chemicals. Ninety tarbush plants were randomly selected and all biomass within 10 cm of the soil surface was removed from 45 plants during winter dormancy. Leaves were collected the following summer during active growth from the canopy of intact controls and resprouts. Leaf surface volatiles were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and subjected to univariate analysis of variance and stepwise discriminate analysis. Of the 87 compounds present on tarbush leaves, 35 were greater in canopy samples and 16 were greater in regrowth samples based on univariate analysis (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt; 0.05). Mean concentration of total volatiles on canopy leaves tended to be less (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.062) than that of regrowth (3642 vs. 4684 ìg/g DM). Nine compounds in the discriminant analysis (á-muurolene, iso-borneol, unknown#6, p-cymen-8-ol, unknown#7, sabinene, â-caryophyllene, ä-cadinene, and á-copaene) explained 95% of the variation between canopy and regrowth samples. Lower cumulative concentration of volatile compounds in canopy than regrowth samples suggests repsrouts may be less vulnerable to herbivory than intact tarbush.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN762</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gile, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hawley, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grossman, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahrens, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peterson, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gibbens, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lenz, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nolen, B.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA NRCS</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A 50th anniversary guidebook for the desert project</style></title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA NRCS</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geomorphic surfaces</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">government publication</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mapping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil genesis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">surficial deposits</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-028.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA NRCS National Soil Survey Center</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lincoln, NE</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">279</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Project encompasses a 400 square mile areas studied by a team of soil scientists and geologists from 1957 to 1972. The project was staffed by personnel of the Soil Survey Investigations, U.S. Soil Conservation Service, and work was done in cooperation with the Agricultural Experiment Station and Department of Agronomy at New Mexico State University in Las Cruces.  Field investigations included mapping the soils, geomorphic surfaces, and surficial deposits at a scale of 1:15,840.  In addition, detailed studies at larger scales were conducted along selected transects. Joint laboratory and field investigations included studies of characteristics and genesis of a number of soils and soil horizons, radiocarbon dating of pedogenic carbonates and organic carbon, and studies of the effect of additions from dustfall to soil genesis and morphology. The frontispiece shows major physiographic features of the Desert Project and Table 1 shows the soil chronology.  Table 2 lists soils of the area by soil classification; Table 3 presents soils series analogs and taxadjuncts in alphabetical order. Soil classsifiction is accoridng to the Soil Survey Staff (2006).</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN822</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gonzalez, A.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproduccion del ganado</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taller de Extension San Carlos</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">La determination de prenez es una de las principales herramientas de manejo en el Ganado de came. Le habilidad de determiner prenez proporciona al productor un medio de tomar sus decsiones de seleccion y descartarte en momentos decisivos, enfocando los recursos de la operacion en reporductores confiables. Con experiencia se puede determiner la edad del feto, que nos permite determiner las fecas de paricion para planificar los trabajos apropiados. La determinacion de prenez tambiem facilita major manejo de la alimentacion para conseguir satisfacer los altos requerimientos nutricionales de la gestacion, paricion, lactacion y procreacion.  El conocimiento de las fechas de nacimiento puede ser ventaja en la comercializacion de reemplazo de hembras. La majoria de las veces los compradores potenciales, quieren comprar vaquillas prenadas que van a parir coincidiendo con las vacas de su hato actual. El retorno economico de los criadoes es dependiente en el porcentaje de paricion annual y el peso de becerros destetados de ser vendidos.  El desafio de los criadores de Ganado es usar las tecnicas de manejo que estimulen la produccion sin aumentar drasticamente los costos de produccion. Una opcion para mejorar la produccion que es eficaz y de costo bajo es por medio de hacer pruebas de prenez anuales yt hacer descarte de vacas subfertiles.  La preuba de prenez identificia problemas de infertilidad permitiendo investigacion temprana y tomando un curso de accion que de otra manera no seria possible. La determinacion de prenez tiene poco uso si no se usa esta informacion prar realizar mejores decsisones de manejo. Esta prueba deberia realizarse anualmente para obtener major efectividad en el aumento de la fertilidad del Ganado de carne</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN865</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gutschick, VIncent P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant acclimation to elevated CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;--From simple regularities to biogeographic chaos</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Modelling</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">acclimation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biogeography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon dioxide, model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change, CO2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CO2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, CO2 exchange</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model,carbon dioxide</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">models</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">200</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">433-451</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Upon exposure to altered levels of CO2, plants express a variety of acclimations to CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; directly, over and above acclimations to indirect changes in temperature and water regimes. These acclimations commonly include increased photosynthetic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; assimilation and increased water-use efficiency with reduced N content and reduced stomatal conductance. The robust generic acclimations are explicable by combining simple models of carboxylation, stomatal control, energy balance, and functional balance. Species- or genotype-specific acclimations are overlaid on these generic acclimations. Several such specific acclimations that are often seen are readily incorporated in an extended model. These specific acclimations generate a great spread of values in key performance measures of photosynthesis, water- and N-use efficiencies, and rates of water and N use, even among C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; species that are the focus of this work. These performance measures contribute strongly to relative fitness and thus to evolving biogeographic distributions. The spread in fitness values is so large as to impend “chaotic” shifts in biogeography (and, ultimately, evolution) that are not understandable with models specific to species or functional groups; rather, a systematic study of key physiological and developmental parameters is merited. Also merited is a coherent extension of the model used here, or similar models, to include other phenomena, including mycorrhizal associations, transience in resource availability, etc. The composition of useful approximate fitness functions from physiological and allocational responses is a major challenge, with some leads originating from the model. In the search to extract patterns of responses, arguments based on the responses being close to optimal or adaptive will be misleading, in view of the absence of selection pressure to perform adaptively at high CO2 for over 20 million years. I offer suggestions for more useful research designs. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN919</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00898</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA//LTER-V//entered 07-31-2007</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (07/31/2007)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1385</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haan, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desmond, M.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gould, W.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ward, J.P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of habitat characteristics on detected site occupancy of the New Mexico endemic Sacramento Mountains salamander, &lt;i&gt;Aneides hardii&lt;/i&gt;</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Herpetology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aneides hardii</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Mexico</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sacramento Mountains</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">salamander</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-006.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Sacramento Mountains Salamander (&lt;i&gt;Aneides hardii&lt;/i&gt;) is a state-listed threatened species endemic to three mountain ranges in south central New Mexico.  Information about the ecological requirements of this species is inadequate for managers to make informed conservation decisions, yet changes in management practices are needed throughout the species range because of poor forest health.  During summer 2004, we examined patterns of A. hardii distribution in relation to several abiotic and biotic parameters on 36 plots, each of which was 9.6-ha in area and located in mixed conifer forest.  We evaluated 18 a priori logistic regression models using Akaike’s Information Criterion corrected for small-sample bias (AICc).  The model with the highest ranking (= lowest AICc value) included soil moisture and soil temperature as predictive variables, and the second highest ranked model (AICc = 0.05) included only soil temperature.  Soil temperature was lower, and soil moisture was higher on plots where salamanders were detected.  The relative importance of canopy cover and log volume was low in this study likely because the study plots had similar disturbance history.  We recommend managers focus on practices that ensure salamander microhabitats remain cool and moist in conservation areas.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN925</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abbott, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parker, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using the GIS to study the past and present of a northern Chihuahuan Desert playa</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60th Annual Meeting and Trade Show, Society for Range Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GIS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mesquite</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil erosion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 9-16, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sparks/Reno, NV</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paper No. 179</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The encroachment of mesquite (&lt;i&gt;Prosopis glandulosa&lt;/i&gt; Torr.) and other desert shrubs into the desert grasslands of the northern Chihuahuan Desert is commonly associated with increased rates of soil erosion. The processes associated with vegetation shifts are still poorly understood. One such example of vegetation shift is the replacement of tobosa (&lt;i&gt;Pleuraphis mutica&lt;/i&gt; Buckely) grasslands by mesquite dunelands on the Red Lake playa, an ephemeral lake on the USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range in south central New Mexico, USA. The objective of this project was to describe grass-shrubland transitions for vegetation patches based on soil characteristics and spatial context. We used aerial photos from 1942 and 1973 and a digital orthophoto quarter quadrangle from 1996 to define changes in the mesquite-dominated area since 1942. We used the 1996 photos to compare GIS-based mesquite canopy intercept measurements with line-point and canopy intercept measurements completed in 2005. We then used a QuickBird satellite image from 2004 to identify current vegetation community patches based on vegetation type, soil reflectance, and the spatial distribution of plants and bare ground within each patch. Plots were then established in the field within these patches to characterize the soils and vegetation of the site and create highly-detailed soil and vegetation maps of the site. After the initial characterization, the field data and 2004 satellite image were compared against the older imagery and past vegetation and soil maps to identify areas requiring more intensive soil and vegetation measurements. We plan to use these data to identify  relationships between various soil properties and vegetation community composition and structure.  This information will be used on patterns and processes to propose changes to state-and-trainsition models correlated with soils in this area.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN939</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huber-Sannwald, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liberman, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayarza, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reynolds, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Managing multi-scale diversity to support multiple ecosystem services in complex landscapes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological  Complexity and Sustainability Abstracts of EcoSummit 2007</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscapes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LUC</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natur</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scale</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 22-26, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beijing, China</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115  CD-ROM</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscapes around the world are undergoing dramatic changes in response to agricultural intensification, expansion, and abandonment.  These changes can simultaneously increase and reduce diversity at different scales.  The objective of this paper is to explore the relative importance of the nature, scale and pattern of these changes in determining the effects of land use change (LUC) on ecosystem services including food and fiber production, soil and water conservation and carbon sequestration.  We will briefly describe three case studies that illustrate the value of considering diversity at multiple scales when assess the effects of LUC in global agroecosystems.  These case studies include (1) expansion and mechanization of quinoa production in the southern altiplano of Bolivia, (2) adoption of an agroforestry system in western Honduras and the potential effects of increased livestock use of crop residues, and (3) agricultural land abandonment and changes inland use patterns in northern Mexico.  We will also consider how studying the effects of land use changes at different scales can lead to very different conclusions about their effects on different ecosystem services.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1003</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Essays of a peripheral mind: Speaking other languages</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">essays</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">languages</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mongolia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peripheral</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil scientist</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 15, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-036.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65-66</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mongolian rangelands have been used for livestock production for hundreds of years.  A pastoralist culture has been a key aspect of Mongolia throughout its 800-year history.  Approximately 65% of Mongolia’s rural herders live at or below the poverty line, and there are few opportunities to improve resource conditions or economic returns.  Yet, Mongolia is rebuilding its resource management profession following the withdrawal and collapse of the Soviet Union in the late 1990s.  This essay is about the work of one Mongolian soil scientist and his efforts to work to stop resource degradation and to improve the condition of Mongolian rangelands.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN975</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trade Journal</style></notes><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Essays of a peripheral mind: Framing a story</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peripheral</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">story</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 1, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-027.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is increasingly important to recognize that scientists can not just resort to conveying technical information on complex subjects.  Scientists need to frame their information in both relevant and personal ways to capture the public’s attention.  Without that attention, there will be little interest in our findings, and little opportunity to effectively communicate information.  The findings have to be framed in a fashion that will capture the initial attention of the reader to pursue the subject.   Then, the scientist needs to effectively convey the complexities of those findings.  Framing our research results in this fashion is a different style of communication than we typically employ, but essential if we are going to compete for the public’s attention in a world driven by visualized digital communications.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN974</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trade Journal</style></notes><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Essays of a peripheral mind: Nei4 Meng2gu3, Zhong1 Guo2</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">China</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inner Mongolia</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-035.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43-46</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inner Mongolia, China is the site of the 2008 International Rangeland Congress.  There are over 500 million acres of grasslands in northern China.  This is one of the largest remaining areas in the world still predominately used for livestock grazing.  Over 20% of these grasslands occur in Inner Mongolia.  This region has an extensive recorded history of livestock grazing management defining to the 13th Century.  Though the political, cultural, and economic characteristics of this region in China are distinctively different than the western world, there are many commonalities.  These Asian rangeland landscapes are similar to the west, and scientific concepts and management principles originating from this region have application in the west.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN973</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trade Journal</style></notes><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosystem Services from U.S. Rangelands: A Synthesis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management Meeting Abstracts</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The over 300 million ha of public and private rangelands in the United States are characterized by low and variable precipitation, nutrient-poor soils, and high spatial and temporal variability in plant production. This land type has provided a variety of goods and services, with the provisioning of food and fiber dominating through much of the 20th century.  More recently, food production from a rangeland-based livestock industry is often pressured for a variety of reasons, including poor economic returns, increased regulations, an aging rural population, residential development, and increasingly diverse interests of land owners.  A shift to other provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services is occurring with important implications for carbon sequestration, biodiversity, and conservation incentives. There are numerous goods and services possible from rangelands that can supply societal demands such as clean water and a safe food supply.  The use of ecologically-based principles of land management remains at the core of the ability of private land owners and public land managers to provide these existing and emerging services.  We suggest that expectations need to be based on a thorough understanding of the diverse potentials of these lands and their inherent limits.  A critical provisioning service to rangelands will be management practices that either maintain  ecological functions or that restores functions to systems that have been substantially degraded over past decades.  With proper incentives and economic benefits, rangelands, in the U.S. or globally, can be expected to provide both historical provisioning and more unique goods and services in a sustainable fashion, albeit in different proportions than in the past.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN978</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 10, 2006</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 10, 2006</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skaggs, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wright, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Services to and from rangelands of the United States</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Economics</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biodiversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon sequentration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological remediation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">incentives</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural ecosystems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">provisioning services</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-031.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">261-268</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1017</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Essays of a peripheral mind: Faith</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">essay</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">faith</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peripheral mind</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-019.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59-60</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recently, the range management profession has been debating the advantages and disadvantages of rotational livestock grazing systems.  Despite the lack of scientifically-based evidence in support of the benefits of rotational grazing in arid and semiarid environments, these systems are often promoted as ecologically and economically menial, or even counterproductive in some settings.  Much of the promotion of these systems is based on personal observations, or beliefs, and not evidence drawn from experimental evidence.  Rangeland management has always been described as an art and a science, and the strength of one’s conviction are often based on both.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN972</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trade Journal</style></notes><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosystem services to and from North American arid grasslands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IV Simposium Internacional de Pastezales</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grasslands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">North America</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 22-24, 20</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Luis Potosi, Mexico</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arid grasslands throughout North America are characterized by low and variable precipitation, nutrient-poor soils, and high spatial and temporal variability in plant production. These grasslands have provided a variety of goods and services, with the provisioning of food and fiber dominating through much of the 20th century. More recently, poor economic returns, increased regulations, an aging rural population, expanding urbanization, and/or increasingly diverse interests of land owners have pressured the traditional services originating from the rangeland livestock industry. A shift to other provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services has occurred or is occurring in many regions. This shift has important implications for other services of increasing interest, such as biodiversity and carbon sequestration. We have always recognized that these lands can supply societal demands such as clean water and a safe food supply.  Irrespective of the services and goods supplied, the use of ecologically-based principles remains at the core of land management. However, expectations need to be based on a thorough understanding of the inherent limits of these lands. One service to these lands that needs to be provided by managers is the use of practices that either maintains ecological functions or that restores functions to systems that have been substantially degraded over past decades. With proper policies, supporting science, and ecologically based management techniques, these grasslands may provide these historical and more unique goods and services in a sustainable fashion, though in different proportions than in the past.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN977</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Essays of a peripheral mind: Art and Science</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">art</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">essay</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hooper</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mind</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nighthawks</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peripheral</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 28, 200</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-003.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36-38</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An important new technology for management of rangelands is a state-and-transition model.  This is a description of the vegetation communities that may occupy an ecological site, a kind of land with similar potential and response to management. These models, developed by people with experience and knowledge of specific ecological sites, represents what a site may have supported in the past, or possibly what a site can be managed for in the future. These models represent both the science of rangeland management and human interpretations (or artistic expressions) that are of value.  Rangeland management is correctly viewed as a combination of both art in management and a science based on recorded observations.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN971</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trade Journal</style></notes><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New frontiers for ecosystem services</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60th Annual Meetings and Trade Show, Society for Range Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">precipitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">private</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">public</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 9, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reno/Sparks, NV</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paper No. 188</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The over 300 million ha of public and private rangelands in the United States are characterized by low and variable precipitation, nutrient-poor soils, and high spatial and temporal variability in plant production. This land type has provided a variety of goods and services, with the provisioning of food and fiber dominating through much of the 20th Century. More recently, food production from a rangeland-based livestock industry is often pressured for a variety of reasons, including poor economic returns, increased regulations, an aging rural population, residential development, and increasingly diverse interests of land owners. A shift to other provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services is occurring with important implications for carbon sequestration, biodiversity, and conservation incentives. There are numerous goods and services possible from rangelands that can supply societal demands such as clean water and a safe food supply. The use of ecologically-based principles of land management remains at the core of the ability of private land owners and public land managers to provide these existing and emerging services. We suggest that expectations need to be based on a thorough understanding of the diverse potentials of these lands and their inherent limits. With proper incentives and economic benefits, rangelands, in the U.S. or globally, can be expected to provide both historical provisioning and more unique goods and services in a sustainable fashion, albeit in different proportions than in the past.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN976</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pieper, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation of resources for sustainable ecosystems: a dialogue on connecting science, policy, and management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management, 60th Annual Meeting and Trade Show</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural resources</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 9-16, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reno/Sparks, NV</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paper No. 189</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">For over a century rangeland science has focused, with varying degrees of success, on issues of sustainable goods and services. Our goal in this paper is to analyze this research history for insights into how best to link science, policy, and management of natural resources. We describe three broad periods of rangeland science during the 20th century: 1) a Utilitarian period of the early 20th century where science was closely linked to livestock management use and grazing related policies, followed by 2) a Decoupled Period where science schizophrenically worked to serve disparate management and policy emphases of optimal yields of traditional products and identifying ecological limits and alternative ecological services, and 3) a Reconnection Period where science is slowly redefining the linkages to policy and management as fundamental ecological paradigms have changed and new management tools and policy goals are being developed. During this third period the uses and users of science have changed (both in interest and sophistication) and broadened. The three key, overriding science goals of relevance, impact, and transparency, for all fields of applied ecology have acquired new dimensions during this last Period. Given our current ecological understanding of rangelands, relevance now requires experimental approaches that span multiple spatial and temporal scales. Impact today also requires establishing improved connections to and, in some cases, direct involvement of users in the conduct of that science. Finally, continued public trust requires that all aspects of that scientific method, including data and their analyses and interpretations, need to be open and accessible.  Unless we can integrate these new dimensions into our practice of rangeland science, we will not be supported by either managers or policy makers.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN994</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">202776 duplicate.  Use 209003 for reporting purposes</style></notes><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarukhan, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A strategy for ecology in an era of globalization</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">era</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">globalization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">strategy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 1, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.esajournals.org/archive/1540-9295/5/4/pdf/i1540-9295-5-4-172.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">172-181</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Globalization of labor and capital can increase the rate and extent of global environmental degradation, while enhancing the ability of ecologists to respond rapidly and collaboratively to mitigate these impacts. Nevertheless, ecological research remains focused at local and regional levels, with collaboration limited by national borders and funding. New initiatives are required to increase the utility and availability of environmental research to natural resource owners, managers, and policy makers in the public and private sectors, whose decisions affect land and other forms of natural capital. We propose a four-part strategy to increase the effectiveness of ecological science in addressing environmental issues in an era of globalization: (1) develop an Ecological Knowledge System, (2) increase our ability to anticipate, identify, and rapidly address new research needs, (3) increase the number and diversity of participants in all phases of research and decision-making processes, and (4) increase the flexibility of funding sources.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1196</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling for natural resoruce monitoring:  Book review</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil Science Society of America Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural resource</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">review article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sampling</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 29, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-038.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1421</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1151</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Book review published online </style></notes><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pyke, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duniway, M.C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science-based integrated assessment and monitoring of OHV effects on soils and vegetation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management, 60th Annual Meeting and Trade Show</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">off-highway vehicles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OHV</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soils</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 9-16, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reno/Sparks, NV</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paper. No. 195</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Off-highway vehicles (OHVs) negatively affect multiple rangeland ecosystem services by modifying soil structure and plant community composition, structure, and productivity. They can introduce invasive species, and increase runoff, soil erosion and plant mortiality. The extent to which long-term degradation occurs depends on the type, timing and intensity of distrubances, and on degradation resistance and recovery potential. As OHV activity increases, limited management must be focused on those areas where OHVs are having the greatest impacts, and where these impacts can be cost-effectively prevented or mitigated. Systematic protocols are required to identify and prioritize OHV impacted areas. We are developing a science-based integrated strategy for identifying, assessing, and monitoring OHV effects on fundamental soil and vegetation attributes on which nearly all ecosystem services depend. This strategy includes four elements. (1) Landscape stratification based on ecological potential. (2) Identification of appropriate assessment and monitoring scales based on the scale of the impacts relative to the scale of soil and vegetation variability. (3) Assessment of current status relative to ecological potential and possible thresholds. (4) Selection of appropriate monitoring indicators based on quantitative relationships between these indicators and critical ecosystem services for different types of soil and vegetation. The forth element shows that OHV tracks dramatically reduce infiltration on some soils and plant species but have virtually no effect on others. For thsoe soils and plant communities where infiltration is affected, recovery rates also vary significantly.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1188</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dobrowolski, J.P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayarza, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prioritizing ecological research and restoration based on societal outcomes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society of America Abstracts</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prioritizing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">restoration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">societal</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 5-10, 200</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SYMP 12-5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological research is commonly driven by interest in a particular pattern, process or organism, or by a desire to maximize a particular ecosystem service at a specific location. Ecologists often use the latter to justify funding for the former. This approach often (though not always) leads to irrelevant responses to unimportant problems, and short-term, narrowly-focused local responses to long-term problems with regional to global causes and consequences. We present a strategy for prioritizing ecological restoration and related research. The strategy begins by comparing anticipated long-term societal requirements for ecosystem services with the ecological potential of the land, and with its current capacity to provide these services with and without restoration. Key processes involved in degradation and recovery are identified, together with the spatial and temporal scales at which these processes must be addressed. Research on key processes is used to develop general and site-specific principles that are then flexibly applied to develop and test management strategies. The process is flexible, iterative and at times chaotic as scientists' understanding of ecosystem processes and the relative importance of different ecosystem services evolves, particularly where the relationships between ecosystem services and societal outcomes are unclear. We will conclude by describing how this strategy has been flexibly applied by the USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range and the Jornada LTER to organize research on fundamental ecosystem processes that supports the development of restoration and management tools. We also provide examples from Mexico and Honduras showing how elements of this process can be applied internationally. Throughout this presentation, we describe how government and university researchers can significantly increase their impact on societal outcomes through collaborations that build on the relative strengths of their respective infrastructures (e.g. long-term vs. short-term, and technician vs. graduate student-based research) and with non-profit organizations, private landowners and government agencies.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1166</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kluck, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexander, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metz, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meccage, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Challenges in writing ecological site descriptions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management 60th Annual Meeting and Trade Show</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Site Description</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESD</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetaion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 9-16, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reno/Sparks, NV</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paper No. 236</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) adopted the Ecological Site Description (ESD) concept in 1997. The State and Transition Model (STM) is used to describe vegetation dynamics and is an integral component of ESDs that meet users needs. NRCS is currently developing ESDs for much of the rangeland in the western U.S. Synergy Resource Solutions, Inc. worked on over 100 ESDs for southwestern Montana as a contractor to the NRCS. Development of these ESDs has raised numerous questions and issues requiring resolution and/or solutions. Challenges include: 1) consistent difinition of the relationship bewteen States versus Plant Communities versus Phases, b) the validity of the Historical Climax Plant Community concert as a state and as a reference point, c) utility of Ecological Site Information System as a valid mechanism for storing, retrieving and analyzing ESD data, d) the utility of a single plant table to represent numerous plant communities within HCPC, e) mechanisms for representing plant species which only grow in one part of the area covered by the ESD, f) generally applicable rules to determine and define transitions, and g) indicators of approaching transitions. Many local ecologists and state and national ESD specialists have provided input towards refining the ESD concept and ESD development process.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1401</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapp, A.K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Briggs, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Childers, D. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, O. E.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fahey, Timothy J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapp, Alan K.  (eds.)</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimating aboveground net primary production in grassland and herbaceous dominated ecosystems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principles and standards for measuring primary production</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANPP</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">book</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chapter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grassland, ANPP method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">method, aboveground net primary production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NPP</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant, ANPP</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">report</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technique, aboveground NPP</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1402</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//OTHER//LTER-V//entered 08/15/2007; updated 06/02/2008 per DEPProCite field[6]: In</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Not in File</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1435</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burkett, L.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An object-based image analysis approach for determining fractional cover of senescent and green vegetation with digital plot photography</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">object-based image analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland vegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">very high-resolution images</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-001.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-14</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research into automatic image processing of digital plot photography has increased in recent years. However, in most studies only overall vegetation cover is estimated. In arid regions of the southwestern US, grass cover is typically a mixture of green and senescent plant material and it is important to be able to quantify both types of vegetation. Our objectives were to develop an image analysis approach for estimating fractional cover of green and senescent vegetation using very high-resolution ground photography, and to compare image- and ground-based estimates.  We acquired ground photography for fifty plots using an eight megapixel digital camera. The images were transformed from the RGB (red, green, blue) color space to the IHS (intensity, hue, saturation) color space. We used an object-based image analysis approach to classify the images into soil, shadow, green vegetation, and senescent vegetation. Shadow and soil were effectively masked out by using the intensity and saturation bands, and a nearest neighbor classification was used to separate green and senescent vegetation using intensity, hue and saturation as well as visible bands. Correlation coefficients between ground- and image-based estimates for green and senescent vegetation were 0.88 and 0.95 respectively. Image analysis underestimated total and senescent vegetation by approximately 5%. The object-based image-processing approach is less labor and time intensive than the ground-based plot method, is a viable alternative to these methods, and has the potential to be incorporated into rangeland monitoring protocols.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1464</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Approaches for mapping and monitoring arid rangelands with object-based image analysis and hyperspatial imagery</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2nd Annual Symposium on  Object-Based Image Analysis</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">image</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mapping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">object-basaed</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 7-8, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berkeley, CA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">At the USDA Agricultural Research Service Jornada Experimental Range (JER) in southern New Mexico, remote sensing research is focused on finding new methods for mapping and monitoring rangelands, and on relating ground-based surveys to remotely sensed information. This presentation will give an overview or recent research at JER involving object-based image analysis and hyperspatial imagery ranging from QuickBird satellite imagery, aerial photography, imagery acquired with unmanned aircraft, to ground-based plot photography.  The QuickBird image was segmented at multiple scales to map shrubs at a fine scale and other vegetation communities at coarser scales. We were able to identify and map 87% of shrubs greater than 2 m2. A decision tree was used as an effective tool for sorting through the numerous input features and reducing them to a manageable rule set for classification. The overall accuracy was 80% for the optimal segmentation scale. In this case, we used ground-based plot photography as ground truth for the QuickBird remote sensing analysis. We compared image-based estimates of vegetation cover with line-point-intercept (LPI) measures for 50 plots (2.5 m x 3.5 m). The images were transformed from the RGB (red, green, blue) to the IHS (intensity, hue, saturation) color space. Object-based image analysis was used to classify the images into soil, shadow, green vegetation, and senescent vegetation using a masking approach and combination of membership rules and nearest neighbor classification. The correlation coefficients between LPI- and image-based estimates for the four classes ranged from 0.88 to 0.95. The object-based image approach was less labor and time intensive than the LPI method and has the potential to be incorporated into rangeland monitoring protocols. Our latest tool for rangeland monitoring is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), capable of acquiring 5 cm resolution imagery from a 150 m above ground flying height. While the imagery presents some challenges for orthorectification and mosaicking, object-based image analysis has already proven to be highly successful. The very high-resolution imagery allows for identification of individual plants, patches, gaps, and patterns not previously possible, and will allow for assessment of rangeland health and ecosystem change at multiple scales. While this is a project in progress, initial mapping results indicate accuracies in the high 90% range.  Based on this recent research, it is apparent that object-based image analysis will play a major part in future rangeland mapping and monitoring at multiple scales. It is also apparent that new tools in object-based image analysis will be needed, specifically in the area of object-based accuracy assessment.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1458</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unmanned aerial vehicles for rangeland mapping and monitoring: a comparison of two systems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Proceedings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aerial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UAV</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">unmanned</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vehicles</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 7-11, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-033.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tampa, FL</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CDROM</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aerial photography from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) bridges the gap between ground-based observations and remotely sensed imagery from aerial and satellite platforms. UAVs can be deployed quickly and repeatedly, are less costly and safer than piloted aircraft, and can obtain very high-resolution imagery. At the Jornada Experimental Range in New Mexico, ongoing research is aimed at determining the utility of UAVs for rangeland mapping and monitoring. Digital images of arid rangelands were acquired with two UAVs that differed in size/weight, payload capacity, flight duration, GPS guidance capability and cost. The first system was a modified model airplane equipped with GPS and able to fly along preloaded waypoints and acquire images with a digital camera. The second UAV was a BAT 3 (MLB Systems) with fully autonomous flight capability and equipped with color video and digital cameras. Both units provide a data file containing GPS and elevation for each image, but the BAT also records roll, pitch and yaw data. Both systems acquired high quality, high-resolution images of approximately 5 cm ground resolution (150 m flying height). Because the images have a small footprint (152 m x 114 m), mosaicking is required for further image analysis. Inclusion of camera calibration parameters (lens distortion, focal length, principal point) greatly increased the accuracy of the aero triangulation and resulting orthophotos. Due to the greater stability of the BAT and its longer flight range, the BAT imagery is better suited for analysis of larger areas than the imagery from the model airplane. However, the model airplane offers comparable image resolution and a cost effective alternative to the larger and more expensive UAV systems. Details of both systems, image acquisition and image processing results are discussed and compared.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1463</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combining Decision Trees with Hierarchical Object-Oriented Image Analysis for Mapping Arid Rangelands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hierarchical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal articles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mapping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">object-oriented image</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-002.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">197-207</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decision tree analysis is a statistical approach for developing a rule base used for image classification developed a unique approach using object-based rather than pixel-based image information as input for a classification for mapping arid land vegetation.  A QuickBird satellite image was segmented at four different scales, resulting in hierarchical netowrk of image objects representing the image information in different spatial resolutions. This allowed differentiation of individual shrubs at a fine scale and delineation of broader vegetation classes at coarser scales.  Input variables included spectral, textural and contextual image information, and the variables chosen by the decision tree included many features not available or as easily determined with pixel based image analysis.  Spectral information was selected near the top of the classification trees, while contextual and textural variables were more common closer to the terminal nodes of the classification tree.  The combination of multi resolution image segmentation and deceision tree analysis facilitated the selection of input variables and helped in determining the appropriate image analysis scale.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1456</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Junran</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, Gregory S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alvarez, Lorelei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epstein, Howard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quantitative effects of vegetation cover on wind erosion and soil nutrient loss in a desert grassland of southern New Mexico, USA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biogeochemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aeolian processes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aeolian processes, desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deserts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil nutrients, carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil nutrients, nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation change, nutrient loss</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation change, wind erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation cover</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wind erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">windblown sediment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">317-332</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind is a key abiotic factor that influences the dynamics of arid and semiarid systems. We investigated two basic relationships on vegetation manipulation (grass cover reduction) plots at the Jornada Experimental Range in southern New Mexico: (1) wind erosion rates (horizontal mass flux and dust emission) versus vegetative cover, and (2) nutrient loss versus vegetative cover. The results indicate that wind erosion rates and nutrient loss by dust emission are strongly affected by plant cover; however, the importance of shrubs and grasses in reducing dust flux may not be equal. The dramatic increase of wind erosion between 75% grass cover reduction and 100% grass cover reduction suggests that sparsely distributed mesquites are relatively ineffective at reducing wind erosion and nutrient loss compared to grasses. Comparisons of nutrients between surface soils and wind blown dust indicate that aeolian transport is a major cause for the loss of soil nutrients in susceptible environments. We found that increased aeolian flux over three windy seasons (March 2004–July 2006) removed up to 25% of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) from the top 5 cm of soil, and about 60% of TOC and TN loss occurred in the first windy season (March–July 2004). The balance between net loss of nutrients by aeolian processes and the addition of nutrients by biotic processes changed from negative (net loss) to positive (net accumulation) between 50% grass cover reduction and 25% grass cover reduction. The estimated lifetime of surface soil TOC and TN of about 10 years on the plot with 100% grass cover reduction indicates that impacts of wind erosion on soil resources can occur on very short timescales.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1507</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00899</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA//LTER-V//entered 08/14/2007</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (08/14/2007)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1386</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lister, Debbie</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small-scale erosion-driven nutrient dynamics in different vegetation communities in Jornada, New Mexico: implications for land degradation</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dissertation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land degradation, erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land degradation, hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land degradation, nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thesis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bristol University</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bristol University</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1520</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA//LTER-V//entered 08/15/2007ProCite field[12]: Not in File</style></notes><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1403</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, X.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, W. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calcium carbonate in termite galleries – biomineralization or upward transport?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biogeochemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arid and semiarid soils</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">atmospheric carbon dioxide</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon isotopes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon sequestration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedogenic carbonate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">termite, calcium carbonate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">termite, gallery construction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">241-250</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DOI: 0.1007/s10533-006-9067-x</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Termites and soil calcium carbonate are major factors in the global carbon cycle: termites by their role in decomposition of organic matter and methane production, and soil calcium carbonate by its storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide. In arid and semiarid soils, these two factors potentially come together by means of biomineralization of calcium carbonate by termites. In this study, we evaluated this possibility by testing two hypotheses. Hypothesis 1 states that termites biomineralize calcium carbonate internally and use it as a cementing agent for building aboveground galleries. Hypothesis 2 states that termites transport calcium carbonate particles from subsoil horizons to aboveground termite galleries where the carbonate detritus becomes part of the gallery construction. These hypotheses were tested by using (1) field documentation that determined if carbonate-containing galleries only occurred on soils containing calcic horizons, (2) &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C/&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;C ratios, (3) X-ray diffraction, (4) petrographic thin sections, (5) scanning electron microscopy, and (6) X-ray mapping. Four study sites were evaluated: a C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;-grassland site with no calcic horizons in the underlying soil, a C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;-grassland site with calcic horizons, a C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-shrubland site with no calcic horizons, and a C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-shrubland site with calcic horizons. The results revealed that carbonate is not ubiquitously present in termite galleries. It only occurs in galleries if subsoil carbonate exists within a depth of 100 cm. &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C/&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;C ratios of carbonate in termite galleries typically matched &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C/&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;C ratios of subsoil carbonate. X-ray diffraction revealed that the carbonate mineralogy is calcite in all galleries, in all soils, and in the termites themselves. Thin sections, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray mapping revealed that carbonate exists in the termite gut along with other soil particles and plant opal. Each test argued against the biomineralization hypothesis and for the upward-transport hypothesis. We conclude, therefore, that the gallery carbonate originated from upward transport and that this CaCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; plays a less active role in short-term carbon sequestration than it would have otherwise played if it had been biomineralized directly by the termites.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1528</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00894</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//NMSU, USDA//LTER V//entered 06/14/2007</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (06/14/2007)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1379</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, M.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrow, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sedillo, R.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reyes-Vera, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steele, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Midez, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Identification of seed borne endopohytes that confere salt tolerance to host plants</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Biology and Botany 2007 Annual Meetings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">endopohytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">salt tolerance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 7-11, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chicago, IL</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The chenopod halophyte, Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt, (fourwing saltbush) is broadly distributed among western rangelands. Its highly variable phenotypes are typically attributed to varied ploidy levels. However, A. canescens is also associated with complex communities of seed borne endophytes. Microscopic examination of these endophytes communities suggests potential roles in stress tolerance.  In this study, observational and experimental data are being combined to evaluate microbial contributions to salt tolerance of A. canescens. Initially, Ecological Site Descriptions published through the National Resource Conservation Service are used to identify five optimal and five extreme saline habitats populated with A. canescens. Seeds collected from  identified habitats are surface disinfested, and microbes associated with seeds germinating in vitro are characterized using direct isolation and/or denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), followed by sequencing of ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA). At present, four ascomycete fungi and two bacterial species have been isolated. To analyze the manner in which these microbes influence host plant salt tolerance, microbes are transferred to various species of aseptically propagated host plants. Treated and untreated plants are exposed to a range of saline conditions and plant growth is compared across treatments.  These rapid bioassays are expected to reveal plant-endophyte combinations with potential to increase plant tolerance to saline conditions.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1549</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 2, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 5, 2007</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, M.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remmenga, M.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sosebee, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wester, D.B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Britton, C.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McArthur, E.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kitchen, S.G.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Differences in volatile profiles between populations of &lt;i&gt;Ceratoides lanata &lt;/i&gt;var. &lt;i&gt;subspinosa&lt;/i&gt; (Rydb.) J.T. Howell</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13th Wildland Shrub Symposium: Fire and Water</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ceratoides</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lanata</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">populations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">subspinosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volatile</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 10-12, 20</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_p047/rmrs_p047_142_146.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Lubbock, TX</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RMRS-P-47</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">142-146</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ceratoides lanata (Rydb.) J.T. Howell, common winterfat, is valued for its nutrient content and palatability to livestock. However, the subspecies Ceratoides lanata var. subspinosa (Rydb.) J.T. Howell, first described in the Mojave desert, is considered unpalatable. This characterization has been supported by data from livestock grazing studies at the Jornada Experimental Range in southern New Mexico. Curiously, observation of subspinosa revealed several populations in central New Mexico which were heavily grazed. Volatile terpene profiles have frequently been associated with differences in palatability in various plant species. To determine whether differences in volatile profiles between subspinosa populations would correlate with apparent differences in palatability, plants from 13 populations of subspinosa were collected in the fall of 2000. Volatile analysis of ground shoot samples using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy consistently identified 33 compounds. Limonene, myrcene, and 3-carene were the most abundant compounds in all populations, comprising 81% and 85% of the volatiles detected in heavily grazed and ungrazed plants, respectively. This is thought to be the first time C. lanata subspinosa volatiles have been described. Compounds present in at least half of either the heavily grazed or ungrazed plants were subjected to a stepwise discriminate analysis of relative quantities. The analysis identified a subset of 14 chromatographic peaks (myrcene, 3-hexenol, 3-carene, AR-curcumene, limonene, n-hexanol, p-cymene, a mixture thought to contain alpha-pinene, alpha-thujene, and tricyclene, a mixture thought to contain n-decanal, and five unknowns) which may distinguish between palatable and unpalatable phenotypes. When a discriminate rule based on these chemicals was applied to chemical data from individual plants at all sites, none of the plants were misclassified. The possibility that these varied oil profiles may be used to distinguish palatable from unpalatable phenotypes is discussed.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1551</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mandujano, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Golubov, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of reproductive modes and environmental heterogeneity in the population dynamics of a geographically widespread clonal desert cactus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Population Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cactaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cactus, Opuntia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cactus, population dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">clonal growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">demography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">life history traits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">loop analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTRE analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">matrix models, Opuntia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">population dynamics, cactus, population dynamics, Opuntia</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">141-153</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DOI 10.1007/s10144-006-0032-2</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The dynamics of plant populations in arid environments are largely affected by the unpredictable environmental conditions and are fine-tuned by biotic factors, such as modes of recruitment. A single species must cope with both spatial and temporal heterogeneity that trigger pulses of sexual and clonal establishment throughout its distributional range. We studied two populations of the clonal, purple prickly pear cactus, &lt;i&gt;Opuntia macrocentra&lt;/i&gt;, in order to contrast the factors responsible for the population dynamics of a common, widely distributed species. The study sites were located in protected areas that correspond to extreme latitudinal locations for this species within the Chihuahuan Desert. We studied both populations for four consecutive years and determined the demographic consequences of environmental variability and the mode of reproduction using matrix population models, life table response experiments (&lt;b&gt;LTRE&lt;/b&gt;s), and loop and perturbation analyses. Although both populations seemed fairly stable (population growth rate, ë~1), different demographic parameters and different life cycle routes were responsible for this stability in each population. In the southernmost population (&lt;b&gt;MBR&lt;/b&gt;) &lt;b&gt;LTRE &lt;/b&gt;and loop and elasticity analyses showed that stasis is the demographic process with the highest contributions to ë , followed by sexual reproduction, and clonal propagation contributed the least. The northern population (&lt;b&gt;CR&lt;/b&gt;) had both higher elasticities and larger contributions of stasis, followed by clonal propagation and sexual recruitment. Loop analysis also showed that individuals in &lt;b&gt;CR &lt;/b&gt;have more paths to complete a life cycle than those in &lt;b&gt;MBR&lt;/b&gt;. As a consequence, each population differed in life history traits (e.g., size class structure, size at sexual maturity, and reproductive value). Numerical perturbation analyses showed a small effect of the seed bank on the k of both populations, while the transition from seeds to seedlings had an important effect mainly in the northern population. Clonal propagation (higher survival and higher contributions to vital rates) seems to be more important for maintaining populations over long time periods than sexual reproduction.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1597</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00928</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//NMSU//LTER IV//entered 11/08/2005; updated 04/15/2008; PDF on file</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (04/15/2008)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1338</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meccage, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexander, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Courtright, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kluck, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adapting the rangeland database for managing ecological site description data</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Data Descriptions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESD</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 9-16, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reno/Sparks, NV</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paper No. 286</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field data collection for writing Ecological Data Descriptions (ESD) creates a paperwork burden that reduces efficiency of ESD preparation. The recently developed Rangeland Database and Field Data Entry System is well suited to managing ESD data. This database was developed to automate data entry and analysis for protocols in – Monitoring Manual for Grassland, Shrubland, and Savanna Ecosystems. After collecting 2005 data on paper and entering into Ecological Site Information System, Synergy Resource Solutions, Inc., looked for a more efficient solution to data management. Scientists at Jornada Experimental Range released the Rangeland Database before the 2006 field season. Synergy used the new database to collect and analyze ESD (and other data) Collaboration between field personnel and database developers resulted in several adaptations to increase utility of the database for ESD purposes. Field application has shown that the database saves data entry time without sacrificing in-the-field efficiency, reduces data entry errors, provides for real time analysis, provokes real time field discussion of ecological theory, and reduces the time lag (and motivational challenge) associated with data entry months after fieldwork is complete. The ease of use and adaptation of the Rangeland Database allow for project-specific customization. Adaptation of project tracking and progress reporting increased efficiency of our current project.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1627</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mueller, Eva Nora</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wainwright, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parsons, Anthony J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The stability of vegetation boundaries and the propagation of desertification in the American Southwest: a modelling approach</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Modelling</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, connectivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, ecotones</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, grassland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, nutrient resources</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, shrubland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, overland flow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, vegetation boundaries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation boundaries</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">208</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91-101</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.04.010</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A process-based approach to spatially distributed, overland-flow modelling is employed to assess the impact of water and nutrient redistribution at the landscape scale caused by short, high-intensity rainstorm events across grassland–shrubland vegetation boundaries of a semi-arid ecosystem in the south-western United States. The modelling scenarios showed that simulated fluxes from shrubland into grassland lead to a gain of water resources but to a loss of nutrient resources in the grassland areas close to the boundary. Simulated fluxes from grasslands into shrublands do not lead to a gain of water resources, but to an increase of nutrient resources for the shrubland areas close to the boundary. On the basis of the modelling results, a new hypothesis for the on-going desertification process in the southwestern United States is proposed. It is hypothesised that a vegetation boundary is stable when two conditions prevail to balance the lower resistance of grassland within the existing environmental setting with the higher resistance of shrubland: that the depletion of soil nutrients by the action of overland flow in the grassland zone close to the boundary is in balance with the replenishment rates of grassland by other nutrient cycling, and that the grassland gains enough water resources from the upslope shrublands. In contrast, a vegetation boundary potentially becomes unstable when the grassland acquires a competitive disadvantage towards shrubland regarding water benefit and nutrient depletion due to the combined effects of overland-flow dynamics and some external forces such as extensive overgrazing or climate change. The modelling results suggest that landscape linkages through the redistribution of water and soil resources across vegetation-transition zones at the landscape scale and feedback dynamics of overland-flow processes play a significant role in the persistence of land degradation in the US Southwest.  © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1718</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00912</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//NMSU, USDA//LTER-V//entered 08/15/2007; updated 11/20/2007</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (11/20/2007)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1397</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mueller, Eva Nora</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wainwright, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parsons, Anthony J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The impact of connectivity on the modelling of overland flow within semi-arid shrubland environments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water Resources Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dirt tanks, hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, connectivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, dirt tanks</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, overland flow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, connectivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, overland flow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, water fluxes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">W09412, doi:10.1029/2006WR005006</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi:10.1029/2006WR005006</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The objective of this study is the evaluation of the spatial variability and intrinsic connectivity features of model input parameters for the parameterization of process-based, spatially distributed overland flow models. Parameter scaling tools based on the statistical and geostatistical properties of an extensive field data set were developed. These allowed the reproduction of the spatial heterogeneity of model parameters associated with the soil- and vegetation related properties of semi-arid shrubland environments to a varying degree. The outcome of the study emphasizes that connectivity plays a fundamental role in the modeling of water fluxes within semi-arid catchments. The larger the degree to which connected features are represented, the better the model performance. In contrast, the parameterization approaches that did not contain connected patterns of parameter values performed comparatively poorly. A spatially connected overland flow model therefore enabled the generation of realistic overland flow patterns that qualitatively resembles field surveys of overland flow generation not only at the outlet of the model domains, but also within the catchments without the need of calibration.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1717</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00913</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA//LTER-V//entered 08/15/2007; updated 11/20/2007 (electronic journal article)</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (11/20/2007)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1395</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obeidat, S.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rayson, G.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landau, S.Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glasser, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Application of multi-way data analysis on excitation-emission spectra for plant identification</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Talanta</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">luminescence spectroscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multi-way principal component analysis (MPCA)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parallell factor analysis (PARAFAC)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phosphate buffered saline plant extracts</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 1, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-007.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">682-690</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The ability to distinguish among diets fed to Damascus goats using excitation-emission luminescence spectra was investigated. These diets consisted of Medicago sativa L. (Alfalfa), Trifolium spp (Clover), Pistacia lentiscus (P.lentiscus), Phyllirea latifolia (P.latifolia), and Pinus brutia (P. brutia).  The three dimensional luminescence response surface from phosphate buffered saline extracts of each material was analyzed using muti-way analysis chemometric tools (MPCA) and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Using three principle components, the spectra from each diet component was distinguished. Additionally, fecal samples from goats fed diets of either alfalfa or clover hays were investigated. The application of MPCA and PARAFAC to these samples using models derived from the pre-digested diet materials was strongly suggestive of the utility of similarly derive training samples for the elucidation of botanical diet composition for animals.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1790</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parton, William</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silver, Whendee L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burke, Ingrid C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grassens, Leo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harmon, Mark E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Currie, William S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">King, Jennifer Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adair, E. Carol</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brandt, Leslie A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hart, Stephen C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fasth, Becky</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global-scale similiarities in nitrogen release patterns during long-term decomposition</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">decomposition, leaf litter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">decomposition, root</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LIDET</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term decomposition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nitrogen</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">315</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">361-364</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Litter decomposition provides the primary source of mineral nitrogen (N) for biological activity in most terrestrial ecosystems. A 10-year decomposition experiment in 21 sites from seven biomes found that net N release from leaf litter is dominantly driven by the initial tissue N concentration and mass remaining regardless of climate, edaphic conditions, or biota. Arid grasslands exposed to high ultraviolet radiation were an exception, where net N release was insensitive to initial N. Roots released N linearly with decomposition and exhibited little net N immobilization. We suggest that fundamental constraints on decomposer physiologies lead to predictable global-scale patterns in net N release during decomposition.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1830</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00893</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//NMSU//LTER V//Study: LIDET//entered 02/15/2007</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (2/15/2007)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1376</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peinetti, H.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandez, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kin, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morici, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology and management of savannas and semi-deserts of central Argentina</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Mangement, 60th Annual Meeting and Trade Show</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Argentina</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">caldera</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">savannas</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 9-16, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paper No. 324</style></number><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reno/Sparks, NV</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetation of western pampas of central Argentina comprises: caldera, local name of a savanna to woodland ecosystem dominated by Prosopis caldenia; short-grassland and dune-grassland. The area include the central La Pampa and southern San Luis provinces, following a western precipitation gradient from 700 to 400 mm year-1. The caldenal typically occurs in valleys with loamy soils, while grasslands occur in flat uplands and sand dunes. The caldenal was originally featured by large sparse P. caldenia trees surrounded by a matrix of valuable thin short grasses dominated by Poa ligularis and Piptochaetium napostaense (flechillas). Shrub strata was only present in more marginal areas, as in dry slopes. Think grasses were also dominated in short (Stipa tenuis, P. napostaense, P. ligularis, Koeleria permollis), and dune grasslands (Sorgastrum pelitum). Nomadic cattle herding by Indians were widespread until mid 1800s. Major ecological changes occurred in early 1900s when livestock started being risen in fencing paddocks at high stocking rates. Sheep grazing was prevalent during the first half of 1900s and cattle grazing since then. Two severe periods of lodging for woods devastated the calendal in 1910s and 1940s. Lodging was also carried out to establish pastures and croplands. Human activities determine an increase in fire frequency. Currently, almost all calendal cover area comprises secondary forest with a poorly represented tall strata (6-10m) and well represented shrub strata. Grass strata shifted to bunch grasses of low palatability. Similarly, a shift to low valuable grasses and forbs occurred in grasslands. Woody encroachment mostly driven by the dispersion of P. caldenia seed by cattle, is a prevalent problem in both caldenal and grasslands. Woody encroachment increased the likelihood and intensity of fires. Current management focus in improving forage availability through controlled fires. However, there is need for an integrated management approach to restore degraded ecosystems.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1839</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pielke, R.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allen, C.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Munson-McGee, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadell, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pataki, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pitelka, L.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial nonlinearities: Cascading effects in the earth system</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing World</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nonlinearities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wildfires</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer Verlag</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berlin, Germany</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">165-174</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nonlinear interactions and feedbacks associated with thresholds through time and across space are common features of biological, physical and materials systems.  These spatial nonlinearities generate surprising behavior where dynamics at one scale cannot be easily predicted based on information obtained at finer or broader scales.  These cascading effects often result in severe consequences for the environment and human welfare (i.e., catastrophes) that are expected to be particularly important under conditions of changes in climate and land use.  In this chapter, we illustrate the usefulness of a general conceptual and mathematical framework for understanding and forecasting spatially nonlinear responses to global change.  This framework includes cross-scale interactions, threshold behavior and feedback mechanisms.  We focus on spatial nonlinearities produced by fine-scale processes that cascade through time and across space to influence broad spatial extents.  Here we describe the spread of catastrophic events in the context of our cross-disciplinary framework using examples from biology (wildfires, desertification, infectious diseases) and engineering (structural failures) and discuss the consequences of applying these ideas to forecasting future dynamics under a changing global environment.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1888</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, O. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allen, C.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Covich, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brunson, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cascading Events in Linked Ecological and Socio-Economic Systems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nonlinearly</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">socio economic</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-011.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">221-224</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cascading events that start at small spatial scales and propagate nonlinearly through time to influence larger areas often have major impacts on ecosystem goods and services. These events, such as wildfires and hurricanes, are increasing in frequency and magnitude as systems become increasingly connected through globalization processes. We need to improve our understanding of these events in order to predict their occurrence, to minimize potential impacts, and to allow for strategic recovery. In this workshop held during the ESA meeting in Merida, Mexico on 2006 January 11, we synthesized information about cascading events for systems located throughout the Americas. Our discussions included diverse examples of cascading events that share a common feature: linked ecological and human processes across scales often drive these events. In this era of globalization, we recommend studies that explicitly examine connections across scales, and the role of connectivity among non-contiguous areas as well as contiguous areas.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1899</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turner, M.G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cross-scale interactions and changing pattern-process relationships: Consequences for system dynamics</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosystems</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological surprises</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">propagating events</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial heterogeneity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tansfer processes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-030.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">790-796</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cross-scale interactions occur either when fine-scale processes influence a broad spatial extent or a long time period, or when broad-scale drivers interact with fine-scale processes to determine system dynamics.  Cross-scale interactions are increasing recognized as having important influences on ecosystem processes, yet, they pose formidable challenges for understanding and forecasting ecosystem dynamics.  In this introduction to the special feature, ‘Cross-scale interactions and pattern-process relations”, we provide a synthetic framework for understanding the causes and consequences of cross-scale interactions. Our framework focuses on the importance of transfer processes and spatial heterogeneity at intermediate scales in linking fine- and broad-scale patterns and processes.  Transfer processes and spatial heterogeneity can either amplify or attenuate system response to broad-scale patterns and processes.  Providing a framework to explain cross-scale interactions is an important step in improving our understanding and ability to predict the impacts of propagating events and to ameliorate these impacts through proactive measures.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1863</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil-vegetation feedbacks in dynamic landscapes: Implications for restoration</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society of America Abstracts</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perennial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub-dominated</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil vegetation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 5-10, 200</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Jose, CA</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PS 45-80</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">State changes from perennial grasslands to shrub-dominated systems characterize much of the arid regions of the world, including the American Southwest. Where this conversion is associated with a change in soil surface texture, near-surface water availability can be increased or reduced with important consequences for restoration of perennial grasses. Loss of soil from one area results in deposition in downslope or downwind areas. Little is known about these spatial connections, and how erosion-deposition patterns influence seedling establishment and recovery of perennial grasses. Our objective was to evaluate how soil erosion-associated changes in surface soil texture influence the probability of seedling establishment of the perennial grass, black grama, across a range of initial soil textures. We used a simulation model of daily soil water dynamics (SOILWAT) to simulate recruitment probabilities of this species for the variation in initial soil texture found at the Jornada Basin ARS-LTER site in southern New Mexico. Vegetation and landform maps combined with soils, vegetation, and weather data were used to parameterize the model. Simulated recruitment probabilities were generally higher where near-surface water holding capacity was higher. However, in some cases deposition of small amounts of coarse-textured material (lower water holding capacity) on a relatively fine-textured (higher water holding capacity) site increased establishment due to reduced evaporative losses. We used a wind model to determine spatial patterns in soil loss and deposition at the landscape scale, and displayed our recruitment results for the Jornada Basin. Locations with the largest changes in soil surface texture as a result of wind had the largest changes in recruitment probabilities. Our results show that wind erosion and deposition patterns have strong influences on patterns in seedling establishment.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1882</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potenza, C.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slaughter, A.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yeater, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrow, J.R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic diversity studies of &lt;i&gt;Bouteloua eriopoda &lt;/i&gt;(Black grama grass) in southern New Mexico: Spatial and temporal variations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Society of Plant Biologists</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">black grama grass</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bouteloua eriopoda</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grass</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">overgrazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">southwestern</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 7-11, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chicago, IL</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bouteloua eriopoda (black grama grass) is a drought-tolerant, C4, warm-season grass, native to the southwestern region of the United States and Mexico. Its nutritive properties and late dormancy (it maintains green stems well into winter) make it very good forage for livestock in the region. However, black grama appears to be very susceptible to rangeland disturbances, including overgrazing, severe drought, and human activity, and its overall abundance has decreased sharply in the last 50-100 years. This decline, along with its predicted lifespan (30-40 years), anecdotally low seedling establishment rate, and ability to reproduce clonally by stolons, may have lead to low genetic variability, causing a decreased ability to adapt to disturbances and potential climate change. In the work presented, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was performed on two populations of B. eriopoda in south central New Mexico, collected from the Jornada Experimental Range (Dona Ana County) and the Otero Mesa Grasslands (Otero County) to help measure the extent of genetic diversity within and across these populations. Ten additional black grama herbarium samples dating from the 1920s to the 1990s were also tested in an attempt to measure loss of genetic diversity. Our results show that black grama grass appears to have the genetic variability of an outcrossing grass. Data will also be presented that measure the genetic distances, differences, and similarities between the spatial and temporal populations.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1933</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development of a UAV rangeland remote sensing capability</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings Grazing Lands Conservation Initiative. Third National Conference on Grazing Lands</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">applications</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UAV</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 1, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">St. Louis, Missouri</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">319</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Starting in 2000, experiments have been conducted at the Jornada Experimental Range near Las Cruces, NM to evaluate the utility of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for applications on arid rangelands. When compared to all types of remote sensing research ongoing at Jornada and other locations, UAVs have the following advantages: flexible timing of missions, high resolution images, repeat coverage for monitoring, lower cost and safer operation than piloted aircraft, and the system can be operated by one individual, if necessary. The UAVs fill a niche in remote sensing of rangeland between ground-based photography and piloted aircraft. The high resolution possible (less than 5 cm) allows observations of individual plants, patches, gaps, and patterns over the landscape not previously possible. This capability has immediate application for assessment of rangeland health and ecosystem change. The low operating cost and simple data products make the system logical for transfer to operational agencies for collection of data in specific locations in vast public land areas in a timely manner.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1980</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ProCite field[23]: December 10-13, 2006</style></notes><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martinec, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roberts, R.T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relative importance of glacier contributions to streamflow in a changing climate</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Second IASTED International Conference on Water Resource Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">changing climate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change effects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">glacier</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stramflow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water supply and sustainable use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">watershed modelling</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 20-22, 20</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-024.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Honolulu, Hawaii</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">203-207</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The role of glaciers and snow in climate change-affected runoff is evaluated by taking into account the carryover of runoff and of unmelted snow from one hydrological year to another.  This water balance is computed for the present climate and for future climates with changed temperatures and precipitation.  With this procedure, the contribution of glaciers to the total runoff and the yearly loss of glacier ice in a warmer climate can be more accurately determined than by just considering the overall increase of annual runoff volume.  The Illecillewaet Basin in British Columbia, Canada (1155 km2, 509–3150 m a.s.l.) was selected for this study because of a significant glacial melt component in the runoff.  For a temperature increase of 4°C, an additional 134.2•106m3 of today’s glaciers (in terms of water) in this basin would be melted in a year.  This amount would be reduced as the glacier area gradually diminishes in the next decades.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1990</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vivoni, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gutzler, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hurd, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Future climate change impacts on New Mexico's mountain sources of water</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the 52nd Annual New Mexico Water Conference</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Mexico Water Conference</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Mexico</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proceedings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rio Grande</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">semiarid rivers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sources</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11/2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-054.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></edition><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water Resources Research Institute</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santa Fe, New Mexico</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CDROM</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Rio Grande is one of the most important rivers in the western U.S. and is representative of mountain snowmelt basins in arid and semiarid regions around the world.  As is true for many arid and semiarid rivers, the total available water supply is already exceeded by water demands.  Dependable water supply comes from high elevation snowpacks that contribute 50-75% of the annual streamflow.  Summer rainfall, which is sporadic and frequently of high intensity, supplies the remaining streamflow.  Rapid changes in many mountain regions of the world are being experienced due to global climate change and anthropogenic effects.  New Mexico water managers and decision makers urgently need knowledge of the potential effects of climate change on the state’s water resources.  Research being done addresses this topic through the development of improved sensing and modeling infrastructure to estimate future changes in water supply from snow-dominated headwater basins.  Existing climate change scenarios generated by general circulation and regional climate models are being utilized to develop reasonable forcing variables for basin hydrologic models which will be used as decision-making tools to evaluate the impact of climate changes in the basin.  The hydrologic models being employed include the basin-wide Semi-distributed Land Use and Runoff Processes (SLURP) model that serves to integrate models operating on sub-catchments throughout the Rio Grande basin.  The Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) is used to simulate and forecast flow in the mountainous snowmelt sub-basins and is directly linked to SLURP.  SRM also has a formalized climate change algorithm useful in this study.  Operating on smaller Rio Grande sub-basins, the TIN-based Real-Time Integrated Basin Simulator (tRIBS) is a distributed hydrologic model for streamflow forecasting and better understanding of processes active in producing runoff.  Finally, the RioGEM hydro-economics model is being used to evaluate the benefits from different management strategies in response to hydrologic changes generated by SLURP, SRM, and tRIBS.  The results of this project will address the important problem of how global warming will reduce our already overcommitted water supply and what economic and societal impacts will result.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2001</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 24, 2008</style></custom5><num-vols><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WRRI Report No. 343</style></num-vols></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reynolds, J.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stafford Smith, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lambin, E.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turner, B. L.  II</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mortimore, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Batterbury, S. P. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Downing, T.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dowlatabadi, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandez, R. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huber-Sannwald, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiang, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leemans, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lynam, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maestre, F.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayarza, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walker, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global desertification: building a science for dryland development</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">316</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">847-851</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2049</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//??//LTER-V//entered 08/15/2007</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Not in File</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1398</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reynolds, J.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stafford, S.D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lambin, E.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turner, B.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mortimore, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Batterbury, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Downing, T.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dowlatadi, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandez, R. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global desertification: Building a science for dryland development</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DDP</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">degradation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drylands Development Paradigm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 11, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/316/5826/847</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">316</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">847-851</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper synthesizes and integrates new concepts and understanding of land degradation and recovery in the Drylands Development Paradigm (DDP). This paradigm consists of five Principles of particular significance in drylands and focuses on inter- and intra-relationships in dryland systems. The DDP is intended to represent a parsimonious set of tenets for addressing the future development of drylands. It provides both a transdisciplinary and a consultative roadmap for navigating through the inherent complexity of desertification, synthesizing the needs of research, management, and policy communities. The Drylands Development Paradigm provides both a transdisciplinary and a consultative roadmap for navigating through the inherent complexity of desertification and dryland development, synthesizing the needs of research, management, and policy communities.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2048</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodriguez-Zaragosa, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steinberger, Y.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of temporally persistent ant nests of soil protozoan communities and the abundance of morphological types of amoeba</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied Soil Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aphaenogaster cockerelli</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">catena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ciliates</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flagellates</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">myrmecocystus depilis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nanoflagellates</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-034.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81-87</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We compared soil protozoan communities near ant nests with soil protozoans in reference soils 5m from the edge of any mounds.  We sampled three species of Chihuahuan Desert ants that construct nests that persist for more than a decade a seed harvester, Pogonomymex rugosus, a liquid feeding honey-pot ant, Myrmecocystus depilis, and a generalist forager, Aphaenogaster cockerelli.  Ant colonies were located on different topographic positions on catenas of two watersheds.  Total protozoan abundance was higher in P. rugosus nests soils at the tope of a catena and in A. cockerelli nest soils in a grassland than in the respective reference soils.  There were qualitative and quantitative differences in protozoan communities associated with the nests of ants at all locations studied.  Amoebae were the most abundant protozoans at all locations.  Type 1 amoebae (flattened with sub-pseudopodia (like Acanthamoeba) occurred at the highest frequency and was the only amoeba type found in M. depilis nest soils and P. rugosus nest soils at the tope of a catena.  Nanoflagellates were associated with P. rugosus and M. depilis nest soils but were absent from reference soils.  Ciliates, testate amoebae and nanoflagellates were absent from A. cockerelli reference soils but were present in nest soils.  The effects of ants on soil protozoan communities depend on the temporal persistence of the colony, nest building and food handling behavior, topographic position and soil type.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2079</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 1, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 1, 2007</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rogosic, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skobic, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stanic, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of secondary compound complementarity and species diversity on consumption of Mediterranean shrubs by sheep</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied Animal Behavior Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">consumption</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbivores</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sheep</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 7, 200</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-025.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58-65</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Generalist herbivores foraging in chemically diverse grazing ecosystems like the Mediterranean maquis increase intake on mixed diets, suggesting they are more able to meet nutritional needs and avoid toxicosis. Thus, our objectives were to determine how shrub species diversity and complementary interactions between tannins and saponins influence intake of Mediterranean shrubs by sheep. We conducted four experiments comparing intake of mixtures of Mediterranean shrub mixtures varying in number of species and/or principal class of secondary compound (tannins or saponins) by sheep (n = 12). Sheep consumed more total foliage (P &lt; 0.01) when offered a high-tannin shrub (Pistacia lentiscus; Exp. 1), two high-tannin shrubs (Pistacia lentiscus and Arbutus unedo; Exp.2), or three high-tannin shrubs (Pistacia lentiscus, Arbutus unedo, and Quercus ilex; Exp. 3) when fed in conjunction with a  high-saponin shrub (Hedera helix) than with an equal  number of high-tannin shrubs (20.94 vs. 16.32 g/kg BW; 28.76 vs. 20.77 g/kg BW, and 35.34 vs. 26.85 g/kg BW). Likewise, sheep ate more foliage (P &lt; 0.01) of each individual shrub (Pistacia lentiscus, Arbutus unedo, and Quercus ilex) in the mixture when fed with Hedera helix than with an equal number of high-tannin shrubs (8.17 vs. 4.95 g/kg BW; 13.28 vs.10.68 g/kg BW, and 7.62 vs. 5.16 g/kg BW), suggesting a complementary interaction between tannins and saponins may have occurred. Sheep also appeared to increase total shrub intake as number of shrub species on offer increased, regardless of number of classes of compounds present. Our findings suggest that secondary compounds in Mediterranean shrubs (tannins and saponins) are complementary. Species diversity also plays an important role in diet selection, as plant species with different types and amounts of nutrients and phytotoxins may affect forage intake and animal production. This knowledge may be useful for livestock producers to capitalize on phytochemical interactions to improve performance of livestock foraging on Mediterranean shrublands.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2083</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roth, G.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, W. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steinberger, Y.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackrabbit (&lt;i&gt;Lepus californicus&lt;/i&gt;) herbivory changes dominance in desertified Chihuahuan Desert ecosystems.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">browsing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">compensatory growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creosotebush</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flourensia cernua</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larrea tridentata</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preferential feeding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tarbush</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 23, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-016.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">418-426</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study addressed the question: can herbivory by a medium size herbivore, black-tail jackrabbits (&lt;i&gt;Lepus californicus&lt;/i&gt;), change dominance in desertified ecosystems dominated by two species of shrubs. Shrubs that were pruned by jackrabbits in plant communities dominated by creosotebush (&lt;i&gt;Larrea tridentate&lt;/i&gt;) and tarbush (&lt;i&gt;Flourensia cernua&lt;/i&gt;) were compared to shrubs not browsed by the rabbits.  In the missed shrub area, herbivory on F. cernua resulted in death of 46.6% of the shrubs, compared to only 4.8% of L. tridentate shrubs. There was no evidence of jackrabbit browsing of dead &lt;i&gt;F. cernua&lt;/i&gt; in a tarbush monoculture area.  The canopy volumes of F. cernua plants that survived repeated browsing were significantly smaller than predicted based on unbrowsed plants with the same basal stem areas. Jackrabbit browsing resulted in increased canopy volume of creosotebush shrubs. Creosotebush average canopy volume significantly exceeded predicted values because of compensatory growth of stems from nodes below the severed point.  Close spatial association of lightly browsed creosotebush with heavily browsed tarbush may be a factor contributing to low utilization of creosotebush stems by jackrabbits.  Differential browsing by the rabbits is shifting thee ecosystems toward an &lt;i&gt;L. tridentate&lt;/i&gt; monoculture.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2092</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roth, G.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, W. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steinberger, Y.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackrabbit (Lepus californicus) herbivory changes dominance in desertified Chihuahuan Desert ecosystems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">articles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">browsing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">compensatory growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creosotebush</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flourensia, herbivory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbivory, Flourensia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbivory, lagomorph</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbivory, Larrea</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lagomorph, herbivory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larrea, herbivory</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">418-426</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study addressed the question: can herbivory by a medium size herbivore, black-tail jackrabbits (&lt;i&gt;Lepus californicus&lt;/i&gt;), change dominance in desertified ecosystems dominated by two species of shrubs. Shrubs that were pruned by jackrabbits in plant communities dominated by creosotebush (&lt;i&gt;Larrea tridentata&lt;/i&gt;) and tarbush (&lt;i&gt;Flourensia cernua&lt;/i&gt;) were compared to shrubs notbrowsed by the rabbits. In the mixed shrub area, herbivory on &lt;i&gt;F. cernua&lt;/i&gt;resulted in death of 46.6% of the shrubs, compared to only 4.8% of &lt;i&gt;L. tridentata&lt;/i&gt;shrubs. There was no evidence of jackrabbit browsing of dead &lt;i&gt;F. cernua&lt;/i&gt;in a tarbush monoculture area. The canopy volumes of &lt;i&gt;F. cernua&lt;/i&gt;plants that survived repeated browsing were significantly smaller than predicted based on unbrowsed plants with the same basal stem areas. Jackrabbit browsing resulted in increased canopy volume of creosotebush shrubs. Creosotebush average canopy volume significantly exceeded predicted values because of compensatory growth of stems from nodes below the severed point. Close spatial association of lightly browsed creosotebushes with heavily browsed tarbush may be a factor contributing to low utilization of creosotebush stems by jackrabbits. Differential browsing by the rabbits is shifting these ecosystems toward an &lt;i&gt;L. tridentata&lt;/i&gt;monoculture. ©2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2091</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00897</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//NMSU//LTER V//entered 07-26-2007</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (07/26/2007)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1382</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schwager, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butler, Z.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rus, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robust Classification of Animal Tracking Data</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computers and Electronics in Agriculture</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adaptive sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">animal tracking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cluster analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GPS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sensor networks</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-010.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46-59</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper describes an application of the K-means classification algorithm to categorize cow tracking data into various classes of behavior.  It is found that even without explicit consideration of biological factors, the clustering algorithm can repeatably resolve cow behavior into two groups corresponding to active and inactive periods.  Furthermore, it is shown that this classification is robust to a large range of data sampling intervals.  An adaptive data sampling algorithm is suggested for improving the energy efficiency and memory usage of animal tracking equipment.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2176</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schwager, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rus, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data-driven identification of group dynamics for motion prediction and control</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laboratory Automatio Robotics International Symposium</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">control</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">data-driven</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dynamic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prediction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proceeding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proceedings</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A decentralized model structure for representing groups of coupled dynamic agents is proposed, and the Least Squares method is used for fitting model parameters based on observed position data. The physically motivated, difference equation model combines effects from agent dynamics, interactions between (probably should have been among rather than between since n=3) agents, and interactions between (probably should have been among rather than between since n=3) each agent and its environment. The technique is implemented to identify a model for a group of three cows using GPS tracking data. The model is shown to capture overall characteristics of the group as well as attributes of individual group members. Applications to surveillance, prediction, and control of various kinds of groups of dynamical agents are suggested.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2177</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 29,2007</style></custom5></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sierra Corona, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ceballos Gonzalez, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gonzalez, A.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davidson, A.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">List, S.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bezannilla, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ponce, G.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Can prairie dog-cattle interactions be used to remediate desertified Chihuahuan Desert grasslands?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society of America Abstracts</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cattle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertified</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prairie dog</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert grasslands are undergoing a rapid transition to desert scrub conditions.  In an effort to remove prairie dogs that are believed to compete with cattle, pastoralists have created a cascade of events promoting shrub expansion and severely reducing the viability of pastoralism within many Chihuahuan Desert ecosystems.  The resulting desertification leads to depauperate socio-ecological conditions, with attempts to remediate desertified landscapes often being tenuous and seldom cost effective. The goal of this and other studies are to develop a better understanding of ecosystem drivers, and their interactions, within the Janos-Nuevo Casas Grandes prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) complex in northwest Chihuahua. Beef cattle (Bos taurus) habitat selection was measured on a desert grassland-prairie dog ecosystem using GPS, GIS, and remote sensing technologies inside 4 x 4 km pasture. To classify vegetation we used multispectral Quickbird imagery with 60 cm resolution and eCognition software. We grouped the vegetation in 6 different types: Aristida spp. (50%), Pleuraphis mutica (8%), Panicum obtusum (8%), Bouteloa gracilis (15%), Amaranthus palmeri (4%) and prairie dog colonies (15%). Analyses of cattle movements during the dormant season show a direct preference for the prairie dog colonies, with minimal use of other vegetation types. In smaller scale studies beef cattle showed a preference for forages near the margins of the prairie dog colonies.  From these observations we further hypothesize that cattle may help maintain black-tailed prairie dog colonies via mutualistic interactions that may promote the formation and maintenance of Chihuahuan Desert grasslands in this region.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2206</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sierra Corona, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ceballos, G.G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gonzalez, A.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davidson, A.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanchez, R.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bezanilla, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gevara, E.P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Can prairie dog-cattle interactions be used to remediate desertified Chihuahuan Desert grasslands?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cattle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prairie dog</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 5-10, 200</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Jose, CA</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PS 39-205</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert grasslands are undergoing a rapid transition to desert scrub conditions. In an effort to remove prairie dogs that are believed to compete with cattle, pastoralists have created a cascade of events promoting shrub expansion and severely reducing the viability of pastoralism within many Chihuahuan Desert ecosystems. The resulting desertification leads to depauperate socio-ecological conditions, with attempts to remediate desertified landscapes often being tenuous and seldom cost effective. The goal of this and other studies are to develop a better understanding of ecosystem drivers, and their interactions, within the Janos-Nuevo Casas Grandes prairie dog (&lt;i&gt;Cynomys ludovicianus&lt;/i&gt;) complex in northwest Chihuahua. Beef cattle (&lt;i&gt;Bos taurus&lt;/i&gt;) habitat selection was measured on a desert grassland-prairie dog ecosystem using GPS, GIS, and remote sensing technologies inside 4 x 4 km pasture. To classify vegetation we used multispectral Quickbird imagery with 60 cm resolution and eCognition software. We grouped the vegetation in 6 different types: &lt;i&gt;Aristida spp. &lt;/i&gt;(50%), &lt;i&gt;Pleuraphis mutica&lt;/i&gt; (8%), &lt;i&gt;Panicum obtusum&lt;/i&gt; (8%), &lt;i&gt;Bouteloa gracilis&lt;/i&gt; (15%), &lt;i&gt;Amaranthus palmeri&lt;/i&gt; (4%) and prairie dog colonies (15%). Analyses of cattle movements during the dormant season show a direct preference for the prairie dog colonies, with minimal use of other vegetation types. In smaller scale studies beef cattle showed a preference for forages near the margins of the prairie dog colonies. From these observations we further hypothesize that cattle may help maintain black-tailed prairie dog colonies via mutualistic interactions that may promote the formation and maintenance of Chihuahuan Desert grasslands in this region.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2205</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steele, C.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, P.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remote sensing of threshold conditions in an arid ecosystem</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amereican Geophysical Union Fall Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">private</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">public lands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">threshold</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 10-14, </style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Francisco, CA</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">B42B-1160</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land management in the arid southwestern USA increasingly addresses thresholds in response to recent concepts adopted by private and public lands agencies and conservation organizations. Vegetation in arid rangelands typically presents as distinctive mosaics of vegetation patches, which persist in dynamic equilibrium with the abiotic environment and facilitative-competitive interactions between organisms. Theory and observation suggest that as an area approaches a threshold in response to disturbance, there is a concomitant change in the spatial arrangement of vegetation patches. This change is readily identifiable on fine spatial resolution aerial photography or satellite sensor imagery. We propose a classification method for identifying threshold-inducing change in vegetation pattern. To illustrate this method, we have applied an object-oriented, supervised classification to subsets of Quickbird imagery (70 cm ground resolution) over the Jornada basin in southern New Mexico. The imagery covers several land management regimes (private, public, federal) and provides spatial variation in ecosystem conditions. Imagery was first segmented to create fine and coarse resolution image objects. Fine resolution image objects are defined as having within-object spectral homogeneity at the scale of the shrub or single patch of grass or soil. Coarse resolution image objects are defined as containing spectral homogeneity at the scale of the vegetation stand. A classification tree was used to classify coarse resolution image objects to high risk of a threshold, low risk of a threshold, or post-threshold according to the content and spatial arrangement of shrub, grass and soil patches within them. Ground-based monitoring to detect localized threshold conditions across broad management areas is intractable so the use of remote sensing is essential to successful prevention of threshold development.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2285</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chopping, M.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martonchik, J.V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Differentiation of semi-arid vegetation types based on multi-angular observations from MISR and MODIS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Remote Sensing</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bidirectional reflectance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">semi-arid land</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nov. 15, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://usda-ars.nmsu.biblio.pdf/07-032.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1419-1424</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mapping accurately vegetation type is one of the main challenges for monitoring arid and semiarid grasslands with remote sensing. The multi-angle approach has been demonstrated to be useful for mapping vegetation types in deserts. This letter presents a study on the use of directional reflectance derived from two sensor systems, using two different models to analyze the data and two different classifiers as a means of mapping vegetation types. The multiangle Imaging SpecroRadiometer (MISR) and the Moderation Resolution Imaging Specroradiometer (MODIS) provide multi-spectral and angular, off-nadir observations. In this study, we demonstrate that reflectance from MISR observations and reflectance anisotropy patterns derived from MODIS observations are capable of working together to increase classification accuracy. The patterns are described by parameters of the Modified Rahman-Pinty-Verstraete and the RossThin- LiSparseMODIS bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) models. The anisotropy patterns derived from MODIS observations are highly complementary to reflectance derived from radiances observed by MISR. Support vector machine algorithms exploit the information carried by the same data sets more effectively than the maximum likelihood classifier.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2306</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chopping, M.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martonchik, J.V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Support vector machines for recognition of semi-arid vegetation types using MISR multi-angle imagery</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remote Sensing of Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MISR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multi-angle observations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">semi-arid vegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">support vector machine</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 15, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6V6V-4MK614C-2&amp;_user=1496926&amp;_coverDate=03%2F15%2F2007&amp;_rdoc=29&amp;_fmt=full&amp;_orig=browse&amp;_srch=doc-info(%23toc%235824%232007%23998929998%23644470%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&amp;_cdi=5824&amp;_sort=d&amp;_docancho</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107</style></number><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">299-311</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mapping accurately community types is one of the main challenges for monitoring arid and semi-arid grasslands with remote sensing. The multi-angle approach has been proven useful for mapping vegetation types in desert grassland. The Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR) provides 4 spectral bands and 9 angular reflectance. In this study, 44 classification experiments have been implemented to find the optimal combination of MISR multi-angular data to mine the information carried by MISR data as effectively as possible. These experiments show the following findings: 1) The combination of MISR's 4 spectral bands at nadir and red and near infrared bands in the C, B, and A cameras observing off-nadir can obtain the best vegetation type differentiation at the community level in New Mexico desert grasslands. 2) The k parameter at red band of Modified-Rahman-Pinty-Verstraete (MRPV) model and the structural scattering index (SSI) can bring useful additional information to land cover classification. The information carried by these two parameters, however, is less than that carried by surface anisotropy patterns described by the MRPV model and a linear semi-empirical erneldriven bidirectional reflectance distribution function model, the RossThin-iSparseModis (RTnLS) model. These experiments prove that: 1) multi-angular reflectance raise overall classification accuracy from 45.8% for nadir-only reflectance to 60.9%. 2) With surface anisotropy patterns derived from MRPV and RTnLS, an accuracy of 68.1% can be obtained when maximum likelihood algorithms are used. 3) Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms can raise the classification accuracy to 76.7%. This research shows that multi-angular reflectance, surface anisotropy patterns and SVM algorithms can improve desert vegetation type differentiation importantly.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2305</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, Lihong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chopping, Mark J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martonchik, John V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, Debra P. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Support vector machines for recognition of semi-arid vegetation types using MISR multi-angle imagery</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remote Sensing of Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, RTnLS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing, classification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing, EOS Terra</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing, MISR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing, multi-angle observations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing, NASA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing, semi-arid vegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing, support vector machine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote sensing, vegetation types</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">299-311</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi:10.1016/j.rse.2006.05.023</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Accurately mapping community types is one of the main challenges for monitoring arid and semi-arid grasslands with remote sensing. The multi-angle approach has been proven useful for mapping vegetation types in desert grassland. The Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR) provides 4 spectral bands and 9 angular reflectance. In this study, 44 classification experiments have been implemented to find the optimal combination of MISR multi-angular data to mine the information carried by MISR data as effectively as possible. These experiments show the following findings: 1) The combination of MISR's 4 spectral bands at nadir and red and near infrared bands in the C, B, and A cameras observing off-nadir can obtain the best vegetation type differentiation at the community level in New Mexico desert grasslands. 2) The k parameter at red band of Modified–Rahman–Pinty–Verstraete (MRPV) model and the structural scattering index (SSI) can bring useful additional information to land cover classification. The information carried by these two parameters, however, is less than that carried by surface anisotropy patterns described by the MRPV model and a linear semi-empirical kernel-driven bidirectional reflectance distribution function model, the RossThin–LiSparseMODIS (RTnLS) model. These experiments prove that: 1) multi-angular reflectance raise overall classification accuracy from 45.8% for nadir-only reflectance to 60.9%. 2) With surface anisotropy patterns derived from MRPV and RTnLS, an overall accuracy of 68.1% can be obtained when maximum likelihood algorithms are used. 3) Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms can raise the classification accuracy to 76.7%. This research shows that multi-angular reflectance, surface anisotropy patterns and SVM algorithms can improve desert vegetation type differentiation importantly.© 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2307</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00932</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA//LTER V//entered 04/18/2008; PDF on file</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (04/18/2008)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1416</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tartowski, S.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James, D.K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of goats on Tamarix spp. and understory vegetation for riparian restoration</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management 60th Annual Meeting and Trade Show</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">goats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rio Grande</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">riparian</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tararix</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 9-16, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paper No. 425</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goats were used to reduce Tamarix spp. along the Rio Grande in New Mexico. Seventy 0.1-1.6 ha plots at two locations were either browsed by 400-630 goats for 1-3 days annually, or left unbrowsed. After two annual treatments, nearly every available Tamarix plant in mixed vegetation was browsed (100%), broken (91%) or debarked (60%). Goats reduced the Leaf Area Index of resprouts by about 24% each year. However, nearly all of the Tamarix biomass that was removed regrew between annual treatments. During the second year, goats reduced the mean height of Tamarix by 8% and the mean width by 21% in open-canopy mixed vegetation. Overall, the number of Tamarix decreased by less than 5% after three years of goat browsing treatments. In large, dense, closed-canopy Tamarix, goats opened up the understory, reduced laddering fuels and improved access, potentially reducing costs of subsequent mechanical or manual clearing. Rusian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) was heavily browsed and cover declined about 10% per year. Large cottonwoods (Populus deltoides) were not damaged, but small cottonwoods were heavily browsed. Willows (Salix spp.) were browsed and resprouted vigorously. Goats increased the area of bare soil by about 20% and reduced the cover of most understory plant species, including native perennial grasses, such as Sporobolus spp. The cover of native annual grasses associated with disturbance (Bouteloua barbatus, B. aristoides) increased from less than 1% to about 20% one year after browsing, following substantial rainfall. Goats may be useful, in combination with other methods, for controlling Tamarix resprouts or where partial control of Tamarix is desired. Goats may be especially effective in removing understory weeds and preparing the seed bed for vegetation. The use of livestock for land management and ecological restoration, rather than production of agricutlural commodities, offers new economic opportunity for entrepreneurial ranchers.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2341</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tartowski, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Restoration of spatial heterogeneity and ecohydrological processes in semi-arid grassland: Influence of timing and landscape context on long-term changes in soil and vegetation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society of America Abstracts</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecohydrological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial heterogeneity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 5, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Jose, CA</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The success of ecosystem restoration in semi-arid grasslands is variable and unpredictable. Water retention dikes (7.5-30 cm tall, 50-150 m long) were installed at the Jornada Experimental Range (3-6 dikes/site) in the Chihuahuan Desert from 1975-1981 in an effort to restore ecosystem structure and function. There was little detectable change for several years after installation of the dikes. Compared to nearby reference areas, soil moisture was 20-45% higher behind the dikes (except TW), even though ponded saturated infiltration rates were 20- 80% slower behind the dikes. Soil aggregate stability was consistently greater behind the dikes. Clay and silt soil fractions were greater behind the dikes generally, but one site (AT) had the opposite pattern. Differences in soil texture were likely influenced by transport processes and source areas. Percent cover of vegetation behind the dikes was 1.5-3 times the cover at nearby reference areas, but 20 times greater at one site (TW). Plant species richness behind the dikes was about double that in the reference areas, but 6 times greater at one site (TW). Mesquite (Prosopis spp.) and unpalatable shrubs were less dominant behind the dikes, while cover of small shrubs, grasses and forbs was greater than in reference areas. Fertilization with nitrogen and micronutrients increased vegetation cover behind dikes, but not in reference areas. The addition of native grass seed (black grama, Bouteloua eriopoda) allowed establishment of plants in some sandy areas at both dike and reference sites (mainly at DA), but only when other above ground vegetation was removed. Installation of water retention structures was sufficient to initiate the formation of islands of increased resource availability and increased biological productivity, but the development of soil and vegetation interactions was influenced by the local site characteristics, the landscape context, and the rainfall pattern.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2327</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toledo, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abbott, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover pole design for easy transport, assembly and field use</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Wildlife Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover pole</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">livestock</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">measure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robel</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">transport</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wildlife</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/08-051.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">564-567</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover poles, also called Robel poles, are used to measure a variety of structural vegetation attributes commonly used in wildlife and livestock management. Although cover pole dimensions, measurement criteria, and interpretation of cover pole data vary depending on measurement objectives, the technical use of cover poles is fairly consistent. Practical use of cover poles requires that they are sturdy, lightweight, and easily transported. We describe a cover pole apparatus that can be easily constructed, transported, and assembled for use in remote locations. This self-supporting cover pole enables one person to take measurements, and can be modified for use in multiple habitats and soil types.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2363</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 1, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 30, 2007</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 </style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Truman, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scott, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tugel, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ward, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parslow, V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biggam, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fitsimons, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seybold, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An evaluation of the dynamic soil properties pilot project in Arches National Park, UT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60th Annual Meeting and Trade Show, Society for Range Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arches National Park</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utah</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 9-16, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sparks/Reno, NV</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paper No. 442</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dynamic soil properties are gaining increasing attention by producers and users of soil survey data. Near-surface property data, along with vegetation characteristics, provides soil survey users with important new tools, and is a valuable aid in the development and monitoring of state in transition models for ecological site descriptions. Protocols for measuring and interpreting dynamic soil properties are inadequately addressed in standard soil survey procedure; therefore, there is a need to define these protocols. A pilot study for the collection of dynamic soil properties was conducted in Arches National Park, Utah in 2005. In addition to providing the park with information for evaluating and managing visitor impact on park soils, it was a chance of test sampling procedures, and refine the sampling techniques for use in other soil survey areas throughout the country. The sampling was conducted on Begay soils under two plant communities of the Semidesert Sandy Loam (fourwing saltbush) ecological site; a mixed perennial grass/shrub community (PGSL), and a cheatgrass-invaded community (INL). Vegetation properties sampled included herbaceous production, and basal and canopy cover, while soil properties included aggregate stability, bulk density, penetration resistance, carbon fractions and CaCO3% for multiple depth intervals.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2389</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 15, 2007</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 1, 2007</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tugel, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ward, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biggam, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hipple, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ypsilantes, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davis, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampling dynamic soil properties and vegetation for soil survey and ecological site descriptions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management 60th Annual Meeting and Trade show</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BLM</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological site descriptions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESD</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JER</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NPS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 9-16, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reno/Sparks, NV</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paper No. 444</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dynamic soil property data can be collected during soil survey updates to add value to soil survey products and meet users needs for ecological site descriptions.  Producers and land managers need information about soil and ecosystem change in order to plan for long-term productivity, conduct monitoring and assessments, and predict management effects on soil.  Data collection technologies that can be used in the soil survey program are, however, not fully developed.  A cooperative effort to develop sampling guidelines was initiated in 2004. NRCS is developing guidelines in cooperation with the Jornada Experimental Range (ARS), National Park Service, Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management.  The guide for Sampling Dynamic Soil Properties integrates soil and vegetation data collection and interpretation.  The guide emphasizes functionally important properties, field methods, and efficiency.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2391</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utsumi, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cibils, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soto-Navarro, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One seed juniper intake by sheep and goats supplemented with degradable or by-pass protein</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management Meeting Proceedings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">by-pass protein</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">goats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">juniper</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sheep</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 9-16, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reno/Sparks, NV</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paper No. 448</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Successful prescribed grazing of one seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma Englem. Sarg.) with sheep and goats may depend on identifying times of the year when juniper terpenoid levels are less likely to deter herbivory and could be contingent on the use of protein supplements to help animals detoxify terpenes and boost intake. We conducted pen trials with sheep and goats to determine if individual juniper intake varied seasonally (summer, fall, winter, or spring) or was affected by the amount and kind of crude protein (CP) in the diet. Twelve Ramboullet ewes and 12 Spanish-boer goats were offered a basal diet of sudangrass or bermudagrass hay with either no protein added (Control diet: 5% CP), or with  soybean meal (degradable CP: DCP) or fishmeal (by-pass CP:BPCP) to achieve two treatment diets with 12.5% CP each. Diets were offered at 1.6% of body weight (BW) to each animal for 10 days of adaptation and 10 days of data collection in each season.  Juniper trials were a 30 min feeding bout on juniper branches (175g) attached to wooden stands (0.8 m height). Juniper intake per unit of BW (J1) varied amoung herbivore species.  J1 varied among diets (P=0.02) was highest for animals receiving the DCP and BPCP supplements and lowest for control animals. J1 also varied among seasons, intermediate in spring and summer, and lowest during the fall. Sheep and, especially, goats could be used in prescribed grazing programs to suppress juniper re-invasion. Great suppression could be expected from goats browsing during winter, provided that protein levels are sufficient to allow animals to detoxify terpenoids.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2417</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utsumi, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cibils, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep and goats as tool to suppress juniper encroachment: Influence of stocking density and mixed grazing during summer</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">goats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">one-seed juniper</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sheep</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 9-16, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reno/Sparks, NV</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paper No. 447</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing trials were conducted to evaluate the use of prescribed grazing by sheep and goats to suppress one-seed juniper (&lt;i&gt;Juniperus monosperma&lt;/i&gt; Englem. Sarg.) sapling reinvasion. A 2x2 factorial experiment was conducted with Goats (G) or Goats + Sheep (G+S) at high or low stocking densities (SD). Ten crossbreed Angora nannies (1.1 AU) or 5 nannies of the same breed mixed with 4 Ramboullet ewes (1.1 AU) grazed either 1 juniper invaded plot of 20 x 30 m for 6 days (LD) or 6 similar subplots of 10 x 10 m for 1 day (HD) in each of 2 blocks. Animals grazed from sunrise to sunset, were penned at night and received a protein supplement (45% CP) at a rate of 0.4% BW, daily. No effect of SD, herbivore (G, G+S), or their interaction was found on juniper utilization. Animals removed on average 38.3% of the length of marked juniper sapling branches. Understory grazing intensity differed between G or G+S (P=0.02) and SD (P=0.05) treatments. G+S removed 71.3 % of the available herbaceous biomass whereas G removed 64.7 %. Greater understory grazing intensity was observed under LD (70.4 %) compared to HD (65.0 %). Goats spent more time feeding on juniper compared to sheep (Goats: 24.5%, Sheep: 7.7%, P&lt;0.01), whereas the opposite occurred with herbaceous vegetation (Goats: 76.0 %, Sheep: 92.3 %; P&lt; 0.01). Stocking density did not influence time spent feeding juniper or herbaceous understory (P=0.08). Goats in HD and LD grazing treatments spent similar time feeding on juniper (P=0.09). Prescribed high density grazing with goats alone, rather than goats and sheep, could promote acceptable juniper sapling use along with lower damage on herbaceous vegetation.  Juniper sapling responses to the treatments imposed in this study will be monitored through time.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2416</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Lixin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, Gregory Stewart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Jin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epstein, Howard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Macko, Stephen A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predicting leaf and canopy 15N compositions from reflectance spectra</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geophysical Research Letters</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15N</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">canopy nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leaf nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nitrogen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spectral reflectance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L02401</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;We explored whether &lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N concentration could be predicted from reflectance spectra of fresh leaves, and, if so, whether the spectral features were related to the &lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N concentration on a canopy scale. Leaf scale reflectance (R) measurements were conducted in Ghanzi, Botswana using a spectrophotometer in March 2005 and canopy scale leaf R was measured in a series of successional fields in Northern Virginia, USA using the same instrument in September 2005. Results showed that there was a strong correlation between foliar &lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N concentration and spectral data in both visible and near-infrared wavelength regions. Stepwise regressions showed that the first-difference of the log1/R [(log 1/R)&amp;#39;] could explain 76 to 92% of the variation in foliar &amp;auml;15N, providing the most reliable correlations with foliar &lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N at bands near 600 and 700 nm. The present study indicates the possibility of estimating fresh leaf &lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N abundance from high-resolution reflectance at leaf and canopy levels.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN3292</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ward, J.P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Block, W.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van Horne, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends, ecological covariates,and some conservation implications of rodent abundance in a montane island of southern New Mexico</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14th Annual Conference of the Wildlife Society</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological covariates</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rodent abundance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trends</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 22-26,</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tucson, AZ</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">p. 97</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodents provide food for a number of species that are targeted for management in southwestern forests.  The Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida) and northern goshawk (Accipiter gentiles) are two examples of predators that shape management of several thousands of montane acres in this region.  There are a number of ecological factors that effect rodent populations, which in turn, influence population numbers and distribution of focal predators.   Some factors like habitat condition can be readily manipulated, while other factors like precipitation cannot.  Population dynamics of five rodent species commonly consumed by Mexican spotted owls in the Sacramento Mountains are influenced by interactions among habitat, weather, and fauna.  Over a six-year period (1991-1996), we found that population numbers of two species of deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus and P. boylii) and voles (Microtus mogollonensis and M. longicaudus) exhibited dynamic patterns of fluctuation, particularly relative to the less fluctuating numbers of the larger woodrat species Neotoma mexicana.  Using envirograms and an information-theoretic approach to model selection, we found only slight similarity in ecological predictor variables for each species.  We surmised that populations of the two vole species would be the most feasible to increase through habitat management, followed by populations of the Mexican woodrat, and lastly the two species of deermice.  By providing values of rodent abundance expected for specific values of key habitat variables and other prominent covariates that influence habitat-abundance relationships, our results can be used to assess and design management experiments intended to enhance food resources for at least one focal predator in upper montane forests of the Southwest.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2489</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weems, Stacey, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geomorphic-banded vegetation relationships in the northern Chihuahuan Desert</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dissertation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geomorphology, banded vegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant, banded vegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thesis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Mexico State University</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Mexico State University</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2512</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//??//LTER-V//entered 08/15/2007ProCite field[12]: Not in File</style></notes><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1404</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, W. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed harvester ants (&lt;i&gt;Polonomyrmex rugosus&lt;/i&gt;) as &quot;pulse&quot; predators</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Enviornments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beameria vanosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forage ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grass cicadas</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 6, 2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-015.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">549-552</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed harvesting ants, Pogonomyrmex rugosus, collected grass cicadas at a high rate (&gt;5 min-1 taken into the nest) at one location where cicada emergence exceeded 3m-2. Dry conditions in the winter-spring resulted in no annual plants in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. P. rugosus colonies were inactive in areas where grass cicada emergence was less than 1 m-2. P. rugosus initiate intense predatory activity in response to pulse of large numbers of prey. This study demonstrates that predatory behavior of seed harvesting ants is not limited to incidental encounters with prey during seed harvesting activities. Pulse predation demonstrates the importance of protein to seed harvester ant colonies.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2598</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zaragoza, Salvador Rodriguez</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, Walt G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steinberger, Yosef</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of temporally persistent ant nests on soil protozoan communities and the abundance of morphological types of amoeba</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied Soil Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">amoeba, ants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ant,  Aphaenogaster</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ant, Pogonomyrmex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">catena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microarthropod, ciliates</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microarthropod, flagellates</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microarthropod, nanoflagellates</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">protozoa, soil</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">protozoan, biodiversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil, protozoan communities</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81-87</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We compared soil protozoan communities near ant nests with soil protozoans in reference soils 5mfrom the edge of ant mounds.Wesampled three species of Chihuahuan Desert ants that construct nests that persist for more than a decade: a seed harvester, &lt;i&gt;Pogonomyrmex rugosus&lt;/i&gt;, a liquid feeding honey-pot ant, &lt;i&gt;Myrmecocystus depilis&lt;/i&gt;, and a generalist forager, &lt;i&gt;Aphaenogaster cockerelli&lt;/i&gt;. Ant colonies were located on different topographic positions on catenas of two watersheds. Total protozoan abundance was higher in &lt;i&gt;P. rugosus &lt;/i&gt;nest soils at the top of a catena and in &lt;i&gt;A. cockerelli&lt;/i&gt; nest soils in a grassland than in the respective reference soils. There were qualitative and quantitative differences in protozoan communities associated with the nests of ants at all locations studied. Amoebae were the most abundant protozoans at all locations. Type 1 amoebae (flattened with sub-pseudopodia (like &lt;i&gt;Acanthamoeba&lt;/i&gt;)) occurred at the highest frequency and was the only amoeba type found in &lt;i&gt;M. depilis&lt;/i&gt; nest soils and &lt;i&gt;P. rugosus&lt;/i&gt; nest soils at the top of a catena. Nanoflagellates were associated with &lt;i&gt;P. rugosus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;M. depilis&lt;/i&gt; nest soils but were absent from reference soils. Ciliates, testate amoebae and nanoflagellates were absent from &lt;i&gt;A. cockerelli &lt;/i&gt;reference soils but were present in nest soils. The effects of ants on soil protozoan communities depend on the temporal persistence of the colony, nest building and food handling behavior, topographic position and soil type. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2711</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00910</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//NMSU//LTER-V//entered 08/14/2007</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (08/24/2007)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1406</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abrahams, A.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neave, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wainwright, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Howes, D.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parsons, A.J.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></secondary-authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biogeochemical fluxes across piedmont slopes of the Jornada Basin</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem. The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alluvial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bajada</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biogeochemical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">coalescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fluxes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">movement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nutrients</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">piedmont</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sediment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">slopes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-058.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">150-175</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This chapter is an overview of recent studies of the movement of water, sediment, and nutrients across a principle piedmont slope, or bajada, of the Jornada Basin. Bajadas are extensive, gently sloping surfaces formed by the coalescence of alluvial fans and are a major landscape component of the basin and range province. During the past four decades a considerable body of research has elucidated the form and function of alluvial fans (Bull 1977; Blair and McPherson 1994; Harvey 1997), but less attention has been paid to bajadas. In particular, the bajadas most neglected are those where channels converge and diverge at irregular intervals downslope. This type of bajada is found at the base of Summerford Mountain, the northernmost peak of the Dona Ana Mountains on the western edge of the Jornada Basin. For convenience, this bajada is hereafter referred to as the Summerford bajada. The research has involved rainfall simulation experiments on small plots, monitoring of two small watersheds on this bajada, and computer modeling of the processes operating in these watersheds and over the bajada as a whole. A detailed understanding of the hydrology and hydraulics of overland flow on this bajada requires a numerical model of the rainfall-runoff process. The objective of this chapter is to detail the model and draw conclusions from model simulations about hydrologic transports of sediment and nutrients across this bajada. Since these piedmonts are important surfaces in this desert an understanding of their hydrologic and biogeochemical dynamics is crucial to understanding landscape dynamics in the basin and throughout arid regions.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN21</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chapter 7</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abrahams, Athol D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gao, Peng</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A bed-load transport model for rough turbulent open-channel flows on plane beds</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Earth Surface Processes and Landforms</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, bed-load transport</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, saltation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, sediment transport</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology, sheet flow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, bed-load transport</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, hydrology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(www.interscience.wiley.com) &lt;b&gt;DOI: &lt;/b&gt;10.1002/esp.1300</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">910-928</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data from flume studies are used to develop a model for predicting bed-load transport rates in rough turbulent two-dimensional open-channel flows moving well sorted non-cohesive sediments over plane mobile beds. The object is not to predict transport rates in natural channel flows but rather to provide a standard against which measured bed-load transport rates influenced by factors such as bed forms, bed armouring, or limited sediment availability may be compared in order to assess the impact of these factors on bed-load transport rates.  The model is based on a revised version of Bagnold’s basic energy equation &lt;i&gt;ibsb &lt;/i&gt;= &lt;i&gt;eb&lt;/i&gt;ù, where &lt;i&gt;ib &lt;/i&gt;is the immersed bed-load transport rate, ù is flow power per unit area, &lt;i&gt;eb &lt;/i&gt;is the efficiency coefficient, and &lt;i&gt;sb &lt;/i&gt;is the stress coefficient defined as the ratio of the tangential bed shear stress caused by grain collisions and fluid drag to the immersed weight of the bed load. Expressions are developed for &lt;i&gt;sb &lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;eb &lt;/i&gt;in terms of &lt;i&gt;G&lt;/i&gt;, a normalized measure of sediment transport stage, and these expressions are substituted into the revised energy equation to obtain the bed-load transport equation &lt;i&gt;ib &lt;/i&gt;= ù &lt;i&gt;G &lt;/i&gt;3·4. This equation applies regardless of the mode of bed-load transport (i.e. saltation or sheet flow) and reduces to &lt;i&gt;ib &lt;/i&gt;= ù where &lt;i&gt;G &lt;/i&gt;approaches 1 in the sheet-flow regime. That &lt;i&gt;ib &lt;/i&gt;= ù does not mean that all the available power is dissipated in transporting the bed load. Rather, it reflects the fact that &lt;i&gt;ib &lt;/i&gt;is a transport rate that must be multiplied by &lt;i&gt;sb &lt;/i&gt;to become a work rate before it can be compared with ù. It follows that the proportion of ù that is dissipated in the transport of bed load is &lt;i&gt;ibsb&lt;/i&gt;/ù, which is approximately 0·6 when &lt;i&gt;ib &lt;/i&gt;= ù. It is suggested that this remarkably high transport efficiency is achieved in sheet flow (1) because the ratio of grain-to-grain to grain-to-bed collisions increases with bed shear stress, and (2) because on average much more momentum is lost in a grain-to-bed collision than in a grain-to-grain one. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN17</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00876</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//NMSU//LTER IV//entered 7/12/2006</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (07/12/2006)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1361</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Althoff, D. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Segraves, K. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leebens-Mack, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pellmyr, O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patterns of speciation in the yucca moths: parallel species radiations within the &lt;i&gt;Tegeticula yuccasella&lt;/i&gt; species complex</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Systematic Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AFLP</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">coevolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hose use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">insect, Tegeticula</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mtDNA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parallel species radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">speciation, yucca moth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">yucca moth, speciation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">398-410</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ISSN: 1063-5157 print / 1076-836X online; DOI: 10.1080/10635150600697325</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The interaction between yuccas and yucca moths has been central to understanding the origin and loss of obligate mutualism and mutualism reversal. Previous systematic research using mtDNA sequence data and characters associated with genitalic morphology revealed that a widespread pollinator species in the genus Tegeticula was in fact a complex of pollinator species that differed in host use and the placement of eggs into yucca flowers. Within this mutualistic clade two nonpollinating “cheater” species evolved. Cheaters feed on yucca seeds but lack the tentacular mouthparts necessary for yucca pollination. Previous work suggested that the species complex formed via a rapid radiation within the last several million years. In this study, we use an expanded mtDNA sequence data set and AFLP markers to examine the phylogenetic relationships among this rapidly diverging clade of moths and compare these relationships to patterns in genitalic morphology. Topologies obtained from analyses of the mtDNA and AFLP data differed significantly. Both data sets, however, corroborated the hypothesis of a rapid species radiation and suggested that there were likely two independent species radiations. Morphological analyses based on oviposition habit produced species groupings more similar to the AFLP topology than the mtDNA topology and suggested the two radiations coincided with differences in oviposition habit. The evolution of cheating was reaffirmed to have evolved twice and the closest pollinating relative for one cheater species was identified by bothmtDNAand AFLP markers. For the other cheater species, however, the closest pollinating relative remains ambiguous, and mtDNA, AFLP, and morphological data suggest this cheater species may be diverged based on host use. Much of the divergence in the species complex can be explained by geographic isolation associated with the evolution of two oviposition habits.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN34</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00924</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA//NONE//Entered 1/9/2006; updated 4/14/2008</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (04/14/2008)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1348</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Virtual Fencing - A Concept into Reality</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the Spatial Grazing Behaviour Workshop, CSIRO Livestock Industries</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">controlling animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">virtual fencing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 14-15, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-073Proc.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61-91</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Virtual fencing is a method of controlling animals without ground based, natural or man made structures. Control occurs by altering an animal's behavior through one or more sensory cues administered to the animal after it has attempted to penetrate an electronically generated 3-dimensional boundary. This boundary can be any geometrical shape, and though unseen by the eye, is detected by an electronic computer system worn by the animal.  Autonomous programmable systems use an electronic signal, most commonly from the Global Positioning System (GPS) of satellites that emanate electronic signals in the radio frequency (RF) range. Algorithms within a Geographic Information System (GIS) use these data to determine if a cue should be applied and if so what cue(s), where on the body the cues should be applied and for how long.  The first commercial virtual fencing system, patented in 1973 for controlling domestic dogs, was successfully used in 1987 to contain goats in the first experiment to control livestock using virtual fencing.  Since then researchers using commercial as well as custom designed systems have successfully demonstrated proof-of-concept that virtual fencing can successfully hold as well as move livestock over the landscape.  Commercial virtual livestock control systems do not yet exist; however, research in Australia and the United States continues toward this goal.  Pending research needs relating to this method of animal control are discussed in light of currently available technologies.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN54</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rayson, G.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obeidat, S.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ralphs, M.H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parker, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gray, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of fluorometry to differentiate among clipped species in the Genera, &lt;i&gt;Astragalus, Oxytropis &lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;Pleuraphis&lt;/i&gt;</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">astragalus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">botanical composition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fluorescence spectroscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fluorometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">genera</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">oxytropis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pleuraphis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">poisonous plants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principal Component Analysis (PCA)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.srmjournals.org/archive/1551-5028/59/5/pdf/i1551-5028-59-5-557.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">557-563</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A rapid and reproducible method to determine botanical composition of forage is an ecological and economic goal for range animal ecologists. Multidimensional fluorometry previously demonstrated the possibility of a unique optical approach for accurately determining species composition of pre- and post-digested plant materials.  Fluorometry may be used to detect toxic plants in standing crop as well as diets by using electronic transitions in chemical structures at wavelengths between 370 and 580 nm.  Grass hay (genus Pleuraphis) and six clipped forbs (four species of Astragalus and two species of Oxytropis) were examined. The resulting spectral signatures were evaluated for differences in the blue and green regions of the visible spectrum using Principle Component Analysis (PCA).  This represents the first published data using chemometrics to differentiate among fluorophores from these plant extracts.  It was possible to distinguish between the grass and forbs and among forbs.  Further research will be required to evaluate these same plant species in mixed diets and fecal samples.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN97</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayarza, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huber-Sannwald, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reynolds, J.F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A case study of land degradation linking biophysical and socioeconomic aspects of agroecological production systems in southern Honduras</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Environmental Change: Regional Challenges. An Earth System Science Partnership, Open Science Conference</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">agroecological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dahlem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DDP</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Honduras</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land degradation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">socioeconomic</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 9, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beijing, China</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">661</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Dahlem Desertification Protocol (DDP) was developed to analyze interrelationships within coupled human-environment systems. In this study, we apply the DDP to humid systems through an evaluation of an innovative agroecological production system in the mountains of southern Honduras, where seasonal droughts, tillage and crop residue removal have resulted in increased runoff and erosion. The agricultural land degradation found here is typical of that throughout Latin America. The Quesungual Slash and Mulch Agroforestry System (QSMAS) system is based on the management of dispersed native trees in cropped fields through pruning. Competition is minimized while crop residues are retained, promoting soil moisture and fertility conservation. Annual crops are planted on unburned fields with zero tillage. This system enables farmers to increase yields and reduce labor inputs associated with weed control. In addition, the widespread adoption of QSMAS is associated with strong participation of local communities in the development of the system and the implementation of local policies to avoid use of fire for agricultural purposes. We report the results of a recent ARIDnet workshop in which the QSMAS approach was examined in the context of the DDP. We concluded that currently application of QSMAS by more than 6,000 farmer households effectively addresses many of the socioeconomic and biophysical drivers associated with land degradation in this region. However, the analysis also indicated that further modification of the system will be required to extend it to other regions, and to address continuing changes in socioeconomic drivers.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN148</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baquera, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayarza, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determining vegetation coverage and changes in land use under the Quesungual slash and mulch agroforestry system</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society of America Abstracts</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">agroforestry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quesungual</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 8, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Memphis, TN</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paper No. 62989</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land use throughout history has changed to suit the needs of the people, but just as the needs of the people have changed so should the methods employed to cultivate the land. As of 1985 producers in the municipality of Candelaria in the Department of Lempira in Honduras have been applying a locally developed method known as the Quesungual Slash and Mulch Agroforestry System (QSMAS). Candelaria is an area composed of slopes that commonly exceed 45 degrees, which results in high erosion rates from cultivated fields. The QSMAS is an alternative to traditional slash and burn management, which requires extensive periods of time for recovery and contributes to soil erosion. The three main characteristics that distinguish the QSMAS from other traditional methods are the elimination of annual burning to allow accumulation of crop residue, management of native trees to provide a partial canopy that encourages rapid forest regeneration during fallow, and zero tillage in order to maintain soil structure and high mulch coverage. QSMAS provides the ability to reduce the time required by land to recover under fallow, which in turn may reduce the amount of land that exceeds land degradation thresholds. An extensive amount of research has been done to understand the dynamics of the system at the plot level however; little research has analyzed the extent of adoption and the change in tree coverage due to adoption. The objectives of this project are 1) develop methodology to monitor the changes in land cover and land use through remote sensing imagery, and 2) apply these methods and ground-based measurements in a pilot study to quantify land coverage and land use in an area near the municipality of Candelaria. Preliminary analysis indicates difficulty in distinguishing parcels within the same region of Silvopastoral and those applying the QSMAS system.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN160</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrow, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, M.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reyes-Vera, I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Symbiotic fungi that influence vigor, biomass and reproductive potential of native bunch grasses for remediation of degraded semiarid rangelands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wildland Shrub Symposium Proceedings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Symbiotic</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 6-8, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cedar City, UT</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A steady decline of perennial bunch grasses in arid rangelands has resulted in losses of productivity and germplasm. Remediation is costly and rarely successful. Cryptic symbiotic fungi, structurally integrated with cells and organs of native plants cannot be separated from host plant tissue. However, they were successfully transferred from cell cultures of native plants to other native grasses and tomato. Fungi in recipient plants were heritable and substantially enhanced vigor, biomass and reproductive potential. The transfer of novel fungal symbionts to other native or crop plants may offer an alternative method of improving plant performance without modifying native plant germplasm.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN203</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 5, 2006</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2006</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beever, E.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of Feral Horses in Great Basin Landscapes on Soils and Ants: Direct and Indirect Mechanisms</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equus caballus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">feral horses</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">formica</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nevada</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pogonomyrmex</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&amp;_imagekey=B6WH9-4HWX8YM-1-17&amp;_cdi=6845&amp;_user=1496926&amp;_orig=browse&amp;_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2006&amp;_sk=999339998&amp;view=c&amp;wchp=dGLzVzz-zSkzS&amp;md5=1d287ea8843005be3bea26ad74d18846&amp;ie=/sdarticle.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96-112</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We compared soil-surface penetration resistance and abundance of ant mounds at 12 western Great Basin sites (composed of 19 plots) either grazed by feral horses (Equus caballus) or having had horses removed for the last 10–14 years. Across this broad spatial domain (3.03 million ha), we minimized confounding due to abiotic factors by selecting horse-occupied and horse-removed sites with similar aspect, slope, 're history, grazing pressure by cattle (minimal to none), and dominant vegetation (Artemisia tridentata). During both 1997 and 1998, we found 2.2–8.4 times greater abundance of ant mounds and 3.0–15.4 times lower penetration resistance in soil surfaces at horse removed sites. In 1998, thatched Formica ant mounds, which existed predominately at high elevations, were 3.3 times more abundant at horse-removed sites, although abundance varied widely among sites within treatments. Several types of analyses suggested that horses rather than environmental variability were the primary source of treatment differences we observed in ecosystem components. Tests of several predictions suggest that alterations occurred through not only direct effects, but also indirect effects and potentially feedback loops. Free-roaming horses as well as domestic grazers should be considered in conservation planning and land management in the Great Basin, an ecoregion that represents both an outstanding conservation opportunity and challenge.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN226</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beever, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swihart, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linking the Concept of Scale to Studies of Biological Diversity: Evolving Approaches and Tools</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diversity and Distributions</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biological invasions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">extent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">future challenges</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">publication chronology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resolution</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00260.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">229-235</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Although the concepts of scale and biological diversity independently have received rapidly increasing attention in the scientific literature since the 1980s, the rate at which the two concepts have been investigated jointly has grown much more slowly. We find that scale considerations have been incorporated explicitly into six broad areas of investigation related to biological diversity: (1) heterogeneity within and among ecosystems, (2) disturbance ecology, (3) conservation and restoration, (4) invasion biology, (5) importance of temporal scale for understanding processes, and (6) species responses to environmental heterogeneity. In addition to placing the papers of this Special Feature within the context of brief summaries of the expanding literature on these six topics, we provide an overview of tools useful for integrating scale considerations into studies of biological diversity. Such tools include hierarchical and structural-equation modelling, kriging, variable-width buffers, k-fold cross-validation, and cascading graph diagrams, among others. Finally, we address some of the major challenges and research frontiers that remain, and conclude with a look to the future.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN225</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beever, Erik A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swihard, Robert K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, Brandon T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linking the concept of scale to studies of biological diversity:  evolving approaches and tools</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diversity and Distributions</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biological invasions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">extent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">future challenges</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">publication chronology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resolution</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">229-235</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Although the concepts of scale and biological diversity independently have received rapidly increasing attention in the scientific literature since the 1980s, the rate at which the two concepts have been investigated jointly has grown much more slowly. We find that scale considerations have been incorporated explicitly into six broad areas of investigation related to biological diversity: (1) heterogeneity within and among ecosystems, (2) disturbance ecology, (3) conservation and restoration, (4) invasion biology, (5) importance of temporal scale for understanding processes, and (6) species responses to environmental heterogeneity. In addition to placing the papers of this Special Feature within the context of brief summaries of the expanding literature on these six topics, we provide an overview of tools useful for integrating scale considerations into studies of biological diversity. Such tools include hierarchical and structuralequation modelling, kriging, variable-width buffers, &lt;i&gt;k&lt;/i&gt;-fold cross-validation, and cascading graph diagrams, among others. Finally, we address some of the major challenges and research frontiers that remain, and conclude with a look to the future.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN227</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00877</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//NONE//LTER IV//Entered 06/09/2006</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (06/09/2006)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1358</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, C.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fores Ancira, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steele, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trevino, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Managing Vegetation Dynamics: Soil-geomorphic Maps, State-and-Transition Models, and Remote Sensing</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005 Ecological Society International Meeting, Ecological Society of America Abstracts</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">patterns</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil-geomorphic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species habitat</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merida, Yucatan, MX</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetation mapping via remote sensing tools is a useful and cost-effective approach for understanding current land use and species habitat patterns, but has limited utility in predicting the future state of vegetation.  We describe an approach that couples data-supported, conceptual state-and-transition models with soil-geomorphic mapping and remote sensing of vegetation states to provide maps of potential vegetation and their likely future state under different management scenarios. Soil maps are critical components of this approach that are often unattainable, so we describe an approach to classifying geomorphology-based land types based on landforms and remote-sensed imagery in arid to semiarid zones.  The resulting maps reflect management hazards and opportunities for restoration that are not addressed in conventional vegetation maps.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN268</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ward, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tugel, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fragmentation Effects on Soil Aggregate Stability in a Patchy Arid Grassland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aggregate stability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil-surface</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">state-and-transition</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-pdf&amp;doi=10.2111%2F05-180R1.1</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">406-415</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil aggregate stability (AS) has been promoted as a primary indicator of soil-surface function and a key metric in state-and-transition models. There are few studies, however, that relate indices of AS to the process of grassland degradation. In a Chihuahuan Desert rangeland, we measured variation in AS across vegetated-bare patch boundaries within six plot types reflecting a hypothesized fragmentation/transition sequence. We also examined wetting front depth and pH along this sequence. We found that AS exhibited consistent and interpretable variation across the patch boundaries of the different plot types. Average AS was highest in grass patches adjacent to small to medium-sized (0.5-1.5 m) bare patches and was low in grass patches adjacent to large (&gt; 3 m) bare patches. AS of bare ground was also lowest when bare patches in continuous grassland were large and when bare ground formed an interconnected matrix. Wetting depth after a large storm decreased and pH increased along the fragmentation sequence. The results suggest that AS has interpretable relationships with grassland fragmentation and transitions among states. Careful attention to patchiness within states and stratification, however, is important and simple classifications of strata, such as “bare interspace” and “plant”, may not be sufficient to document variation in soil function.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN279</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></secondary-authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A Holistic View of an Arid Ecosystem: A Synthesis of Research and Its Applications</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem: The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desert grassland ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">holistic view</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jornada Basin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multidisciplinary</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">patch-based correlations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">synthesis book</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-068.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">354-368</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A primary objective of the Jornada Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program has been to provide a broad view of desert grassland ecology. Early architects of the LTER program felt that existing ecological datasets were usually of too short a duration and represented too few ecosystem components to provide a foundation for predicting dynamics in response to disturbances (NSF 1979). This recognition gave rise to the LTER approach—using long-term and multidisciplinary research at particular places to advance a holistic and broad-scale, but also mechanistic, view of ecological dynamics. Such a view is essential to applying ecological research to natural resources management (Golley 1993; Li 2000). In this synthesis chapter we ask: What has this approach taught us about the structure and function of a desert grassland ecosystem? How should this knowledge change the way we manage arid ecosystems? What gaps in our knowledge still exist and why?</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN250</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steele, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">How can LTER data contribute to ecosystem management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER All Scientists Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 21, 20</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estes Park, CO</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paper No. 35</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research conducted at LTER sites has great potential for use by natural resource managers and policymakers within the surrounding regions, but in many cases the link between LTER data and management policy is limited. We use examples from the Jornada Basin LTER to illustrate some general steps and research questions that can connect LTER research to whole-ecosystem management (e.g., the Bureau of Land Management, Forest Service, ranchers). The steps/questions include 1) what are spatial extents, often defined by climate and physiography, within which ecological patterns and processes are similar, 2) what are the key gradients and thresholds in soil and climate within regions governing ecological processes, 3) what is the distribution of potential and alternative ecosystem states along the gradients, 4) what are the mechanisms of transition among states, 5) what patterns and tools can be used to recognize and map states within the region, and 6) how should recognition of states be used to generate management decisions?</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN273</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tugel, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peacock, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanchez, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A three-tiered approach for coupled vegetation and soil sampling to develop ecological descriptions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of 2006 West Regional Cooperative Soil Survey Conference</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological descriptions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 19-23, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological site descriptions (ESDs), alongside similar land classification systems, are used to describe the breadth of plant community types, community changes, and soil surface conditions that can occur within a particular land area. Vegetation dynamic processes and management may change the identity of plant communities over time, but there are a limited number of recognizable plant communities or vegetation states that are observed to occupy a given spatial position. Soil and climate variables are the key environmental attributes predicting the plant communities that can potentially occupy site. Consequently, soil survey products are tremendously useful for developing ESDs. Specifically, ecologically-similar soil map unit components are grouped to form ecological site classes. Soil maps can thus be used to anticipate the ecological sites and possible vegetation states present in a landscape. Ecological site descriptions have been developed by the NRCS alongside soil survey efforts and in soil survey updates. These efforts have resulted in the first generation of ESDs (formerly called range site descriptions). In spite of the great utility of these products, there are now a broader range of uses and users and increased scrutiny. Users have called for improvements in the clarity of classification criteria, increasing use and documentation of empirical data in developing classifications, and refinements to classifications in order accommodate state-and-transition models of vegetation dynamics. The latter issue is particularly important, as there is increasing evidence that the expression of vegetation dynamics and ecological thresholds may be governed by surprisingly subtle differences in soil properties that may or may not be distinguished in existing ESDs (e.g., Fuhlendorf and Smeins 1998, Bestelmeyer et al., 2006).  Unfortunately, there are often few data available that can be used to investigate vegetation-soil relationships as a quantitative basis for producing or refining ESDs. The dearth of suitable data has many causes including 1) the lack of any vegetation data gathering associated with soil descriptions, 2) vegetation data that cannot be associated with soil pedon data, 3) too few samples of linked vegetation and soils to represent regional variation or to observe different vegetation states on the same soil types, 4)lack of geolocation and an inability to linked data to spatial layers such as modeled climate (e.g., Daly et al., 2002), 5) vegetation attributes are not sufficient to distinguish vegetation states or other important conditions, and 6) there are no data on surface soil attributes, and thus weak linkages to state-and-transition models and rangeland health. These limitations have precluded evaluation and refinement of ESDs by the science and management communities. In this presentation, we offer a comprehensive framework to overcome data limitations in the development of ESDs and other soil-vegetation-based land classification systems. The framework has four general components 1) training and employment vegetation/rangeland specialists who understand soils in soil survey and other efforts, 2) a set of vegetation sampling protocols that matches the pace of sampling in the field, 3) setting the goal of collecting data at many points with varying levels of precision rather than collecting data at a few points with unnecessarily high precision, and 4) systematic collection of data at georeferenced points and their storage in a database that links soil and vegetation properties. We provide details about these components and an example of how data can be used to generate inferences in an ESD context.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN276</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Threshold Concepts and Their use in Rangeland Management and Restoration: The Good, The Bad and the Insidious</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Restoration Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biodiversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological thresholds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">exurban development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">state-and-transition models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thresholds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 1, 200</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-030.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">325-329</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological thresholds describe abrupt changes in ecological properties in time or space. In rangeland management, thresholds reflect changes in vegetation and soils that are expensive or impossible to reverse. The threshold concept has catalyzed important advances in rangeland management thinking, but it has also introduced two classes of drawbacks. First, the ambiguity of the term &quot;threshold&quot; and the desire for simplicity in its application has led to an over-emphasis on classification thresholds, such as vegetation cover values. Uncritical use of classification thresholds may lead to the abandonment of management efforts in land areas that would otherwise benefit from intervention. Second, it is possible that the invocation of thresholds and irreversible degradation may eventually result in the wholesale conversion of land areas that would have been recoverable or served important societal functions, such as biodiversity maintenance, that are not reflected in threshold definitions. I conclude with a recommendation to clarify the nature of thresholds by defining the relationships among pattern, process, and degradation and distinguishing preventive thresholds from restoration thresholds. We must also broaden the attributes used to define states and thresholds.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN242</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">325</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trujillo, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tugel, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A multi-scale classification of vegetation dynamics in arid lands: What is the right scale for models, monitoring, and restoration?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">catastrophic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">measurements</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple processes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scale</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatiotermporal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">transitions</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&amp;_imagekey=B6WH9-4H0BT09-1-K&amp;_cdi=6845&amp;_user=1496926&amp;_orig=browse&amp;_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2006&amp;_sk=999349997&amp;view=c&amp;wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkWz&amp;md5=facdb1bcaf2bfc269e86b823bbb5f1ad&amp;ie=/sdarticle.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">296-318</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Measurements of vegetation and soil dynamics used to anticipate (or reverse) catastrophic transitions in arid and semiarid rangelands are often difficult to interpret. This situation is due, in part, to a lack of empirically-based conceptual models that incorporate the effects of multiple processes, scale, spatio-temporal pattern, and soils. Using observations of multitemporal data from the Chihuahuan Desert, we describe a new approach to classifying vegetation dynamics based on multiple scales of vegetation and soil pattern as well as cross-scale interactions. We propose the existence of six types of mechanisms driving vegetation change including 1) stability, 2) size oscillation of plants, 3) loss and reestablishment of plants within functional groups, 4) loss of one plant functional group and replacement by another, 5) spatial reorganization of vegetation patches, and 6) cascading transitions that spread from small to broad scales. We provide evidence for the existence of these mechanisms, the species involved, and the geomorphic components on which they are observed in the Chihuahuan Desert. These mechanisms highlight the kinds of multi-scale observations that are needed to detect or interpret change and emphasize the importance of soil-surface properties for interpreting vegetation change. The classification is potentially general across arid and semiarid ecosystems and links spatial and temporal patterns in vegetation with ecological and geomorphic processes, monitoring, and restoration strategies.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN275</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ward, J.P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil-Geomorphic Heterogeneity Governs Patchy Vegetation Dynamics at an Arid Ecotone</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">autocorrelation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">patch dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-organization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">state-and-transition model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">threshold</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.esajournals.org/pdfserv/i0012-9658-087-04-0963.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">963-973</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil properties are well known to affect vegetation, but the role of soil heterogeneity in the patterning of vegetation dynamics is poorly documented.  We asked whether the location of an ecotone separating grass-dominated and sparsely-vegetated areas reflected only historical variation in degradation or was related to variation in inherent soil properties.  We then asked whether changes in the cover and spatial organization of vegetated and bare patches assessed using repeat aerial photography reflected self-organizing dynamics unrelated to soil variation or the stable patterning of soil variation. We found that the present-day ecotone was related to a shift from more weakly to more strongly developed soils. Parts of the ecotone were stable for over 60 year, but shifts between bare and vegetated states, as well as persistently vegetated and bare states, occurred largely in small (&lt;40 m2) patches throughout the study area.  The probability that patches were presently vegetated or bare, as well as the probability that vegetation persisted and/or established over the 60 year period, was negatively related to surface calcium caronate and positively related to subsurface clay content.  Thus, only a fraction of the landscape was susceptible to vegetation change and the sparesely-vegetated area likely featured a higher frequency of susceptible soil patches.  Patch dynamics and self-organizing processes can be constrained by subtle (and often unrecognized) soil heterogeneity.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN280</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bishop-Hurley, G.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swain, D.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corke, Peter</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animal Control-What constitutes a reliable cue to stop animal movement?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management 59th Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">animal control</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">animal movement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">free-range</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">virtual fencing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 12-17, </style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vancouver, British Columbia</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Controlling free-ranging livestock requires low-stress cues to alter animal behaviour. Recently modulated sound and electric shock were demonstrated to be effective in controlling free-ranging cattle. In this study the behaviour of 60, 300 kg Belmont Red heifers were observed for behavioural changes when presented cues designed to impede their movement through an alley. The heifers were given an overnight drylot shrink off feed but not drinking water prior to being tested. Individual cattle were allowed to move down a 6.5 m wide alley towards a pen of peers and feed located 71 m from their point of release. Each animal was allowed to move through the alley unimpeded five times to establish a basal behavioural pattern. Animals were then randomly assigned to treatments consisting of sound plus shock, vibration plus shock, a visual cue plus shock, shock by itself and a control. The time each animal required to reach the pen of peers and feed was recorded. If the animal was prevented from reaching the pen of peers and feed by not penetrating through the 'cue barrior' at set points along the alley for at least 60 sec the test was stopped and the animal was returned to peers located behind the release pen. Cues and shock were manually applied from a laptop while animals were observed from a 3.5 m tower located outside the alley. Electric shock, sound, vibration and Global Position System (GPS) hardware were housed in a neck collar. Results and implications will be discussed.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN294</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bowker, george E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gillette, Dale A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bergametti, Gilles</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marticorena, Beatrice</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modeling flow patterns in a small vegetated area in the northern Chihuahuan Desert using QUIC (Quick Urban &amp; Industrial Complex)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental Fluid Mechanics</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aeolian processes, roughness elements</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aeolian processes, vegetation effects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aeolian processes, wind erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aeolian processes, wind-transported dust</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desert vegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mesquite</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, air flow patterns</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, QUIC</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NPP sites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sand transport</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wind modeling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wind steering</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">359-384</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DOI 10.1007/s10652-005-6021-8</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandstorms are frequent in the northern Chihuahuan Desert in New Mexico, an area characterized by open areas lacking vegetation, individual mesquite bushes, and mesquite coppice dunes. Field measurements of sand fluxes and wind velocities over a two year period provided a description of the area – suggesting that the “streets”, the flat, elongated, non-vegetated areas aligned with the dominant wind directions are the principal sources of wind-dispersed soil and dust. However, since soil erosion and dust movement depend on the pattern, strength, and gradients in the wind field, modeling soil erosion and dust movement requires a continuous wind velocity field. Consequently, air flow patterns at this site were simulated using a semi-empirical mass-consistent diagnostic wind field model: QUIC version 3.5 (Quick Urban &amp; Industrial Complex). Two hundred and fifty-one simulations were run encompassing several dust storms occurring in April 2003. Wind velocity vectors were compared between the model and field data at three heights for six locations and were found to correlate well for a majority of the situations suggesting that the flow patterns are consistent throughout the domain. In particular, good agreement was found for wind speeds at 0.75 m, the height for which the model was tuned. However, it overestimated velocities at 1.5m (10%) and 3.15m (13%).</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN309</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00891</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA//LTER V//Entered 11/20/2006; updated 08/19/2008</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (11/20/2006)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1373</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Briggs, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapp, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archer, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bret-Harte, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ewers, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrub encroachment across North America: A multi-site synthesis of patterns, mechanisms, and consequences</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91st Ecological Society of America Meetings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grasslands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sythesis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 6-11, 200</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ProCite field[13]: Memphis, TN</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In North America, the expansion of shrubs within ecosystems previously dominated by herbaceous species has been documented in barrier islands off the Virginia coast, mesic grasslands of the Great Plains, sub-tropical savannas of Texas, desert grasslands of the Southwest, across the Intermountain West and in the Artic tundra. We synthesized data from four LTER sites and seven sites in total (in Virginia, Kansas, Texas, New Mexico, Wyoming and Alaska) to assess the mechanisms and consequences of this widespread pattern of growth-form substitution. Mean annual temperature at these sites ranged from -12.5C at the tundra site (Arctic LTER) to 22C at the La Copita, TX site and mean annual precipitation (MAP) ranging from 259mm at the WY site to 1065mm at the Virginia Coast Reserve LTER site. Overall, ANPP was increased when shrubs invaded herbaceous-dominated ecosystems, but this pattern was driven by large increases at the mesic sites. At the driest sites (NM and WY), ANPP decreased with shrub expansion. Across all sites, MAP was more strongly correlated with shrub ANPP (r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.71) than herbaceous ANPP (r&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.55). In contrast to ANPP responses, species richness declined with the expansion of shrubs into these herbaceous-dominated ecosystems. These shifts in ecosystem structure clearly affect function across these biomes, with potentially dramatic and long-term regional implications given the extent of this phenomenon and the low probability of a return to dominance by herbaceous species in many of these ecosystems.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN319</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ash, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knowledge Gaps in Assess and Predicting Grazing System Performance: Art or Science?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management 59th Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tame pastures</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 12-17, </style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vancouver, British Columbia</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The adoption of research techniques associated with tame pastures has improved the community scale understanding of rangeland grazing systems.  While our undertanding of grazing behavior, diet selection and intake has benefited by a more intensive approach, there is little evidence that livestock performance is improved by any rest/rotation scheme compared with continuous moderate stocking.  Likewise, individual and community-based investigations of plant response to defoliation have increased our understanding of the physiological and morphological basis for changes in species composition.  The result is we have a solid understanding of soil, plant, and animal responses to grazing systems at the community scale, and have developed from that understanding a predictive capacity as the basis for management decisions.  That understanding has not translated into a widespread improvement in management outcomes attributable to the grazing system per se.  However, many advisors and practitioners continue to insist that grazing systems have achieved miraculous economic, ecological, and social results.  Perhaps this incongruity stems from lack of quantification of how management changes with adoption and how a more intensive grazing system might directly enhance (or improve perception of) productivity or the environment. In spite of our science, beauty remains in the eye of the beholder. We suggest that a more meaningful approach to compare grazing schemes might be in terms of competing technologies, such as adoption rate, success/failure rate, implementation cost, and change in management effort and lifestyle. From a physical science perspective, what is their impact on variables such as water and soil quality and biological diversity at landscape and watershed scales where quantifiable public, rather than private, benefits accrue? While each practitioner may be an artist, the value of grazing systems can best be assessed and predicted by our profession using improved science at large scales with attributes more in the public interest.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN328</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campanella, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscape variation in desert rodent community response to grass-shrubland ecotones</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21st Annual Symposiumof the United States Regional Chapter of the International Association of Landscape Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstracts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecotones</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grass-shrubland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rodent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 28-April 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Diego, CA</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paper No. 11</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desert rodents exert strong effects on soil, vegetation, and other animals. It has been reported that the abundance and diversity of Chihuahuan Desert rodents increases with shrub encroachment accompanying desertification although grassland specialist species decline with loss of perennial grasses. The consistency of such patterns across a landscape, however, has not been examined. We tested the hypothesis that rodent richness, biomass, and density/abundance were highest in shrub-dominated portions of replicate grassland-shrubland ecotones. Five such ecotones were examined within the same vegetation types and soils (Bouteloua eriopoda and Prosopis glandulosa on coarse loamy Argids). The ecotones are dynamic (with shrubs expanding into grasslands over the last century) but varied in total shrub and grass abundance depending on mesoclimate and disturbance history. Rodents were trapped from 2002-2005 on grids of 96 traps located within each of three positions in each ecotone: grass-dominated, transitional, and shrub-dominated. We found that abundance/density and biomass exhibited inconsistent relationships to position within ecotones, but rodent abundance and sometimes richness and biomass were positively related to shrub cover across the entire landscape over the 3 periods. Species composition was highly variable among ecotones. Perennial grass cover and bare ground cover were not important. We conclude that relative differences in shrub cover within an ecotone are less important for aggregate measures of rodent communities than absolute differences in shrub cover across the landscape. The relationship of rodent composition to vegetation, however, is spatially and temporally variable.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN386</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chapin, F. S.  III</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woodwell, G. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Randerson, J. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rastetter, E. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovett, G. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baldocchi, D. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clark, D. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harmon, M. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schimel, D. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valentini, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wirth, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aber, J. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cole, J. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goulden, M. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harden, J. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heimann, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Howarth, R. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matson, P. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McGuire, A. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melillo, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mooney, H. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neff, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Houghton, R. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pace, M. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ryan, M. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Running, S. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, O. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schulze, E. -D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reconciling Carbon-cycle Concepts, Terminology, and Methods</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosystems</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">autotrophic respiration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem respiration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gross primary production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">heterotrophic respiration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">net biome production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">net ecosystem carbon balance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">net ecosystem exchange</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">net ecosystem production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">net primary production</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1041-1050</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DOI: 10.1007/s10021-005-0105-7</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recent projections of climatic change have focused a great deal of scientific and public attention on patterns of carbon (C) cycling as well as its controls, particularly the factors that determine whether an ecosystem is a net source or sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;). Net ecosystem production (NEP), a central concept in C-cycling research, has been used by scientists to represent two different concepts. We propose that NEP be restricted to just one of its two original definitions—the imbalance between gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER). We further propose that a new term—net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB)—be applied to the net rate of C accumulation in (or loss from [negative sign]) ecosystems. Net ecosystem carbon balance differs from NEP when C fluxes other than C fixation and respiration occur, or when inorganic C enters or leaves in dissolved form. These fluxes include the leaching loss or lateral transfer of C from the ecosystem; the emission of volatile organic C, methane, and carbon monoxide; and the release of soot and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; from fire. Carbon fluxes in addition to NEP are particularly important determinants of NECB over long time scales. However, even over short time scales, they are important in ecosystems such as streams, estuaries, wetlands, and cities. Recent technological advances have led to a diversity of approaches to the measurement of C fluxes at different temporal and spatial scales. These approaches frequently capture different components of NEP or NECB and can therefore be compared across scales only by carefully specifying the fluxes included in the measurements. By explicitly identifying the fluxes that comprise NECB and other components of the C cycle, such as net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and net biome production (NBP), we can provide a less ambiguous framework for understanding and communicating recent changes in the global C cycle.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN433</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00902</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//Other//LTER IV//entered 08/14/2007</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (08/14/2007)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1389</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chopping, M.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martonchik, J.V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mapping woody plant cover in desert grasslands using canopy reflectance modeling and MISR data</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geophysical Research Letters</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grasslands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MISR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">woody plant</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.agu.org/journals/gl/gl0617/2006GL027148/2006GL027148.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L17402</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi:1029/2006GL027148</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A simplified geometric-optical model (SGM) was inverted using red band reflectance data acquired at 275 m in nine viewing angles from the Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) flown on NASA’s Terra satellite, to provide estimates of fractional woody plant cover for large areas (over 3519 km2) in parts of the Chihuahuan Desert in New Mexico, USA. The use of the model in these semi-arid environments was enabled by the derivation of a priori estimates of the soil/understory background reflectance response. This was made possible by determining relationships between the kernel weights from a LiSparse-RossThin model adjusted against the same MISR data – together with spectral reflectance data derived from MISR’s nadir-viewing camera – and the parameters of the Walthall model used to represent the background. Spatial distributions of retrieved fractional woody plant cover match those of % tree cover in the global MODIS Vegetation Continuous Fields product but also include shrubs. Good relationships wereobtained with fractional shrub cover measured in pastures in the USDA, ARS Jornada Experimental Range but tree cover in higher elevation and riparian zones was dramatically overestimated as a result of the fixing of crown height and shape parameters.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN458</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chopping, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kollikkathara, N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mapping Shrub Abundance in Desert Grasslands Using Geometric-Optical Modeling and Multiangle Remote Sensing with CHRIS/Proba</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remote Sensing of Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">canopy reflectance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHRIS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geometric-optical modeling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mapping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modeling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiangle remote sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROBA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">semi-arid environments</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-031.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">104</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62-73</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This work examines the application of a geometric-optical canopy reflectance model to provide measures of woody shrub abundance in desert grasslands at the landscape scale. The approach is through inversion of the non-linear simple geometric model (SGM) against 631 nm multi-angle reflectance data from the Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (CHRIS) flown on the European Space Agency's Project for On-Board Autonomy (Proba) satellite. Separation of background and upper canopy contributions was effected by a linear scaling of the parameters of the Walthall bidirectional reflectance distribution function model with the weights of a kernel-driven model. The relationship was calibrated against a small number of sample locations with highly contrasting background/upper canopy configurations, before application over an area of about 25 square kilometers. The results show that with some assumptions, the multi-angle remote sensing signal from CHRIS/Proba can be explained in terms of a combined soil-understory background response and woody shrub cover and exploited to map this important structural attribute of desert grasslands.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN447</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chopping, M.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Su, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisen, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martonchik, J.V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A Multi-Angle Approach to Mapping Forest and Shrub Canopy Structure in the Southwestern United States</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NASA Biodiversity and Terrestrail Ecosystem Joint Workshop</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MISR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multi-angle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">red wavelength</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">southwestern United States</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 21-25, 20</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Red wavelength data from NASA's Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) acquired at a nominal 275 m and in nine viewing directions were used to invert a simple geometric-optical (GO) model to retrieve canopy structure parameters over parts of S.E. Arizona and S. New Mexico (&gt;159,556 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). This area encompasses desert grassland, often with woody shrub encroachment; riparian woodland; and upland forest.  The combined soil and understory signal -- represented by the Walthall model -- was estimated a priori using regression relationships with MISR nadir data and the red band isotropic, geometric, and volume scattering kernel weights of the LiSparse-RossThin semi-empirical, kernel-driven bidirectional reflectance distribution function model, using measurements extracted from Ikonos panchromatic imagery over 19 locations in a grass-shrub transition zone with contrasting upper/lower canopy configurations. The GO model was adjusted using the Praxis minimization algorithm and the merit function min(|RSME|), with no constraints.  Distributions of crown cover and mean canopy height for forested areas show good matches with maps from the USDA Forest Service developed from field survey as part of the Forest Inventory Analysis (FIA). Within upland forest, the mean canopy height map shows a better match with the corresponding FIA map than the cover map. Some areas with known shrub cover are predicted to have low or no woody plant cover, indicating a need to adjust the background calibration. Retrievals are very rapid almost 3 million inversions were completed in &lt; 15 minutes allowing application of this method over very large areas.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN457</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cox, Stephen B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bloch, Christopher P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stevens, Richard D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, Laura F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity and species richness in an arid ecosystem: a long-term perspective</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arid ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quantile regression</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species richness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">unimodal</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">186</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-12</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There is little consensus on the form of the relationship between biodiversity and productivity, and most of the research examining it has been done in temperate grasslands, with arid ecosystems receiving comparatively little attention. Using 9 years of data collected using standardized sampling methods from five different community types in the Chihuahuan Desert (Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research site, New Mexico, USA), we evaluate the relationship between productivity and species richness at multiple spatial scales. The relationship was consistently unimodal at the largest scale considered; however, community types differed in both the form of the relationship and the degree to which patterns fluctuated over time. Although significant linear and unimodal patterns were evident, these models fit poorly, suggesting that annual primary productivity is a weak predictor of mean species richness in arid communities. We suggest that productivity –diversity relationships are best described by a boundary that places an upper limit on species coexistence across the gradient of productivity for a site. This upper limit often appears to be maximized at intermediate levels of productivity, but it has relatively few points on the downward portion of the boundary. By focusing efforts on characterizing boundaries, approaches should be developed to determine the factors that are reducing species richness compared to what would be expected, given the level of productivity.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN494</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00884</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//NMSU, USDA//LTER V//Entered 3/27/2007</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (03/27/2007)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1377</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crisci, Jorge</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, Osvaldo E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katinas, Liliana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Possadas, Paula</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bridging historical and ecological approaches in biogeography</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australian Systematic Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biogeography, ecological approaches</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biogeography, historical approaches</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">historical approaches, biogeography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-10</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The practice of biogeography is rooted in disciplines that traditionally have had little intellectual exchange and yielded two complementary biogeographic approaches: ecological and historical biogeography. This paper reviews alternative biogeographic approaches in the context of spatial analysis. Biogeography can be used to set priorities for conservation of biological diversity, but also to design strategies to control biological invasions and vectors of human diseases, to provide information about the former distribution of species, and to guide development of ecological restoration initiatives, among other applications. But no one of these applications could be fully carried out until an integrative framework on biogeography, which bridges biogeographical historical and ecological paths of thinking, has been developed.  Although we do not propose a new biogeographic method, we highlight the causes and consequences of the lack of a conceptual framework integrating ecology and history in biogeography, and how this required framework would allow biogeography to be fully utilized in fields such as conservation.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN503</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00903</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//Other//None//entered 08/14/2007</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (08/14/2007)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1390</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Danielson, T.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obeidat, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rayson, G.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photoluminescent distinction among plant life forms using phosphate buffered saline extract solutions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied Spectroscopy</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PCA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">photoluminescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant extract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">principel componet analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-029.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">800-807</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photoluminescence of plant extract solutions has been investigated for discrimination of plant life forms (grasses, forbs and shrubs) using principle componet analysis (PCA).  Clippings from each of six plant species representing three different plant life forms potentially found in the diets of free-ranging herbivores in the Chihuahuan Desert of North America were investigated for possible discernment.   These plants included Sporobolus flexuosus (mesa dropseed, a grass), Pleuraphis mutica (tobosa, a grass), Dimorphocarpa wislizenii (spectacle pod, a forb), Sphaeralcea incana (pale globemallow, a forb), Flourensia cernua leaves (tarbush, a shrub), and Atriplex canescens leaves and stems (fourwing saltbush, a shrub). Emission spectra (370-600 nm) from phosphate buffered saline (PBS) extract solutions (pH 2.2, 7.5 and 12.5) were recorded for each plant with excitation at 365 nm. Use of PBS minimized chlorophyll interference.  Discernment among plant life forms within these plant species was achieved.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN526</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Darby, Brian J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Housman, David C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zaki, Amr M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shamout, Yassein</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adl, Sina M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belnap, Jayne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neher, Deborah A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of altered temperature and precipitation on desert protozoa associated with biological soil crusts</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colorado Plateau</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cryptobiotic crust</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental stress</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil change, soil function</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil crust, biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil fauna</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil food webs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil protozoa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil, ecosystem function</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil, food web</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil, methods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thermotolerance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">507-514</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2006.00134.x</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological soil crusts are diverse assemblages of bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae, fungi, lichens, and mosses that cover much of arid land soils. The objective of this study was to quantify protozoa associated with biological soil crusts and test the response of protozoa to increased temperature and precipitation as is predicted by some global climate models. Protozoa were more abundant when associated with cyanobacteria/lichen crusts than with cyanobacteria crusts alone. Amoebae, flagellates, and ciliates originating from the Colorado Plateau desert (cool desert, primarily winter precipitation) declined 50-, 10-, and 100-fold, respectively, when moved in field mesocosms to the Chihuahuan Desert (hot desert, primarily summer rain). However, this was not observed in protozoa collected from the Chihuahuan Desert and moved to the Sonoran desert (hot desert, also summer rain, but warmer than Chihuahuan Desert). Protozoa in culture began to encyst at 37 1C. Cysts survived the upper end of daily temperatures (37–55 1C), and could be stimulated to excyst if temperatures were reduced to 15 1C or lower. Results from this study suggest that cool desert protozoa are influenced negatively by increased summer precipitation during excessive summer temperatures, and that desert protozoa may be adapted to a specific desert’s temperature and precipitation regime.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN530</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00892</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA//USGS//Entered 11/21/2006</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (11/21/2006)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1374</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dobson, Andrew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lodge, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alder, Jackie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cumming, Graeme S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keymer, Juan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McGlade, Jacquie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mooney, Hal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rusak, James A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, Osvaldo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wolters, Volkmar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wall, Diana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winfree, Rachel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xenopoulos, Marguerite A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Habitat loss, trophic collapse, and the decline of ecosystem services</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biodiversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem function</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem services</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">food web</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Little Rock Lake</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species loss</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species-area</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trophic collapse</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1915-1924</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The provisioning of sustaining goods and services that we obtain from natural ecosystems is a strong economic justification for the conservation of biological diversity. Understanding the relationship between these goods and services and changes in the size, arrangement, and quality of natural habitats is a fundamental challenge of natural resource management. In this paper, we describe a new approach to assessing the implications of habitat loss for loss of ecosystem services by examining how the provision of different ecosystem services is dominated by species from different trophic levels. We then develop a mathematical model that illustrates how declines in habitat quality and quantity lead to sequential losses of trophic diversity. The model suggests that declines in the provisioning of services will initially be slow but will then accelerate as species from higher trophic levels are lost at faster rates. Comparison of these patterns with empirical examples of ecosystem collapse (and assembly) suggest similar patterns occur in natural systems impacted by anthropogenic change. In general, ecosystem goods and services provided by species in the upper trophic levels will be lost before those provided by species lower in the food chain. The decrease in terrestrial food chain length predicted by the model parallels that observed in the oceans following overexploitation. The large area requirements of higher trophic levels make them as susceptible to extinction as they are in marine systems where they are systematically exploited. Whereas the traditional species–area curve suggests that 50% of species are driven extinct by an order-of-magnitude decline in habitat abundance, this magnitude of loss may represent the loss of an entire trophic level and all the ecosystem services performed by the species on this trophic level.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN585</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00904</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//Other//LTER-V//entered 08/15/2007</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (08/15/2007)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1391</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drewa, P.B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Population and clonal level responses of a perennial grass following fire in the northern Chihuahuan Desert</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chronic fire regimes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">clones</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fire intensity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fire temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fuels</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">livestock grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perennial grass</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">precipitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resprouting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">southwestern United States</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/content/n62828372u567035/fulltext.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">150</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-39</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Our objective was to evaluate effects of fire, grazing, and clone size on response of Bouteloua eriopoda (black grama) in southern New Mexico. Small, medium, and large clones were mapped in five 0.91-m2 quadrats prior and two years following fire and grazing treatments. Maximum fire temperature at ground level was measured as an estimate of fire intensity. Our results showed that almost all responses were independent of grazing. Basal and canopy cover, recruitment, and clone basal area decreased with increased fire temperatures. Fire did not kill clones regardless of size. Surviving clones resprouted rapidly following fire that was likely influenced by above-average precipitation, We conclude that additional studies are needed under different weather conditions.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN593</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duniway, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The importance of soil carbonates for available water holding capacity in arid ecosystems of the Americas</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology International Congress</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">calcic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petrocalcic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">semi-arid</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 10, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merida, Mexico</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paper No. 59106</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petrocalcic and calcic soil horizons develop extensively in arid and semi-arid ecosystems across more than 15% of the Americas. Many of these horizons occur within the rooting zone of grasses and row crops and all are within the rooting depths of deep rooted desert shrubs. The accumulation of calcium carbonate in coarse textured soils can produce a dramatic change in water holding capacity through the conversion of a soil horizon dominated by large pores to a fine pore matrix. Understanding soil available water holding capacity (AWHC) is important for both forage and row crop production systems. Soil AWHC can control production and plant community composition by affecting the spatial and temporal patterns of plant available water. We conducted laboratory experiments and field surveys assessing the importance of carbonate accumulation for soil profile AWHC and the temporal availability of plant available water in high carbonate soils in southern New Mexico, USA. The added water holding capacity due to carbonates more than doubled the AWHC of some coarse textured soils but was less important in fine textured soils. Many high carbonate soil horizons, even horizons cemented with calcium carbonate, received substantial increases in soil water content during periods of winter recharge. Petrocalcic and partially indurated calcic horizons are often overlooked when assessing soil profile available water. This study indicates that petrocalcic and calcic horizons can contain significant amounts of plant available water and are important when assessing soil available water holding capacity.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN601</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remmenga, M.D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antiherbivory Compounds on the Leaf  Surface of Intact and Resprouted Tarbush</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006 Joint Annual Meeting, American Society of Animal Science, American Dairy Science Association</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">regrowth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">terpene</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 9-13, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minneapolis, Minnesota</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Animal Sci. Vol. 84, J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 89</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrub encroachment into desert grasslands of the southwestern United States is a serious problem, resulting in loss of forage and rangeland productivity. &lt;i&gt;Flourensia cernua&lt;/i&gt; (tarbush) is one such shrub contributing to the decline of Chihuahuan Desert grasslands. Our previous research has shown tarbush consumption by sheep and goats to be negatively related to leaf surface concentration of individual terpenes and epicuticular wax. Concentrations of antiherbivory compounds such as terpenes change with plant age and phenology. Our objective was to alter the vegetative state and potential palatability of tarbush by clipping intact plants and generating resprouts. We hypothesized resprouts would invest fewer resources into antiherbivory compounds and therefore have lower concentrations of volatile chemicals such as terpenes than intact plants. Ninety tarbush plants were randomly selected, and all biomass within 10 cm of the soil surface was removed from 45 plants during winter dormancy. Leaves were collected the following summer during active growth from the canopy of intact controls and resprouts. Leaf surface volatiles were extracted in ethanol and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy to determine their identity and concentration. Data were transformed to natural logarithms and subjected to univariate analysis of variance and stepwise discriminate analysis. Of the 87 compounds present on tarbush leaves, 35 were greater in canopy samples and 16 were greater in regrowth samples based on univariate analysis (P &lt; 0.05). Mean concentration of total volatiles on canopy leaves tended to be less (P = 0.0622) than that of regrowth (3642 vs 4684 'g/g DM). Nine compounds in the discriminate analysis explained 95% of the variation between canopy and regrowth samples. In contrast to our hypothesis, lower cumulative concentration of volatile compounds in canopy than regrowth samples suggests repsrouts may be less vulnerable to herbivory than old growth tarbush. However, animal studies are needed and effects on other classes of secondary compounds must be examined.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN667</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D. P. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Introduction to special issue - Landscape linkages and cross scale interactions in arid and semiarid ecosystems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross scale</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">linkages</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">semiarid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&amp;_imagekey=B6WH9-4GDK9V0-1-1&amp;_cdi=6845&amp;_user=1496926&amp;_orig=browse&amp;_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2006&amp;_sk=999349997&amp;view=c&amp;wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkWW&amp;md5=0db2a64466216c8f926bb2486577a532&amp;ie=/sdarticle.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">193-195</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The conversion of grasslands to shrublands in arid and semiarid ecosystems is a serious global problem. Although a great deal of research has been conducted on these conversions, we lack a complete understanding of the processes underlying the transitions. More importantly, our ability to predict when and where desertification will occur and our ability to manage landscapes to prevent degradation and restore degraded landscapes is limited. Research being conducted at the Jornada Experimental Range (JER) is addressing these problems in a new, synthetic way. Since 1981, scientists affiliated with the Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research site in collaboration with scientists from the JER and New Mexico State University generated a number of new ideas and concepts regarding the processes governing desertification that changed our thinking about how these systems operate. Our focus now emphasizes cross-scale spatial and temporal heterogeneity in vegetation patterns and dynamics that have been difficult to explain using traditional approaches. The realization that our current knowledge often cannot explain the existing variability among land units led to the development of a conceptual model by JER scientists that considers nonlinear dynamics and connections among land units across scales. This cross-scale landscape ecology approach will further our understanding of critical processes occurring in arid regions globally and will provide insight to help identify mechanisms to address the pressing issue of desertification.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN666</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>19</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant-Animal Interactions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jornada Trails</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">jornada trails</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant-animal interactions</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 10, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://jornada-www.nmsu.edu/site/pubs/newsletr/jornv10i1.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Program</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Las Cruces, NM</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrub invasion into desert grasslands is an ongoing concern for ecologists and land managers. These shrubs typically contain chemicals that make them unpalatable for livestock and wildlife. Tarbush is a shrub that has invaded productive soils in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. For several years, we have been using tarbush as a model invasive shrub to explore the chemicals involved in plant-animal interactions. From a chemical standpoint, not all tarbush are alike. Sheep and goats select some tarbush plants and avoid others based on the concentration of volatile chemicals on the leaves. When we removed these chemicals using organic solvents, lambs ate more tarbush. Furthermore, when we removed these chemicals from tarbush and added them to a palatable food, animals ate less. We are now examining effects of individual compounds to determine if specific chemicals are critical drivers of diet selection. To date, we have tested effects of 23 volatile chemicals (primarily terpenoids) on intake by lambs, and two more compounds are currently being examined. Only four chemicals (camphor, alpha-pinene, camphene, and caryophyllene oxide) reduced the amount of food eaten. By learning which specific compounds drive diet selection, we hope to ultimately be able to manipulate browsing behavior of livestock and other herbivores.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN637</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foster, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelly, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armstrong, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erbe, E.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pooley, C.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wergin W. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of low-temperature scanning electron Microscopy to compare and characterize three classes of snow cover</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scanning</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">depth hoar</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">low temperature scanning electron</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snow cover</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snow crystal</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 7, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/113509454/PDFSTART</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">191-203</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study, which uses low temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM), systematically sampled and characterized snow crystals that were collected from three unique classes of snow cover: prairie, taiga and alpine.  These classes, which were defined in previous field studies, result from exposure to unique climatic variables relating to wind, precipitation and air temperature.  Snow samples were taken at 10 cm depth intervals from the walls of freshly excavated snow pits.  The depth of the snow pits for the prairie, taiga and alpine covers were 28 cm, 81 cm and 110 cm, respectively.  Visual examination revealed that the prairie snow cover consisted of two distinct layers whereas the taiga and alpine covers had four distinct layers.  Visual measurements were able to establish the range of crystal sizes that occurred in each layer, the temperature within the pit and the snow density.  The LTSEM observations revealed the detailed structures of the types of crystals that occurred in the snow covers and documented the metamorphosis that transpired in the descending layers.  Briefly, the top layers from two of the snow covers, consisted of freshly fallen snow crystals that could be readily distinguished as plates and columns (prairie) or graupel (taiga).  Alternatively, the top layer in the alpine cover consisted of older dendritic crystal fragments that had undergone early metamorphosis, i.e. they had lost their sharp edges and had begun to show signs of joining or bonding with neighboring crystals.  A unique layer, known as sun crust, was found in the prairie snow cover; however, successive samplings from all three snow covers showed similar stages of metamorphism that led to the formation of depth hoar crystals.  These changes included the gradual development of large, three-dimensional crystals having clearly defined flat faces, sharp edges, internal depressions and facets.  The study, which indicates that LTSEM can be used to enhance visual data by systematically characterizing snow crystals that are collected at remote locations, is important for understanding the physics of snowpacks and the metamorphosis that leads to potential avalanche situations.  In addition, the metamorphosis of snow crystals must be considered when microwave radiometry is used to estimate the snow water equivalent in the winter snowpack, because large snow crystals more effectively scatter passive microwave radiation than small crystals.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN720</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesquite recruitment in the Chihuahuan Desert: historic and prehistoric patterns with long-term impacts</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">historic legacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">invasive species</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape history</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prosopis glandulosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed dispersal</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&amp;_imagekey=B6WH9-4HSY4WS-3-5&amp;_cdi=6845&amp;_user=1496926&amp;_orig=browse&amp;_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2006&amp;_sk=999349997&amp;view=c&amp;wchp=dGLbVtz-zSkWW&amp;md5=a516e16003fd57a18d1e636650b3d2eb&amp;ie=/sdarticle.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">285-295</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) has increased in dominance over large areas of the Chihuahuan Desert, chiefly at the expense of once expansive desert grasslands. Excessive grazing and seed dissemination by livestock are often cited as the cause of this transition. We propose an alternate hypothesis that expansion of mesquite is not simply due to cause and effect relationships during recent history; rather, mesquite expansion is a result of a series of cause and effect relationships that transpired over a much longer timeframe (centuries). We assert that mesquite expansion may have ultimately occurred in the absence of widespread livestock grazing during the last 130 years because of removal of barriers to mesquite expansion created by Pleistocene megafauna and indigenous peoples. We explore factors that attenuate or intensify mesquite expansion and examine how a series of fine=scale, but temporally seminal, events can propagate across multiple scales. Furthermore, we examine the relevance of this hypothesis for present day remediation of shrub-dominated grasslands and conclude that knowledge of historic and prehistoric events and processes are essential to effectively manage landscapes.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN761</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gillette, D. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbert, G.A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wind characteristics of mesquite streets in the northern Chihuahuan desert, New Mexico, USA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental Fluid Mechanics</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desert vegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desert winds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dunes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dust emissions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flow around and above roughness elements</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">friction velocity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sand transport</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/content/y572665mn2j7n828/fulltext.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">241-275</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Past research has shown that the most important areas for active sand movement in the northern part of the Chihuahuan Desert are mesquite-dominated desert ecosystems possessing sandy soil texture. The most active sand movement in the mesquite-dominated ecosystems has been shown to take place on elongated bare soil patches referred to as “streets”. Aerodynamic properties of mesquite streets eroded by wind should be included in explaining how mesquite streets are more emissive sand sources than surrounding desert land. To understand the effects of wind properties, we measured them at two 'at mesquite sites having highly similar soil textures but very different con'gurations of mesquite. The differences in wind properties at the two sites were caused by differences of size, orientation, and porosity of the mesquite, along with the presence of mesquite coppice dunes (sand dunes stabilized by mesquites growing in the dune and on its surface) found only at one of the two sites. Wind direction, u' (friction velocity), z0 (aerodynamic roughness height) and D (zero plane displacement height) were estimated for 15-m tower and 3-m mast data. These aerodynamic data allowed us to distinguish 've categories with differing potentials for sediment transport.  Sediment transport for the 've categories varied from unrestricted, free transport to virtually no transport caused by vegetation protection from wind forces. In addition, “steering” of winds below the level of the tops of mesquite bushes and coppice dunes allowed longer parallel wind durations and increased wind erosion for streets that aligned roughly SW–NE.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN844</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gillette, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, C.H.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></secondary-authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eolian processes across the Jornada basin</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem. The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eolian</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wind</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-060.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">189-210</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In arid and semiarid lands, soil erosion by wind is an important process that affects both the surface features and the biological potential of the ecosystem. The eolian flux of soil nutrients into or out of an ecosystem results in enrichment or impoverishment of its biological potential. In the Jornada Basin, wind erosion is the only significant mechanism for the net loss of soil materials because fluvial processes do not remove materials from the basin. Vigorous wind erosion leads to topographic changes, altering the growing conditions for plants and animals. Examples of such changes in topography are the formation of sand dunes or the removal of whole soil horizons. Our goal in this chapter is to describe the construction of a mathematical model for wind erosion and dust production for the Jornada Basin. The model attempts to answer the following questions:1. Which soils are affected by wind erosion?2. How does wind erosion occur on Jornada soils?3. Does changing vegetation cover lead to a change in the source/sink relationship? 4. Is the Jornada a source or sink of eolian materials? If it is a source, what materials are lost?5. How does wind erosion change the soil-forming process?</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN840</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goslee, S.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beck, K.G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial prediction of invasion success across heterogeneous landscapes using an individual-based model</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Invasions</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">acroptilon repens</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colorado</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geographic information systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grassland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grassland sites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">individual-based simulation model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">invasion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Russian knapweed</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil texture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial prediction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/media/43wrc2rqur1ypn7pnqt1/contributions/p/5/6/9/p5695x54r977r603.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">193-200</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We used an individual-based simulation model (ECOTONE) in conjunction with climate and soil texture data in a GIS to identify grassland sites in Colorado where the invasive perennial forb, Acroptilon repens (Russian knapweed), is likely to be successful.  We also created a threat map indicating the most vulnerable regions for future invasion within the state.  This species is a serious problem throughout western rangelands of the U.S. and Canada.  Our results show that A. repens has the potential to become most abundant in dry areas with fine-textured soils.  Validation of model results with existing infested sites shows that additional areas are at risk from invasion.  This information can be used to direct management efforts towards the areas at greatest risk, allowing the most effective use of limited resources.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN882</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This record is duplicated by #161851 which should not be used for reporting or appraisal purposes.</style></notes><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gutschick, V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snyder, K.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></secondary-authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schleslinger, W.H.</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water and energy balances within the Jornada Basin</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem.  The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">balances</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dioxide</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jornada</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">regions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-059.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">176-188</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This chapter describes general characteristics and components of the energy and water balances in arid regions, with specific examples from the Jornada Basin. Various research efforts to characterize the energy and water balances and resultant carbon dioxide fluxes in the Jornada Basin are detailed. We provide a brief overview of how plant physiology interacts with energy and water balances in this region. The purpose of this chapter is to characterize the general abiotic conditions and some physiological traits of plants in this semiarid region.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN917</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effectiveness of Grazing Systems - A Snythesis of Evidence</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management 59th Annual Meeting and Trade Show</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazing systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustained production</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 12-17, </style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">158</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The general body of evidence in support of the use of grazing systems for sustained production from and health of rangelands is underwhelming, at best. This is despite decades of scientific investigations, conservation programs, and textbook promotion of grazing systems as logical components of rangeland management.  In early 20th Century North America, control over grazing was initially touted to regulate seasonal initiation and distribution of grazing.  In this sense, grazing systems were delayed turn-out dates, salting and water placements, and herding practices.  These systems morphed into more infrastructure and intensive practices built across landscapes to control periods of animal access and more evenly distribute grazing pressure.  However, research and observation have shown that access to increasingly large areas of land ameliorates quality of available forages, and at any point in time foraging behaviors are consistently species-specific, as 4-6 plant species will comprise the bulk of an animal's diet. The papers in this symposium will illustrate that 1) minimal documentation exists that confirms pasture level controls over this specificity for plant species will actually affect the status of the land or of the grazing animal, and 2) the confounding influence of the extensive heterogeneity inherent within native rangelands constrains the effectiveness of traditional, short-term reductionist experimentation. Unsubstantiated rationales for adoption of these practices by practitioners further contribute to a restrained regard for grazing systems. Management of grazing is less about structural pasture-level controls over tiller and individual plant defoliation by livestock, and more about implementation of a suite of strategies that diversify tillers, species, and patches available for defoliation.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN969</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Introduction</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem: The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">introduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jornada Basin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">synthesis book</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-052.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-14</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Arid lands throughout the world, including lands at the border of arid regions, are increasingly subject to human impact, leading to degradation of soils, losses of plant production, and a diminished economic potential to support human populations. Focusing on the human impact and consequent losses in economic potential, we often call these changes &amp;quot;desertification.&amp;quot; With the potential for global climate change, however, the definition of desertification and its potential must be expanded. Indeed, the 1992 United Nations&amp;rsquo; Desertification Convention defined desertification as &amp;quot;land degradation in arid, semiarid and dry subhumid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities.&amp;quot; It is more recently recognized that desertification involves human and environmental drivers but is a symptom evident at regional spatial scales that emerges from degradation at finer spatial scales. Assertions relative to an updated and revised paradigm regarding desertification have been developed. In l981, a group of scientists based in Las Cruces, New Mexico, and associated with New Mexico State University proposed a program of long-term ecological research in the Jornada Basin of southern New Mexico (USA) to gain a better understanding of processes that determine the structure and function of desert ecosystems. To an extent, this book represents both a synthesis of that effort and a benchmark of our progress over the last 23 years. In addition, this book draws on a longer history of research in the Jornada Basin that dates back to the early part of the twentieth century. Both the group and its mission have evolved since 1981, but an initial motivation for our studies was the dramatic, historic records of vegetation change in the Jornada.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1019</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;2006&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Essays of a peripheral mind: Clean and simple, but stupid</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">California Central Valley</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-038.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22-23</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands of the U.S. are still providing basic provisionary sciences, such as food production, that they have over the past 150 years.  However, these services are diminishing as Americans demand other products form these landscapes.  This essay discusses a specific example of the demand for recreation that is having an important impact on the use of rangelands in California’s Central Valley.  Because of the unnecessary use of rangelands by the general public, professional technical organizations need to work more closely with these newer areas to communicate the principles for managing these rangelands to support these newer goods and services.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN968</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trade Journal</style></notes><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selected Essays on Science, Rangelands, and Roles of the Society for Range Management, Volume II</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global scales</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland science</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-043.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35-38</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This is a second set of essays that address topics of concern to rangeland science, and the profession of rangeland management. This set of essays primarily focuses on phenomena related to climate change. There are many recent reports where changes in climate at regional to global scales have been quantified.  For example, warming during the winter months of the Earth’s Antarctic troposphere has been observed at 0.5-0.7 degrees C per decade over the last 30 years. Recent studies have also documented dramatic increases in discharges of glaciers tied to polar ice sheets in both the northern and southern hemispheres. Most of these changes re presumed to be linked to present level of atmospheric carbon dioxide of 380 parts per million, up from the preindustrial level of the 19th Century of 290 ppm. The USDA, Agricultural Research Service, as well as other research programs in the western US, are addressing objectives for adapting to dynamic environments. There are a number of current research projects generating data sets related to coping with drought, contending with shifting vegetation structure and composition, plant responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 levels, and relationships of vegetation to water yields. These projects will be crucial for informing adaptation of policies and resource management in response to changing climates.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN952</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 15, 2006</style></custom5><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem: The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jornada Basin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">synthesis book</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780195117769</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">492</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This book is a synthesis of the arid rangeland research conducted in southern New Mexico for nearly a century.  The Jornada Basin is truly a long-term research site, and this history is reflected in the databases described in many of the chapters in this book.  Research in this basin formally began in 1912 with the creation by Presidential Order within the US Department of Agriculture of the 77,000-ha Jornada Range Reserve.  Early publications, primarily USDA bulletins or journal articles in Ecology and the Botanical Gazette, appeared in print beginning in 1917. Researchers such as C.L. Forsling, J.T. Jardine, R.S. Campbell, and R.H. Canfield authored many of these early works, which are both classics in rangeland management and part of the foundation of studies decades later. The creation in 1927 of the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (initially known as the College Ranch) under the jurisdiction of New Mexico State University on 24,000 ha adjacent to the Jornada Range established the 101,000-ha area for long-term research in the basin that operates today.  This history of research during the early twentieth century had numerous themes. Much of the early emphasis was on management related to agricultural production. Many of the principles that have been developed about livestock grazing management and rangeland improvement practices in the southwestern US and for arid lands in general can be traced to studies in the Jornada Basin. Yet, during these earlier decades there were also classic papers published on vegetation dynamics, resource redistribution, and small-mammal ecology. Over 40 years ago the first interdisciplinary studies were initiated; these studies served as a forerunner for the collaborative studies of the International Biological Programme (IBP) of the 1970s and those of the Jornada Basin that continue today.  This 18-chapter book concludes with a description of future research for important issues in the twenty-first century</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1006</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing Livestock Management in an Arid Environment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem: The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jornada Basin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">livestock management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">synthesis book</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-064.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">266-277</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The history of livestock grazing in the Jornada Basin of southern New Mexico is a relatively recent story, but one of profound implications. For four centuries this region has supported a rangeland livestock industry, initially sheep, goats, and cattle, but primarily beef cattle for the past 130 years. Throughout this brief history of a domesticated ruminant in an ecosystem without a significant presence of large hoofed mammals as part of its evolutionary development, the livestock industry has continually grappled with high degrees of temporal and spatial variation in forage production. Management of this consumptive use, whether during Spanish, Mexican, United States Territorial, United States federal, or New Mexican governments, has constantly reaffirmed the need for grazing management to be flexible and responsive to the stress of droughts. The history of anecdotal experiences has been more recently augmented by scientific investigations first initiated in 1915. This chapter outlines the general history of livestock in this region, the historical specifics of ranching in the Jornada Basin, and resulting principles of grazing management derived from nearly a century of studies on grazing by large, domesticated herbivores.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1000</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosystem Services from Grazed Rangeland in the Arid and Semi-Arid West</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Meetings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">endangered</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangelands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">threatened</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wildlife</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 16-20, </style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">St. Louis, MO</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A 5</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Over 500 million acres of public and private rangelands are in the western  United States. These diverse environments also provide wildlife habitat (including for species listed as threatened or endangered), regulate water flow and quality, make available outdoor recreation, and preserve open spaces for expanding urban environments. Under careful management, livestock grazing can produce drastically fewer negative impacts on eocsystem services and remarkable positive impacts as well.  However, appropriate management practices by ranchers are the key to providing these additional ecosystem services from over 25% of the land surface of the United States.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN951</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, Kris M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Productivity and Desertification 2006</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Encyclopedia of Science</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1375-1377</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN970</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarukhan, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An agenda for ecology in an era of globalization</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society of America Abstracts</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstracts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">degradation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">globalization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 8, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paper No. 60558</style></number><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Memphis, TN</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The relationship between ecological sustainability and human poverty is evolving rapidly in response to changes associated with the globalization of capital, labor, natural resources and knowledge. The processes associated with globalization lead to changes in the scale, patterns and relationships between poverty and environmental degradation. Due to the increased mobility of labor and capital, environmental degradation and opportunities for restoration increasingly appear in areas with relatively little social, environmental and scientific infrastructure, while most ecological investigations remain focused on a limited number of study sites concentrated in the countries of highly developed western economies. At the same time, the increasing globalization of knowledge provides new opportunities for environmental scientists to address these challenges. We propose an agenda for ecology in an era of globalization that includes three changes in the way ecologists work: (1) an increased willingness and ability to rapidly change the focus and the spatial location and scale of our research, (2) development of more flexible funding sources that allow scientists to develop international, interdisciplinary research projects, (3) increased involvement of local knowledge experts and social scientists in all aspects of research design, implementation, interpretation and communication to managers and policymakers.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1197</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 15, 2006</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 5, 2006</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Courtright, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burkett, L.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Repp, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van Zee, J.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New tools for rangeland and pasture monitoring</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">National Conference on Grazingland Proceedings</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Third National Confrence on Grazing Lands</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">managers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tools</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 10-13, </style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/07-037.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">St. Louis, MO</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">309-314</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper describes a set of tools that help land managers easily collect, analyze, interpret and store data that are most relevant to their management objectives. The toolbox includes vegetation and soil methods that are nationally applied by one or more federal agencies, together with additional methods that are appropriate for rangeland, pastureland and can be applied to annual cropping systems. The methods can be applied to small and large farms and ranches, and to large watersheds and are relevant to both production and conservation objectives. The tools include a two-volume manual, a set of Excel spreadsheets that automatically calculate indicators for a single plot, and a computer database/field data entry program that automatically generates and compares indicators for multiple plots. A 40-page &quot;Quick Start&quot; volume provides step-by-step instructions for completing four basic monitoring methods along with rapid semi-quantitative alternative methods. Volume II includes additional methods, a monitoring system design guide, and information to help interpret results and apply them to different management objectives. The Excel Spreadsheets are identical to the paper dataforms printed in the manuals. The Access database/field data entry system includes all of the data entry forms from the manual, together with data forms for other commonly used methods. When applied at the farm or ranch level, no database experience is required. The user simply enters the data as they would on paper, and indicators are automatically generated for each plot. Data can be entered directly in the field using a &quot;Tablet&quot; computer, or on a standard personal computer. Both the monitoring manual and the database/field data entry system were designed as &quot;toolboxes&quot;. Different sets of tools are selected for different jobs. The paper describes how to apply the methods to livestock production, wildlife habitat management, control of invasive species and other objectives. It ends with a brief overview of new monitoring tools the Jornada is developing, including Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV’s) that can be programmed (GPS) to collect high resolution photographs across large areas.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1165</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archer, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tugel, A.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An integrated framework for science-based arid land management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land mangement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science-based</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">semiarid</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&amp;_imagekey=B6WH9-4HNSB59-1-C&amp;_cdi=6845&amp;_user=1496926&amp;_orig=browse&amp;_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2006&amp;_sk=999349997&amp;view=c&amp;wchp=dGLbVtz-zSkWb&amp;md5=e288bbddac03f508841993188204d9f9&amp;ie=/sdarticle.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">319-335</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Our objective is to develop a science-based management framework for arid and semiarid ecosystems. This framework must facilitate the integration of new knowledge about linkages among landscape units across scales. Science is frequently touted as the solution to dryland management problems, yet most management decisions are, of necessity, based primarily on expert knowledge and experience. This paper describes an integrated framework for organizing, synthesizing, and applying our growing understanding of dryland ecosystems using a flexible, multi-objective assessment, monitoring, and management approach. The framework is dual-purpose: (1) to coordinate the use of existing tools, resources, and diffuse knowledge, and (2) to facilitate the integration and application of new knowledge as it is developed. The framework includes five elements: (1) an ecological, site-based approach for categorizing land based on soils and climate; (2) a repository for organizing existing data and knowledge about each ecological site; (3) conceptual models that organize information on the impacts of management and climate variability; and, protocols for (4) assessing and (5) monitoring key ecosystem attributes fundamental to a variety of management objectives. Within this framework, basic and applied research are explicitly linked to management of arid and semiarid ecosystems to more effectively articulate research questions and set research priorities.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1158</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remediation Research in the Jornada Basin: Past and Future</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem: The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jornada Basin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">synthesis book</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-065.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">278-304</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land degradation in most of the Chihuahuan Desert is characterized by a shift from grass- to shrub-dominated plant communities. Consequently, most remediation efforts are focused on grassland restoration.  Early experiments and trials focused on grazing management.  Beginning in the 1930's and continuing through the 1980's, various methods of shrub control were evaluated.  Early investigators had an intuitive and practical understanding of the system in which they worked.  They saw the individual limitations to grassland recovery and attempted to address them.  In order to be more successful than they were, we must begin to work at spatial and temporal scales relevant to the processes we hope to affect and target our interventions to those locations and during those periods when the processes are most susceptible to change.  We must also, as the earlier workers did, simultaneously target multiple processes with the objective of increasing the resistance and resilience of the modified ecosystems.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1174</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14 </style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moya, E.G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willms, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sundt, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barnes, W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arid and Semiarid Rangeland Monitoring in North America</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Secheresse</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arid zone</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">data base</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangelands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">semi-arid</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-033.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">235-241</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canada, the United States and Mexico all have a long history of rangeland monitoring. However none have developed a nationwide database or even standardized set of protocols. The lack of standardization, inadequately developed relationships between management objectives and monitoring protocols, and an emphasis on data collection rather than analysis and interpretation have limited the value of past monitoring efforts. The future of monitoring is bright in all three countries. New policies reward ranchers who can document positive changes on their land. Non-equilibrium theory developed in Europe, Africa, Australia and North America increase the value of monitoring data. New protocols increasingly focus monitoring on ecological processes.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1183</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tugel, A.J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A soil-based framework for integrating and applying knowledge of land degradation proceses to assessment, monitoring and management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">World Congress of Soil Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land degradation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monitoring</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 11, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paper No. 53-5</style></number><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philadelphia, PA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We describe a soil-based framework for organizing, synthesizing, and applying our growing understanding of land degradation processes to assessment, monitoring, and management. The framework is dual-purpose: (1) coordinate the use of existing tools, resources, and knowledge, and (2) facilitate the integration and application of new knowledge as it is developed. The framework includes five elements: (1) an ecological site-based approach to grouping soils based on functional characteristics, (2) a repository for ecological site-specific data and knowledge, (3) conceptual models that organize information on management and restoration options, and protocols for (4) assessing and (5) monitoring key ecosystem attributes. The first two elements already exist for U.S. soils dominated by grassland, shrubland and savanna ecosystems. This paper focuses on the use of conceptual state-and-transition models (element 3) to identify indicators of key properties and processes associated with land degradation and recovery (elements 4 and 5), and to define and communicate appropriate land management and restoration strategies. Development and application of these models provides an opportunity for soil scientists and ecologists to integrate and communicate our knowledge of soil and land degradation processes throughout the world. We will present examples showing how these models are currently being applied to the development of assessment and monitoring programs, and to the prioritization of research.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1160</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schuman, G.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monitoring ecological processes for restoration projects</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Nature Conservation</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem services</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">indicators</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">restoration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">runoff</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial pattern</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial variability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-032.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">161-171</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Restoration of ecological processes is key to restoring the capacity of ecosystems to support social, economic, cultural and aesthetic values. The sustainability of the restored system also depends on processes associated with carbon, nutrient and hydrologic cycles, yet most restoration monitoring is limited to plant community composition. Our research has shown that short-term plant composition monitoring is a necessary but insufficient predictor of long-term restoration success. Long-term (up to 75 years) studies in the western United States show that short-term monitoring of plant community composition alone incorrectly predicted the failure of treatments that were ultimately successful, and the success of treatments that ultimately failed. We propose that vegetation composition monitoring be combined with one or more ecological process indicators reflecting changes in three fundamental ecosystem attributes on which restoration success depends: soil and site stability, hydrologic function and biotic integrity. These simple, rapid, plot-level indicators reflect changes in resource redistribution and vegetation structure. We include a case study involving restoration of mixed grass prairie on mineland in the west-central United States.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1198</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Howes, David A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abrahams, Athol, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pitman, E. Bruce</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One- and two-dimensional modelling of overland flow in semiarid shrubland, Jornada basin, New Mexico</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrological Processes</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">drainage basin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">infiltration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">overland flow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">runoff</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1027-1046</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two distributed parameter models, a one-dimensional (1D) model and a two-dimensional (2D) model, are developed to simulate overland flow in two small semiarid shrubland watersheds in the Jornada basin, southern New Mexico. The models are event-based and represent each watershed by an array of 1-m2 cells, in which the cell size is approximately equal to the average area of the shrubs.          Each model uses only six parameters, for which values are obtained from field surveys and rainfall simulation experiments. In the 1D model, flow volumes through a fixed network are computed by a simple finite-difference solution to the 1D kinematic wave equation. In the 2D model, flow directions and volumes are computed by a second-order predictor–corrector finite-difference solution to the 2D kinematic wave equation, in which flow routing is implicit and may vary in response to flow conditions.          The models are compared in terms of the runoff hydrograph and the spatial distribution of runoff. The simulation results suggest that both the 1D and the 2D models have much to offer as tools for the large-scale study of overland flow. Because it is based on a fixed flow network, the 1D model is better suited to the study of runoff due to individual rainfall events, whereas the 2D model may, with further development, be used to study both runoff and erosion during multiple rainfall events in which the dynamic nature of the terrain becomes an important consideration. Copyright ã 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1261</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00874</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//NMSU//LTER IV//Entered 06/09/2006</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (06/09/2006)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1355</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hu, Shixiong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abrahams, Athol D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Partitioning resistance to overland flow on rough mobile beds</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Earth Surface Processes and Landforms</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flow resistance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hillslope hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">overland flow</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1280-1291</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DOI: 10.1002/esp.1333</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">For overland flows transporting predominantly bed load over rough mobile beds without rainfall, resistance to flow &lt;i&gt;f &lt;/i&gt;may be divided into four components: surface resistance &lt;i&gt;fs&lt;/i&gt;, formresistance &lt;i&gt;ff&lt;/i&gt;, wave resistance &lt;i&gt;fw&lt;/i&gt;, and bed-mobility resistance &lt;i&gt;fm&lt;/i&gt;. In this study it is assumed that &lt;i&gt;f &lt;/i&gt;= &lt;i&gt;fs &lt;/i&gt;+ &lt;i&gt;ff &lt;/i&gt;+ &lt;i&gt;fw &lt;/i&gt;+ &lt;i&gt;fm&lt;/i&gt;, and an equation is developed for each component. The equations for&lt;i&gt;fs &lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;ff &lt;/i&gt;are borrowed from the literature, while those for &lt;i&gt;fw &lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;fm &lt;/i&gt;are developed from two series of flume experiments in which the beds are covered with various concentrations oflarge-scale roughness elements. The first series consists of 65 experiments on fixed beds, while the second series contains 194 experiments on mobile beds. All experiments wereperformed on the same slope (&lt;i&gt;S &lt;/i&gt;= 0·114) and with the same size of sediment (&lt;i&gt;D &lt;/i&gt;= 0·00074 m). The equations for &lt;i&gt;fw &lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;fm &lt;/i&gt;are derived by a combination of dimensional analysis andregression analysis. The analyses reveal that the major controls of &lt;i&gt;fw &lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;fm &lt;/i&gt;are the Froude number &lt;i&gt;F &lt;/i&gt;and the concentration of the roughness elements &lt;i&gt;Cr&lt;/i&gt;. When the equations for &lt;i&gt;fw&lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;fm &lt;/i&gt;are summed, the &lt;i&gt;Cr &lt;/i&gt;terms cancel out, leaving &lt;i&gt;fw&lt;/i&gt;+&lt;i&gt;m &lt;/i&gt;= 0·63&lt;i&gt;F&lt;/i&gt;-2. An equation is developed that predicts total &lt;i&gt;f&lt;/i&gt;, and the contributions of &lt;i&gt;fs&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;ff&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;fw &lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;fm &lt;/i&gt;to &lt;i&gt;f &lt;/i&gt;are computed from the series1 and 2 experiments. An analysis of the first series reveals that in clear-water flows over fixed beds, &lt;i&gt;fw &lt;/i&gt;accounts for 52 per cent of &lt;i&gt;f&lt;/i&gt;. A similar analysis of the second series indicates that insediment-laden flows over mobile beds &lt;i&gt;fw &lt;/i&gt;comprises 37 per cent and &lt;i&gt;fm &lt;/i&gt;32 per cent of &lt;i&gt;f&lt;/i&gt;, so that together &lt;i&gt;fw &lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;fm &lt;/i&gt;account for almost 70 per cent of &lt;i&gt;f&lt;/i&gt;. Finally, regression analysesindicate that where &lt;i&gt;F &lt;/i&gt;&gt;·5, &lt;i&gt;fw &lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;fm &lt;/i&gt;each vary with &lt;i&gt;F &lt;/i&gt;-2 and &lt;i&gt;fw/fm &lt;/i&gt;= 1·18. The equation developed here for predicting total &lt;i&gt;f &lt;/i&gt;applies only to the range of hydraulic, sediment, andbed roughness conditions represented by the experimental data. With additional data from a broader range of conditions the same methodology as employed here could be used to developa more general equation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1265</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00889</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//NONE//LTER V//Entered 11/14/2006</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (11/14/2006)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1371</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huber-Sannwald, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reynolds, J.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maestre, F.T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A case study of desertification linking biophysical and socioeconomic aspects fo water use in the small Mexican village of Amapola</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Environmental Change: Regional Challenges. An Earth System Science Partnership, Open Science Conference</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 9-12, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beijing, China</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">660</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desertification is a major global environmental problem of human societies in drylands  and Mexico is one of the most severely affected countries in the Americas. An assessment of how hydrological, ecological, meteorological and socioeconomic processes simultaneously affect, and are affected by, land degradation is one of the most challenging issues in global change research. In June 2004, the ARIDnet network convened an interdisciplinary workshop in Mexico to apply a new conceptual framework – the Dahlem Desertification Paradigm (DDP) – to La Amapola, a small rural community in the Central Plateau of Mexico. The DDP focuses on the interrelationships within coupled human-environment systems that cause desertification. We provide an overview of land degradation issues in La Amapola and highlight links between the hydrological cycle and desertification by considering the interacting roles of biophysical and socioeconomic factors. We present a conceptual model emphasizing linkages between biophysical and socioeconomic factors in La Amapola in the context of hydrology and land degradation. We discuss our findings derived from the application of the major DDP assertions. Numerous cross-scale feedbacks, linkages, and causal pathways within and between the biophysical and human dimensions support the critical importance of water allocation in support of multiple and often competing ecosystem services.  The livelihoods of rural communities in this region of Mexico, and the long-term sustainability of these landscapes, depend on the resolution of this issue and thus it is of central importance when evaluating desertification.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1266</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huber-Sanwald, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maestre, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reynolds, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Echohydrolgical Feedbacks and Lindates Associated with Land Degradation:  A Case Study from Mexico</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrological Processes</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">degradation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mexico</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3395-3411</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desertification is a major environmental problem of global drylands. The human activities that contribute to land degradation also negatively impact hydrology, which can lead to crises in  water resources. Whereas this is commonplace in the arid and semiarid regions of the globe, including the Americas, these problems are especially acute in Mexico. In this paper, we report on findings from a workshop convened by the ARIDnet network on land degradation in La Amapola, a small rural community in the Central Plateau of Mexico. Using the village of La Amapola as a model ‘test case’, we focused on the links between desertification and the hydrological cycle. Although there is a paucity of data for this isolated village, La Amapola served as an excellent case study: it is located within a highly degraded landscape, both socioeconomic and biophysical drivers are currently in force, freshwater is crucial to agrarian livelihoods, and it is similar to many rural communities worldwide facing similar land degradation concerns. Importantly, applying the DDP to La Amapola afforded us an excellent opportunity to develop a research and restoration agenda for the region. Each household in La Amapola is involved in a complex interplay between multiple variables, bounded by biophysical and socioeconomic thresholds. We summarize our findings in a conceptual model that is based on (i) the partitioning of ‘shared water’ between society and nature and (ii) the Dahlem Desertification Paradigm (DDP), the latter of which highlights the numerous connections (direct and indirect) between the biophysical ‘state of the ecosystem’ and the ‘rural livelihoods’ of individuals living there. The DDP consists of various assertions that stress the inseparable interplay of both human and environmental drivers in desertification. In our conceptual model, hydrological functions are shown as crucial elements of both the natural ecosystem (e.g., rainfall,run-off, evaporation) and the socioeconomic system (e.g., drinking water, profit from crop yield, water for sanitation). We demonstrate from the many feedbacks, linkages, and causal pathways between the biophysical and human dimensions that hydrology is a fundamental component of the rural livelihood of rural communities, and thus it is of central importance when evaluating desertification.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1267</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ProCite field[3]: December 28, 2005ProCite field[28]: August 16, 2005</style></notes><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/16/2005</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/12/2005</style></custom6><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patterns of net primary production in Chihuahuan desert ecosystems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem: The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1912</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">magnitude</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-062.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">232-246</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Jornada Basin of southern New Mexico has long been an important location for the study of productivity in semidesert ecosystems. Researchers have studied the magnitude and sustainability of plant production since the founding of the USDA Jornada Experimental Range (JER) in 1912. The consistent administration and research focus of the Jornada Experimental Range and of the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC) have facilitated a number of long-term studies of vegetation dynamics and productivity. These long-term datasets are especially critical for understanding semiarid ecosystems, where interannual and decadal scale variation in climate is so great and where plant performance is so strongly constrained by the physical environment. Long-term data, including the net primary productivity data that are the focus of this chapter, are also essential for understanding the progression or, rather, degradation of ecosystem structure that has been called desertification.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1283</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Separating Green and Senescent Vegetation in Very High Resolution Photography Using an Intensity-Hue-Saturation Transformation and Object Based Classification</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Annual Conference</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intensity-hue-saturation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">senescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 1-5, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-071Proc.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reno, NV</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CDROM</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In arid regions of the southwestern US, grass cover is typically a mixture of green and senescent plant material. It is important that both types of vegetation can be quantified for land management purposes and for assessing the nutritional value of grasses. Traditional ground sampling procedures are commonly used but are time consuming. Our goal was to develop an image analysis approach for separating and quantifying green and senescent grasses in the same plot using very high resolution ground photography. The study was conducted in New Mexico at the Jornada Experimental Range (JER), operated by the USDA Agricultural Research Service, where ongoing research is aimed at determining the relationship between ground-based observations and remotely sensed data. We used an eight megapixel digital camera to acquire ground photography from a height of 2.8 m above ground for fifty plots in a stratified random sample approach. The area had high vegetation variability and each plot covered 2.5 m x 3.5 m. Preliminary studies have shown that a transformation from the RGB (red, green, blue) color space to the IHS (intensity, hue, saturation) color space was advantageous for separating green and senescent vegetation. We used an object-based image analysis approach to classify the images into soil, shadow, green vegetation, and senescent vegetation. A multitude of spectral, spatial and textural features were available for analysis, and the most suitable features were determined with a feature space optimization method. Green and senescent vegetation were best separated best by using the hue band, while the saturation band best differentiated between soil and senescent vegetation. The highest classification accuracies for the four classes were achieved by using IHS bands and omitting RGB bands. Ongoing research is designed to relate the results to ground collected information and to aerial photography and QuickBird imagery.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1475</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Koppa, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of nearest neighbor and rule-based decision tree classification in an object-oriented environment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">imagery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">object-oriented</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 31-August 4</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-074Proc.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Denver, CO</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CDROM</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Object-oriented classification is a useful tool for analysis of high-resolution imagery due to the incorporation of spectral, textural and contextual variables.  However, feature selection and incorporation of appropriate training sites can be difficult.  We compared two object-oriented image classification approaches, one using a decision tree (DT), the other a nearest neighbor classification (NN) with regard to classification accuracy, effort involved and feasibility for mapping similar areas.  We used a QuickBird satellite image to map arid rangeland vegetation in a 1200 ha pasture in southern New Mexico.  In the DT approach, we used ground truth data from plots (8.75 m2) as input for a decision tree to create a rule base for classification.  In the NN approach, larger polygons (mean=100 m2) served as training areas for a nearest neighbor classification.  Overall accuracy was 80% using the DT and 77% using the NN classification.  The DT was a superior tool for reducing the number of input features, but this technique required more field data, export to a decision tree program and was more time consuming.  With the NN approach, input features were selected within the image analysis program and were applied to the classification immediately.  The use of larger polygons for training and test samples was more appropriate for use in an object-oriented environment than the small plots.  We concluded that for arid rangeland classification from QuickBird data, the NN technique required less time in the field and for image analysis, had comparable accuracy to the DT approach, and would be appropriate for mapping similar areas.  A combination of both methods would incorporate the advantages of feature selection in a DT with the object-oriented nature of the analysis.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1457</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland Mapping; Ease Classification with an Object-oriented Approach and Satellite Imagery</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Earth Imaging Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">object-oriented</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland mapping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">satellite imagery</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.eijournal.com/Rangeland_Mapping.asp</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30-32</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determining detailed vegetation characteristics to classify arid rangelands often presents unique problems due to the high reflectance of the soil background, a mixture of green and senescent grasses, and the prevalence of shrubs in grasslands.  These components can make it difficult to determine the proportion of grass cover. On the Jornada Experimental Range (JER), operated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service near Las Cruces, NM, ongoing research is aimed at determining the relationship between ground-based observations and remotely sensed data.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1462</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, M.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrow, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osuna, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reyes, I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant-fungal interactions in Arid and Semi-arid Ecosystems: Large-scale impacts from microscale processes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">large-scale impacts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microscale processes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant-fungal interactions</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&amp;_imagekey=B6WH9-4H98T40-1-9&amp;_cdi=6845&amp;_user=1496926&amp;_orig=browse&amp;_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2006&amp;_sk=999349997&amp;view=c&amp;wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkWb&amp;md5=e5a6b74095743d868ff96b972dad102c&amp;ie=/sdarticle.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">276-284</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The roles microbes play in shaping plant communities have historically been underestimated. Recent improvements in our abilities to detect, identify, and monitor microbial inhabitants of plant tissues are driving appreciation of amazingly complex dynamics. Microbial endophytes can modify plants at genetic, physiologic, and ecologic levels, inducing profound changes in the way plants respond to their environment. Microscale examination of Bouteloua eriopoda (black grama) and Atriplex canescens (four-wing saltbush) has revealed diverse fungal communities associated with individual plants at the cellular and subcellular levels. To explore thresholds of plant fitness defined by microbial communities, we transferred fungi inhabiting two perennial grasses, B. eriopoda and Sporobolus cryptandrus (sand dropseed), and one shrub, A. canescens, to a variety of nonhost plant species. Dramatic, whole-plant differences in morphology and biomass between treated and untreated plants were observed. In most cases, endophyte transfer at the cellular level produced larger plants with greater reproductive potential than the untransformed counterparts. We hypothesize that these transformed plants will continue to grow, reproduce, and disperse more rapidly than their native counterparts, propagating changes from the plant-microbe interface to ecologically significant scales.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1543</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, M.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morrison, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richman, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volatile composition of &lt;i&gt;Guiterrizia sarothrae &lt;/i&gt;(broom snakeweed) as determined by steam distillation and solid phase microextraction</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Essential Oil Research</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-013.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">121-125</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Guiterrizia sarothrae (broom snakeweed, snakeweed) is a prevalent species on rangelands throughout much of the western United States. This plant has been intensely studied in order to minimize its negative impact on forage production and livestock health. Although G. sarothrae has been used for centuries to remedy various ailments, scientific investigations of the plant&amp;iquest;s medicinal value are difficult to find in the literature. The objective of this study was to explore the volatile chemical composition of G. sarothrae. Shoots from 88 actively growing plants showing no signs of root borer infestation were selected from five sites on the Chihuahuan Desert of southern New Mexico. Volatiles were extracted from ground, composite tissues by steam distillation and by solid phase microextraction (SPME), then separated and analyzed by gas chromatography with mass spectral and flame ionization detection. Comparing retention indices and mass spectra to known compounds identified ninety chemicals. Retention indices and 70 eV mass spectra are also provided for seven unknowns. Compounds detected varied in quantity between extraction protocols. In oil, cryptone (6.4%) and beta-eudesmol (5.9%) were the only compounds comprising more than 5% of the chromatographic peak area. In samples prepared by solid-phase microextraction, limonene (10.4%), beta-pinene (9.6%), beta-eudesmol (8.0%), sabinene (7.8%), cryptone (6.5%), alpha-pinene (5.5%), and ortho-cymene (5.2%) accounted for 53% of the extracted volatiles. The results presented reveal a complex volatile composition from which unique compounds may still be identified.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1559</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;2006&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, M.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrow, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sedillo, R.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osuna-Avila, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reyes-Vera, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic characterization of uncultured fungal endophytes from &lt;i&gt;Bouteloua Eriopoda&lt;/i&gt; and A&lt;i&gt;triplex&lt;/i&gt;</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atriplex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bouteloua</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">endophytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eriopoda</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungal</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 6-8, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cedar City, UT</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obligate fungal endophytes form cryptic communities in vascular plants which can defy detection and isolation by conventional methods.  Molecular detection by PCR amplification of fungal DNA sequences alone is insufficient, since target endophyte sequences are unknown and quite similar to sequences already characterized as plant DNA.  We have successfully separated fungal and plant ribosomal DNA sequences by amplifying plant-extracted DNA with polymerase chain reaction, and separating sequences with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE).  The resulting electrophoregrams produce specific bands unique for each organism present in a specific plant-endophyte community.  This method has successfully identified endophytes in B. eriopoda and A. canescens, and has tracked these endophytes as they are transferred to novel host plants.  The detection and monitoring capabilities of DGGE make it a valuable tool for discovery, characterization, and monitoring of rangeland endophytes.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1548</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, M.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrow, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osuna-Avila, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reyes-Verz, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sedillo, R.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic characterization of uncultured fungal endophytes from &lt;i&gt;Bouteloua eriopoda &lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;Atriplex canescens&lt;/i&gt;</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wildland Shrub Symposium Proceedings</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obligate fungal endophytes form cryptic communities in vascular plants which can defy detection and isolation by microscopic examination of reproductive structures.  Molecular detection by PCR amplification of fungal DNA sequences alone is insufficient, since target endophyte sequences are unknown and difficult to distinguish from sequences already characterized as plant DNA.  We have successfully separated fungal and plant ribosomal DNA sequences by amplifying plant-extracted DNA with polymerase chain reaction, and separating sequences with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE).  The resulting electrophoregrams theoretically produce specific bands unique for each organism present in a plant-endophyte community.  This method has successfully identified endophyte sequences in Bouteloua eriopoda and A.triplex canescens, and has tracked these endophytes as they are transferred to novel host hosts.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1547</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 12, 2006</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 13, 2006</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, M.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reyes-Vera, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vivenhananthan, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrow, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sedillo, R.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Native symbiotic fungi increase stress tolerance and productivity of plants in arid lands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Symposium on Efficient Water Use in the Urban Landscape</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microbial ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant stress</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 23-24, </style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Las Cruces, NM</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plants indigenous to arid lands have evolved to withstand extremes of moisture and temperature.  Recent advances in microbial ecology have revealed that a portion of plant stress tolerance comes, not from the plant itself, but from unseen fungi that reside within plant tissues.  The ability of these symbiotic fungi to confer drought and salt stress tolerance on plant hosts make them uniquely valuable for landscapes where water is limited or where drip irrigation is utilized.  Here we describe fungi associated with four species of Chihuahuan desert plants which can be transferred to non-native hosts.  A patent-pending technique was used to transfer these unculturable fungi to native grasses (Bouteloua and Sporobolous species), chile (Capsicum annum), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), and shasta daisys (Chrysanthemum maximum).  The productivity of recipient plants, measured at various stages in the growth cycle, indicates that fungal recipients fared remarkably well compared to untreated plants receiving equal water and nutrients.  Chile plants were also exposed to salt stress trials in which salt stress tolerance varied between endophyte treatments.  Fungi from creosote bush (Larrea tridentada) were particularly efficient at increasing salt tolerance.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1562</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 16, 2006</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 17, 2006</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maestre, F.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reynolds, J.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huber-Sannwald, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stafford-Smith, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Understanding global desertification: biophysical and socioeconomic dimensions of hydrology</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dryland Ecohydrology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biophysical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">socioeconomic</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-050.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Netherlands</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">315-332</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This chapter reviews some of the key concerns and challenges associated with dryland desertification, emphasizing the role of hydrological processes. Hydrological processes are a function of complex interactions and linkages between specific patch types and landscape units; and thus, one of the keys to understanding both the causes and consequences of land degradation. Degradation involves a reduction in the ability of the land to support one or more functions. The interpretation of change as &quot;loss&quot; is dependent upon the context of the socioeconomic activities of human beings. The chapter ends with a discussion of future directions, including the development of the Dahlem Desertification Paradigm (DDP), a new approach to desertification designed to facilitate directed research effort and progress.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1590</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathis, V. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitford, W. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kay, F. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alkon, P.U.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of grazing and shrub removal on small mammal populations in southern New Mexico, USA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prosopis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub removal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">small mammals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stressor I</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76-86</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Between 1995 and 1997, grazing regimes and mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) shrub removal were combined in a factorial arrangement to assess changes in small mammal communities on the Jornada Experimental Range in southern New Mexico. Small mammals were live-trapped biannually in winter and at the end of the growing season (fall). We examined changes in abundances, species richness, species and biomass diversity, and mean captures and biomass. Species richness did not change significantly with treatments but was seasonally higher in spring 1996 compared to the fall 1996. A decrease in species and biomass diversities were seen in fall 1996 and an increase in both diversities in fall 1997. No plots reached the same species richness, abundance, or diversity encountered during a pre-treatment study in 1993. Spring 1995 and fall 1996 revealed significant reactions to the combination of the applied treatments, yet no overall pattern can be elucidated. Environmental fluctuations such as variable rainfall and inherent stochasticity of the ecosystem may explain the lack of pattern, and only emphasizes the need for more long-term studies assessing the effects of vegetation alteration on dependent communities. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1615</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00916</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//USDA//LTER IV//entered 02/29/2008</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (02/29/2008)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1409</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mack, G. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nolen, B. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gile, L. H.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regional Setting of the Jornada Basin</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem. The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geologic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">history</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscapes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">regional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">setting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil-geomorphology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-053.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-43</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Within the area around Las Cruces, New Mexico, is a network of studies at the Jornada Experimental Range, the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center, and the Desert Soil-Geomorphology Project. All of these areas are in the Jornada Basin except for the area south of the Dona Ana Mountains, which are in the Mesilla Basin. All of these research entities are in the Chihuahuan Desert and this chapter describes the geologic history and development of landscapes that are important elements to our understanding of this ecosystem and its dynamic nature.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1688</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Soil-geomorphic template and biotic change in arid and semi-arid ecosystems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biotic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geomorphic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">topography</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&amp;_imagekey=B6WH9-4HRDY52-1-7&amp;_cdi=6845&amp;_user=1496926&amp;_orig=browse&amp;_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2006&amp;_sk=999349997&amp;view=c&amp;wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkWz&amp;md5=ce8392d523ded1c58000f5d200bef1b8&amp;ie=/sdarticle.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">207-218</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desertification, characterized as biotic change toward a degraded state, is a common phenomenon in many arid and semiarid regions of the world. Such biotic change is often accompanied by and linked to geomorphic change. Important geomorphic factors that determine the vulnerability of a system to coupled biotic and abiotic change includes soil, topography, and soil parent material—which together form the soil-geomorphic template. Soil exerts control because it is the substrate that provides water, nutrients, anchorage for roots, and habitat for burrowing animals. Topography exerts control by its influence on microclimate via water redistribution, aspect, and elevation. Soil parent material exerts control by its contribution to the nutrient supply and formation of soil. Numerous linkages and feedback-loops occur between the soil-geomorphic template, micro-climate, vegetation, and animals. A perturbation in any of these factors can steer an ecosystem from one state to another. Some soil-geomorphic templates are more prone to change than others. For example, landscapes with sandy soils are more vulnerable to desertification than landscapes with fine-textured soils that receive run-in water and, therefore, require distinct management practices. Desertification involving simultaneous changes in biotic and geomorphic processes provides a good example of how biological and geological systems are coupled and co-evolve.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1671</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. C.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil Development in the Jornada Basin</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem. The Jronada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-055.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81-106</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soils of the Jornada Basin are the substrate on which Jornada ecosystems reside and interact. Understanding soils and plant-soil feedback processes have been integral to understanding vegetation change and desertification. Formal studies of Jornada soils extend back to 1918. The most detailed study of Jornada soils is the USDA-SCS Desert Soil-Geomorphology Project, a 400-mi2 study area that includes the southernmost areas of the Jornada Experimental Range (JER) and Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC). This chapter highlights findings of soil and geomorphology studies, discusses factors and processes of soil development, and lists several ways soils of the Jornada Basin carry a memory of past climates.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1669</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okin, G.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gillette, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiscale controls on and consequences of aeolian processes in landscape change in arid and semi-arid environments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aeolian processes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dust emission</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wind erosion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&amp;_imagekey=B6WH9-4H1004J-1-1N&amp;_cdi=6845&amp;_user=1496926&amp;_orig=browse&amp;_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2006&amp;_sk=999349997&amp;view=c&amp;wchp=dGLbVtb-zSkWA&amp;md5=e74666463d89e6fd5315d4fde2958934&amp;ie=/sdarticle.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">253-275</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aeolian processes are tightly linked to soil and vegetation change in deserts at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Wind influences patterns of vegetation and soil within the landscape, while these patterns control wind erosion at patch to landscape scales. Aggregated at larger scales, patterns in soil and vegetation distributions influence global distributions of dust and its biogeochemical impacts. Understanding the controls on aeolian processes is, therefore, important not only in understanding the biogeochemistry and land cover patterns in dryland environments but also in understanding global land cover, climate, and biogeochemistry. These relationships are poorly understood, particularly for structurally complex plant communities such as shrub-invaded grasslands. The objective of this paper is to review the controls on aeolian processes and their consequences at plant-interspace, patch-landscape, and regional-global scales. Based on this review, we define the requirements for a cross-scale model of wind erosion in structurally complex arid and semi-arid ecosystems.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1798</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pellant, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaver, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pyke, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interpreting Indications of Rangeland Health, Version 4</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Range Management Annual Meeting Abstracts</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland health</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 12-17, </style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paper No. 278</style></number><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land managers are in need of an assessment tool that provides a preliminary evaluation of rangeland health.  Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health, Version 4 is the second published version of a protocol that uses 17 easily observed indicators summarized as three rangeland health attributes (soil/site/stability/hydrologic function, and biotic integrity).  Version 3 was published in 2000 and has been widely used in the United States by land management agencies and technical assistance specialists. The changes in Version 4 build up the Version 3 framework and increase the consistency in the application of the protocol in two ways. The most significant modification is the replacement of the ecological site description and/or reference area(s) with an ecological site-specific reference sheet as the standard for the evaluation process. The reference sheet integrates all available sources of data and knowledge, including the ecological site description and reference areas, to generate a range of reference values for each indicator. The reference sheet will be included in ecological site descriptions as they are updated. A second significant modification is the addition of recommended quantitative measurements to support the qualitative evaluations. Version 4 is currently being translated into Chinese, Mongolian, and Spanish.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1844</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nonlinear dynamics in arid and semi-arid systems: Interactions among drivers and processes across scales</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">across scales</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">drivers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nonlinear</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">semiarid</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&amp;_imagekey=B6WH9-4GRH73Y-1-3&amp;_cdi=6845&amp;_user=1496926&amp;_orig=browse&amp;_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2006&amp;_sk=999349997&amp;view=c&amp;wchp=dGLzVlz-zSkzk&amp;md5=18481193cf9e58acec53dbb2797ae582&amp;ie=/sdarticle.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">196-206</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We discuss a new conceptual framework for arid and semiarid systems that accounts for nonlinear dynamics and cross scale interactions in explaining landscape patterns and dynamics. Our framework includes a spatial and temporal hierarchy, and five key interacting components that connect scales of the hierarchy: (1) historical legacies that include climate, disturbance, and management regimes, (2) dynamic template of patterns in ecological variables and spatial context, (3) vertical and horizontal transport processes (fluvial, aeolian, animal), (4) the rate, direction, and amount of resource redistribution between high and low resource areas, and (5) feedbacks among plants, animals, and soils. We illustrate how this framework can be used to understand, forecast, and manage ecological systems that exhibit nonlinear dynamics across a range of spatial and temporal scales. This paper provides the foundation for a series of papers from the Jornada Experimental Range ARS-LTER research site in southern New Mexico, USA that support this new conceptual framework.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1876</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in Perennial Grass Recruitment From 1858 to Present Following Woody Plant Invasion</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91st Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1858</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grasslands and shrublands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modeling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perennial grass</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Present</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">recruitment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">woody plant</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 6-11, 200</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Memphis, TN</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desert ecosystems of the American Southwest have experienced dramatic changes in vegetation structure and soil properties over the past several centuries with the expansion of native woody plants. This conversion from perennial grasslands to shrublands is often difficult to reverse as a result of soil degradation and low grass seed availability. Additional recruitment processes that can limit the return of grasses are seed germination and seedling establishment, processes that are affected by both soil properties and vegetation structure. Our objective was to examine and compare the probability of recruitment of the perennial grass, Bouteloua eriopoda (black grama), in 1858 and at present using the simulation model of daily soil water dynamics. We used the model to simulate recruitment probabilities of black grama for the variation in conditions found at the Jornada Basin ARS-LTER site in southern New Mexico. Vegetation and soils maps for both time periods and historical weather data were used to parameterize the model. In general, simulated recruitment probabilities were higher in 1858 when the Jornada was dominated by grasslands compared with the present, shrub-dominated system. Because recruitment of black grama is nonlinearly related to silt content of the soil and to aboveground plant cover, these changes in recruitment probabilities were dependent on location-specific changes in soil properties and vegetation cover. Our results were used to identify the locations and conditions where recruitment of black grama is still possible; these areas can then be targeted for remediation efforts. We also identified the locations where remediation efforts of this grass species will fail without significant modifications to soil properties and vegetation cover. This approach to stratifying landscapes by recruitment potential can be used for other invasive species.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1886</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mariotto, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murray, L.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial variation in remnant grasses after a grassland-to-shrubland state change: Implications for restoration</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bouteloua eriopoda</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flourensia cernua</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larrea tridentata</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perennial grasslands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub invasion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.srmjournals.org/archive/1551-5028/59/4/pdf/i1551-5028-59-4-343.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">343-350</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangelands that have been degraded, such as perennial desert grasslands now dominated by woody shrubs, are notoriously resistant to restoration efforts. Very slow recovery of black grama following cattle and lagomorph exclusion combined with periodic shrub removal since the 1930s at the Jornada Experimental Range exemplifies the difficulties associated with grass restoration. The goal of this research was to examine the potential for recovery by remnant plants in a degraded area as a function of plant location across a landscape. Our objectives were: (1) to determine the historical dominant vegetation and change in dominance through time, (2) to examine relationships between fine scale variation in black grama presence and basal area with variation in environmental conditions, and (3) to identify the landscape positions more favorable for restoration. Historical vegetation maps starting in 1858 were combined with a field survey in 2002-2003 of the location of all individual black grama plants in a 29 ha area and spatial data layers in a geographic information system. Results showed that upland grasses, including black grama, dominated the study site in 1858, although tarbush was the dominant species by 1915, and creosotebush is the current dominant. A total of 3335 black grama plants were found for an average density of 0.01 plants/m2. High spatial variation was found in the occurrence and basal area of black grama plants that was related to water availability rather than livestock grazing: most plants were found in or adjacent to an arroyo (67%), at a northern aspect (47%), and outside the 1930 experimental exclosures (43%).These remnant plants can be used as propagule sources in restoration efforts, and information on microsite conditions for black grama survival can be used to improve the restoration potential for sites on similar vegetation and soils.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1885</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D. P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredrickson, E.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disentangling complex landscapes: new insights into arid and semiarid system dynamics</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BioScience</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alternative states</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-scale interactions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">feedbacks and thresholds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nonlinear dynamics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-021.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">491-501</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Although desertification is a global phenomenon and numerous studies have provided information on dynamics at specific sites, spatial and temporal variation in response to desertification have led to alternative, and often controversial, hypotheses about the key factors that determine these dynamics. We present a new research framework that includes five interacting elements to explain these dynamics: (1) historical legacies, environmental driving variables, (3) a soil-geomorphic template, (4) horizontal and vertical transport vectors, and (5) redistribution of resources within and among spatial units.  We offer a six-step operational approach that is applicable to many landscapes, and illustrate its utility for understanding present-day landscape organization, forecasting future dynamics, and making effective management decisions.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1904</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A Framework and Methods for Simplifying Complex Landscapes to Reduce Uncertainty in Predictions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scaling and Uncertainty Analysis in Ecology: Methods and Applications</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">linear</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial temp oral heterogeneous</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-051.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer, Dordrecht</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Netherlands</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">131-146</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extrapolation of information from sites to landscapes or regions is especially problematic in spatially and temporally heterogeneous ecosystems.  Although linear extrapolations are the easiest and most cost-effective, other approaches are necessary when spatial location and contagious or neighborhood processes are important.  Because landscape and regions consist of a mosaic of sites differing in spatial heterogeneity and degree of connectedness, we expect a combination of scaling approaches is needed to characterize these areas.  Our goal was to develop a conceptual framework and operational approach to simplifying complex landscapes in order to minimize uncertainty in predictions.  We illustrate our approach for arid and semiarid landscapes where spatial variation in carbon dynamics, in particular aboveground net primary production, is a timely and important problem.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1896</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gibbens, R.P.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Communities in the Jornada Basin: The Dynamic Landscape</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem: The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jornada Basin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">synthesis book</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-061.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">211-231</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant communities of the Jornada Basin LTER are characteristic of the northern Chihuahuan Desert, both in structure and dynamics.  Five major vegetation types are often distinguished that differ in plant species cover and composition, as well as other factors, such as animal populations, soil properties, and elevation.  Similar to many other parts of the Chihuahuan Desert, these plant communities have experienced major shifts in vegetation over the past 50-150 years.  The most dramatic changes in vegetation have occurred as a result of woody plant encroachment into perennial grasslands.  In this chapter, we describe the characteristics of each vegetation type and the documented changes in each type at the Jornada.  We also discuss the key drivers (small and larger animal activity, drought, fire, and directional changes in climate) influencing these vegetation dynamics.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1868</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Future Directions in Jornada Research: Applying an Interactive Landscape Model to Solve Problems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem: The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jornada Basin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">synthesis book</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-069.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">369-386</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this book chapter, we propose a new model of arid and semiarid landscapes that focuses explicitly on the processes and properties that generate spatial variation in ecosystem dynamics.  We are specifically interested in three interrelated aspects of landscapes: (1) feedbacks among plants, animals, and soils generated from interactions among biotic processes, a heterogeneous physical template, and the disturbance regime across a range of spatial and temporal scales, (2) neighborhood or contagious processes that generate fluxes and flows within and among spatial units, and (3) the landscape context and the condition of the study area of interest relative to its surroundings that modifies the transfers of materials.  We first describe our spatially interactive model and compare it to previous models then introduce an approach to identify the landscape locations where spatial processes and information are needed in order to understand and predict ecosystem dynamics.  The local, regional, and global implications of our interactive landscape model are also discussed.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1889</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D. P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yao, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gosz, J.R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woody Plant Invasion at a Semi-arid Transition Zone: Importance of Ecosystem Type to Colonization and Patch Expansion</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Vegetation Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">colonization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">semi-arid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">transition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">woody</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 15, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-024.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">389-396</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Our objective was to evaluate how patterns in colonization and patch expansion of an invasive woody plant, Larrea tridentata (creosotebush) differ between two grassland ecosystems at a biome transition zone. We sampled frequency of occurrence, height, and surface area of saplings (n=134) and patches of adult plants (n=247) of creosotebush within a mosaic of ecosystems dominated either by the Chihuahuan Desert species, black grama, or the shortgrass steppe species, blue grama, located within 1 km of the creosotebush-dominated ecosystem. Distances between patches and patch area were used to estimate connectivity and propagule pressure. Sapling height and distance to the creosotebush dominated ecosystem were used to estimate patterns in dispersal. Our results show that creosotebush saplings (&lt;1%) and patches of adults (15%) occur less frequently in black grama than blue grama-dominated ecosystems. Propagule pressure did not differ with distance from the core creosotebush ecosystem. Evidence was found for both local and long distance dispersal. We conclude that spatial variation in creosotebush saplings and adults at this biome transition zone is related to the different susceptibilities to invasion by the two grassland ecosystems. The persistence of grasslands at this site despite region-wide expansion by creosotebush may be related to the spatial distribution of blue grama-dominated ecosystems that resist or deter invasion by this species.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1908</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duplicate of  ARIS # 182512</style></notes><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peters, D.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gosz, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pockman, W.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small, E.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paramenter, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, S.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muldavin E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integrating patch and boundary dynamics to understand and predict biotic transitions at multiple scales</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscape Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biotic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">boundary</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integrating</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscapes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">patch</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scales</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">transitions</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-014.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19-33</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Human modification of landscapes superimposed upon natural environmental heterogeneity is resulting in an increase in the numbers and types of ecological patches and their intervening boundaries (i.e., biotic transitions). In this paper, we develop an operational framework for understanding and predicting dynamics of these biotic transitions for a range of environmental conditions across multiple spatial scales. We define biotic transitions as the boundary and the neighboring states, a more general definition than typically denoted by the terms boundary, ecotone, edge or gradient. In our framework, we use concepts of patch dynamics to understand the structural and functional properties of biotic transitions, and to predict changes in boundaries through time and across space. We develop testable hypotheses, and illustrate the utility of our approach with examples from arid and semiarid ecosystems. Our framework provides new insights and predictions as to how landscapes will respond to future changes in climate and other environmental drivers.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1872</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;2006&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potenza, C.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slaughter, A.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reyes-Vera, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sedillo, R.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, M.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrow J. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of gene specific primers to identify fungal endophytes of native grasses</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Insights in Semiarid Ecosystems Symposium</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abiotic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biotic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">endophytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grass</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">native</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Both abiotic and biotic factors impact the plant populations of semiarid and arid ecosystems. As we learn more about how microbial populations within these ecological communities impact plant lifecycles, it becomes apparent that preservation and restoration of native plant communities might in part rely on establishing or reestablishing the microbial inhabitants of native plants. Fungi play a crucial role in many ecological processes. Despite this, fungal diversity and function within natural habitats are poorly defined.  Within native grasses, fungal endophytes are ubiquitous, suggesting mutualistic or symbiotic relationships that might strengthen the ability of these grasses to survive under adverse conditions. We are interested in the plant-microbe(s) interactions that are present in the native grass Bouteloua eriopoda, (black grama), in a rangeland environment, and are using fungal specific oligonucleotide primers and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to help identify fungal endophytes that closely associate with this grass. Our interest is to characterize the extent of the plant-fungal interaction and to study the persistence of specific fungi across the B. eriopoda community.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1932</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 7, 2006</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 8, 2006</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ritchie, J.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmugge, T.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kustas, W. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chopping, M.J.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applications of Remotely Sensed Data from the Jornada Basin</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem: The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-066.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">305-320</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The JER and CDRRC have many similarities to other arid rangelands around the world.  They are remote with few measurements possible over vast areas.  However, like other rangelands, little application of remote sensing data for measurement and monitoring has taken place.  Although remote sensing data in the form of aerial photographs were acquired as far back as 1935 over portions of the Jornada Basin, little reliance was placed on these data.  With the launch of Earth resources satellites in 1972, a variety of sensors could be used to collect remote sensing data from different platforms, including ground-based towers and hand-held approaches, low-altitude aircraft, high-altitude aircraft and satellites with various resolutions (now as good as 0.61 m) and spectral capabilities.  The multispectral, multispatial and multitemporal remote-sensing approach would be ideal for extrapolating ground-based point-and-plot knowledge to large areas or landscape units. The JORNada EXperiment (JORNEX) is designed to acquire a long-term remote-sensing dataset that can be used in concert with the more conventional Jornada Basin LTER long-term data to provide more comprehensive knowledge of rangeland conditions across the landscape.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1994</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tartowski, S.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wainwright, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parsons, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Islands of hydrologically enhanced biotic productivity in natural and managed arid ecosystems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">enhanced biotic productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">heterogeneity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remediation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">run-on</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">runoff</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water ponding dikes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&amp;_imagekey=B6WH9-4HNSJKG-1-H&amp;_cdi=6845&amp;_user=1496926&amp;_orig=browse&amp;_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2006&amp;_sk=999349997&amp;view=c&amp;wchp=dGLbVtz-zSkWA&amp;md5=eb8c1091128094f4d6375e4aecfa47c9&amp;ie=/sdarticle.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">235-252</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Factors causing high spatial variability of water in arid regions include precipitation, soil, physiographic, and vegetation characteristics.  Inherent heterogeneity of these arid lands causes areas of runoff and run-on which develop islands of hydrologically enhanced biotic productivity.  These hydrologic islands are observed at the individual plant scale as well as in large area patterns of banded vegetation, playettes and playas, and beaded drainage networks where run-on and infiltration spur vegetation growth.  To remediate degraded rangeland, it may be wise to mimic nature by diverting water to target areas to create patterns similar to the natural islands of hydrologically enhanced biotic productivity or by installing structures, such as water ponding dikes, to promote a landscape change to resemble natural vegetation patterns.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1999</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliberte, A.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steele, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmugge, T.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roanhorse, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jenkins, V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using unmanned aerial vehicles for rangelands: Current applications and future potentials</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental Practice</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">high resoluiton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">photographs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland applications</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remediation treatment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UAV</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September 1, 200</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-039.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(3)</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">159-168</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">High resolution aerial photographs have important rangeland applications such as monitoring vegetation change, developing grazing strategies, determining rangeland health, and assessing remediation treatment effectiveness.  Acquisition of high resolution images by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has certain advantages over piloted aircraft missions including lower cost, improved safety, flexibility in mission planning, and closer proximity to the target.   Different levels of remote sensing data can be combined to provide more comprehensive information: 15-30m resolution imaging from space-borne sensors for determining uniform landscape units; &lt;1m satellite or aircraft data to assess the pattern of ecological states in an area of interest; 5cm UAV images to measure gap and patch sizes as well as percent bare soil and vegetation ground cover; and &lt;1cm ground-based boom photography for ground truth or reference data.  Two parallel tracks of investigation are necessary: one which emphasizes the utilization of the most technically advanced sensors for research and a second which emphasizes minimizing costs and maximizing simplicity for monitoring purposes.   We envisage that in the future, resource management agencies, rangeland consultants, and private land managers should be able to use small, lightweight UAVs to satisfy their need for acquiring improved data at a reasonable cost and for making appropriate management decisions.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1987</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snow: The Real Water Supply for the Rio Grande Basin</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Mexico Journal of Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rio Grande</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">southwestern North America</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water supply</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-035.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99-118</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Rio Grande basin in Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico is an important drainage in southwestern North America, vital for water consumption by a rapidly growing population, irrigated agriculture, economic development, preservation of endangered species, and energy generation. The most important source of water in the Rio Grande drainage results from snowmelt in the mountains of the upper basin. The gap between water supply and water demand is continually increasing as the population increases, and long term climate change further will affect the amount and timing of streamflow. The criticality of these problems will continue unabated through the 21st Century. Planning to cope with these water management problems needs to move now from relying on projections derived from current storage in reservoirs to additionally incorporating new technologies for measurements and hydrological modeling to allow the development of likely scenarios in both the short and long term. Models that can accept and integrate all types of measurements need to be utilized. Such models exist and are ready to be used operationally. Examples are given of both daily flow forecasts for an entire snowmelt season in the basin as well as predictions of future changes in streamflow to be expected under conditions of climate change. These types of data are vital in deciding among various future options which include the determination of the cost of water, controls on industrial and domestic development, new water distribution and storage systems, and the implementation of water conservation measures.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN1953</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rayson, G.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obeidat, S.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landau, S.Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glasser, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photoluminescence spectroscopy for the discernment of plants within animal diets</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of Pittcon Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diet</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">photoluminescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spectroscopic</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Identification of different animal diets of free ranging herbivores is of much interest.  Spectroscopic probes offer the potential for real-time analyses compared to microphitological procedures. The inherent multi-dimensionality of photoluminescence spectroscopy (i.e., fluorescence and phosphorescence) is a significant benefit for the analysis of chemically complex samples.  Unfortunately, analysis of multi-dimensional data requires the use of algorithms other than simple linear regression at a single wavelength. To evaluate the utility of multi-dimensional luminescence spectroscopy for animal diet determinations, the excitatin-emission spectral signatures of each of seven diet components (i.e., diet supplement concentrate, Pistacia lentiscus, Phylirea Latifolia media, Pinus Brutia, alfalfa hay and clover hay) were acquired. Post-digested diet samples (i.e., feces) resulting from each hay component were also included.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2016</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reyes-Vera, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, M.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrow, J.R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant inoculation with obligate endophytes from arid rangelands grasses: Implications for water usage</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Symposium on Efficient Water Use in the Urban Landscape</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disease resistance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">drought tolerance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">endophytic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inoculation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 23-24, </style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Las Cruces, NM</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	Endophytic inoculation of grasses can result in significant agronomic advantages including increased drought tolerance and disease resistance as well as enhanced water and nutrient uptake. While some endophytes can increase plant toxicity, others are thought to be strictly beneficial. New attempts to induce novel grass-endophyte associations with harmless endophytes are needed. By means of a novel biotechnology technique, we have transferred obligate biotrophic fungal endophytes from local rangeland grass species to novel host grasses. Important differences in root growth habbit and shoot/root ratio were apparent. Implications for plant water and nutrient uptake are discussed.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2028</style></accession-num><custom5><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	February 16, 2006&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom5><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	February 17, 2006&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom6></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reynolds, J.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kemp, P.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ogle, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandez, R. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gao, Q.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wu, J.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modeling the unique attributes of aridland ecosystems: Lessons from the Jornada Basin</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem: The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aridland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">paradixically</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water-limited</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-067.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">321-353</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Jornada Basin is typical of aridland ecosystems of the southwestern United States and many other regions of the globe: it is water-limited with low annual net primary production (ANPP) and low-standing crop (Szarek 1979; Ludwig 1987). Yet, paradoxically, aridland ecosystems are structurally and functionally quite complex, exhibiting a remarkable range of species compositions and system behaviors. This can be attributed, in part, to the presence of complex topography and landscape physiography which, when combined with extreme variability in precipitation, produces striking spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the availability of essential limiting resources such as water and mineral nutrients.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2045</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reynolds, J.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayarza, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huber-Sannwald, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lambin, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stafford Smith, D.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An international research network for testing the Dahlem Desertification Paradigm (DDP)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Environmental Change: Regional Challenges. An Earth System Science Partnership, Open Science Conference</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 9-12, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beijing, China</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">661</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Historically, debates associated with global desertification have focused on the underlying causes of land degradation; the extent to which changes are natural (e.g., climate-driven) vs. anthropogenic (e.g., over-grazing); ‘grass-roots’ abatement efforts vs. scientific ones; the amount of land affected or ‘at risk’; and whether or not desertification is reversible. Since stakeholders tend to employ disciplinary arguments in the debate, the end product is confusion and disagreement. Hence, there is an urgent need for new thinking beyond regional and disciplinary concerns. We argue that when desertification is viewed in the context of coupled human environmental systems, many of the scientific, political and social issues of desertification seem tractable. We have developed a new synthetic framework: the Dahlem Desertification Paradigm (DDP), which consists of 9 assertions and yields testable hypotheses to move the debate forward. We are applying the DDP to diverse ecosystems throughout the world via ARIDnet (assessment, research, and integration of desertification research network), an international initiative that emphasizes the importance of interdependencies of natural and human systems. The general objectives of ARIDnet are to foster international cooperation and exchange of ideas about desertification as summarized in the DDP; to open communication channels to foster more practical, field-level interactions with stakeholders in sustainable land management; and to use the concepts, experiences, and applications developed by participants to support on-going international discussions on the principles, criteria, and policies related to global desertification, especially the Convention to Combat Desertification.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2038</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rogosic, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skobic, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martinovic, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maraic, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Role of Species Diversity and Secondary Compound Complementarity on Diet Selection of Mediterranean Shrubs by Goats</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Chemical Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">goats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrubs</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 31, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-023.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></number><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1279-1287</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goats foraging on Mediterranean shrubs containing secondary compounds (toxins) may consume a variety of shrubs that contain different phytotoxins to increase shrub intake and avoid toxicosis. We conducted eight experiments to examine whether goats offered different mixtures of shrubs containing different phytotoxins (tannins and saponins) would consume more shrub biomass than goats offered one shrub with a single phytotoxin (tannin or saponin). In the first three experiments, goats fed a mixture of three tannin-rich shrubs (Quercus ilex, Arbutus unedo, and Pistacia lentiscus) ate more foliage (P &lt; 0.01) than goats offered only one shrub (23.2 vs.10.7 g/kg BW; 25.2 vs.13.4 g/kg BW, and 27.9 vs. 7.9 g/kg BW), regardless of tannin concentration in individual shrub species. Goats also consumed more foliage (P &lt; 0.01) when offered the same three tannin-rich shrubs than when offered the saponin-rich shrub Hedera helix in Exp. 4 (25.4 vs. 8.0 g/kg BW). However, goats offered a mixture of the same three tannin-rich shrubs consumed less foliage (P &lt; 0.01) than goats offered a mixture of two shrubs containing tannins and saponins (Exp. 5 – 7): Quercus and Hedera (21.6 vs. 27.1 g/kg BW), Arbutus and Hedera (21.8 vs. 27.1 g/kg BW), and Pistacia and Hedera (19.7 vs. 22.0 g/kg BW). Comparison of intake of shrubs containing only tannins (Exp. 1, 2, and 3) or saponins (Exp. 4) to intake of shrubs containing both tannins and saponins (Exp. 5, 6, and 7) indicated goats consumed more total biomass (P &lt; 0.01) when fed shrubs with both classes of compounds than with either tannins or saponins alone. Our results suggest goats can increase intake of Mediterranean shrubs high in secondary compounds by selecting those with different classes of phytotoxins. Simultaneous ingestion of shrubs containing tannins and saponins may promote chemical interactions that inhibit toxic effects of these phytotoxins in the intestinal tract. In addition to complementary interactions between tannins and saponins, biological diversity within Mediterranean maquis vegetation also plays a positive role in increasing shrub intake by goats.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2082</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, Osvaldo E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, Robert B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determinants of biodiversity change: ecological tools for building scenarios</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biodiversity losses</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biodiversity scenario</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biodiversity, freshwater</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biodiversity, river discharge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem services</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global scenarios</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land-use change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, MA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model, Millenium Ecosystem Assessment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1875-1876</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2105</style></accession-num><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00907</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">//Other//LTER-V//entered 08/15/2007</style></notes><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In File (08/15/2007)</style></reprint-edition><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1399</style></label></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tartowski, S.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmidt, S.M.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutrient cycling within an arid ecosystem</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem. The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cycling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jornada</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nutrient</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">semiarid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-057.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133-149</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In arid and semiarid lands, soil erosion by wind is an important process that affects both the surface features and the biological potential of the ecosystem. The eolian flux of soil nutrients into or out of an ecosystem results in enrichment or impoverishment of its biological potential. In the Jornada Basin, wind erosion is the only significant mechanism for the net loss of soil materials because fluvial processes do not remove materials from the basin. Vigorous wind erosion leads to topographic changes, altering the growing conditions for plants and animals. Examples of such changes in topography are the formation of sand dunes or the removal of whole soil horizons. Our goal in this chapter is to describe the construction of a mathematical model for wind erosion and dust production for the Jornada Basin. The model attempts to answer the following questions:1. Which soils are affected by wind erosion?2. How does wind erosion occur on Jornada soils?3. Does changing vegetation cover lead to a change in the source/sink relationship? 4. Is the Jornada a source or sink of eolian materials? If it is a source, what materials are lost?5. How does wind erosion change the soil-forming process?</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2140</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sedillo, R.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucero, M.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrow, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reyes-Vera, I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">What does an endophyte look like? Endophyte profiles of native grasses and shrubs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wildland Shrub Symposium Proceedings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">endophytes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant tissues</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 6-8, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cedar City, UT</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obligate fungal endophytes often defy detection and isolation by conventional microbiology techniques.  Staining methods, including the use of trypan blue and sudan IV have effectively detected endophytes in plant tissues.  However, stains fail to distinguish one fungal endophyte from another, thus obscuring the complexity of plant-endophyte communities. We have successfully separated fungal and plant ribosomal DNA sequences by amplifying plant-extracted DNA with polymerase chain reactions, then separating similar sequences with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE).  The resulting electrophoregrams produce specific bands unique for each organism present in a specific plant-endophyte community.  DGGE also permits detection of bacterial endophytes.  Here we compare the diversity of endophytes populations from in vitro cultures of eight Chihuahuan desert grasses and shrubs.  These profiles illustrate the complexity of plant systems previously thought of as single organisms.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2184</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A. Serna-Perez</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monger, H. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murray, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon dioxide emissions from exhumed petrocalcic horizons</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil Science Society of America Journal; Pedology, Forest Range and Wildland Soils</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CO2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emissions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">exhumed petrocalcic horizons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IRGA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedogenic carbonate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soils</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://soil.scijournals.org/cgi/reprint/70/3/795?maxtoshow=&amp;HITS=10&amp;hits=10&amp;RESULTFORMAT=&amp;andorexacttitle=and&amp;andorexacttitleabs=and&amp;andorexactfulltext=and&amp;searchid=1&amp;FIRSTINDEX=0&amp;sortspec=relevance&amp;volume=70&amp;firstpage=795&amp;resourcetype=HWCIT</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">795-805</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The second largest pool of terrestrial carbon is pedogenic CaCO3. In addition to being an important sink of atmospheric CO2, pedogenic carbonate has the potential to be an important source of atmospheric CO2. The cemented form of pedogenic carbonate (the petrocalcic horizon) develops in geomorphically stable soil in arid, semiarid, and various subhumid climates. In many of these dryland areas, such as the Chihuahuan Desert of North America, erosion has stripped away overlying soil and exhumed the petrocalcic horizon, thereby lifting it into a weathering zone above the calcification zone where it normally forms. This research tested the hypothesis that Aridisols with exhumed petrocalcic horizons will emit more CO2 than neighboring noneroded Aridisols with petrocalcic horizons or neighboring Entisols. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the amount of CO2 and the delta 13C of CO2 released from the three soil types. Using a randomized complete block design, CO2 emissions were measured using NaOH and soda lime traps from June 2002 to October 2003. Neither NaOH traps nor soda lime traps detected any statistical difference in cumulative CO2 emissions from the three soil types at the P = 0.05 level. Moreover, the isotopic analysis of CO2 did not match the isotopic values of pedogenic carbonate nor were there any statistical differences (p = 0.05) in delta 13C of CO2 among the three soil types. We conclude, therefore, that exhumed petrocalcic horizons are not actively emitting CO2 at a rate significantly greater than adjacent soils; and thus, carbon stored in petrocalcic horizons can be considered a recalcitrant reservoir within the decadal timeframe pertinent to carbon sequestration policies.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2192</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snyder, K.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tartowski, S.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multi-scale temporal variation in water availability: implications for vegetation dynamics in arid and semi-arid ecosystems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water availabililty</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&amp;_imagekey=B6WH9-4H1004J-2-9&amp;_cdi=6845&amp;_user=1496926&amp;_orig=browse&amp;_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2006&amp;_sk=999349997&amp;view=c&amp;wchp=dGLbVtz-zSkWA&amp;md5=dbb90b817b065a5a920866d5b153833b&amp;ie=/sdarticle.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">219-234</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The objective of this paper is to illustrate the importance of variation in water availability to temporal variation in vegetation dynamics. We hypothesize that fine-scale pulses of precipitation interact with longer-scale variation in climate and weather to generate temporal variation in plant community composition. Arid and semiarid regions exhibit a high degree of temporal variability in water availability as a result of variation in climate and weather at multiple scales and vegetation-soil water feedbacks. The scales of variation include: shifting climate regimes over centuries and decades, inter-annual variation in weather patterns, seasonal differences in winter and summer precipitation, and within-season variability in precipitation frequency and magnitude.  In arid and semiarid regions pulses of rainfall are separated by intervening dry periods of variable lengths. This results in fluctuating availability of water that limits plant production and controls other ecological processes, such as rates of nutrient cycling. In many semiarid and arid systems, temporal variation in water availability may create positive feedbacks that facilitate encroachment of C3 woody plant species into areas formerly dominated by C4 grasses. Our ability to predict these complex shifts in vegetation composition may be improved by including temporal variation in climate, weather, and ecosystem processes.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2267</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snyder, K.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tartowski, S.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrub-grass transitions and multiscale temporal variation in water availability</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium on the Natural Resources of the Chihuahuan Desert Region</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiscale</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shrub-grass transitions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temporal variation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water availability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desert regions in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico exhibit a high degree of temporal variability in water availability with important consequences for transitions between grasslands and shrublands. This temporal variability is a result of: shifting climate regimes over centuries and decades, interannual variation in weather patterns, seasonal differences in the nature of winter and summer precipitation, within-season variability in precipitation frequency and magnitude, and feedbacks between vegetation and soil water.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2266</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ProCite field[28]: November 1, 2004ProCite field[29]: May 13, 2006</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snyder, K.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitchell, K.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havstad, K.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huenneke, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlesinger, W.H.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patterns and Controls of Soil Water in the Jornada Basin</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem: The Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Site</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahuan Desert</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jornada Basin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LTER</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">synthesis book</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliography/06-056.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford University Press</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York, NY</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107-132</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This chapter focuses on the controls and patterns of soil moisture in the Jornada Basin. First, we describe general properties that commonly contribute to soil water heterogeneity; secondly, we offer a brief overview of soil water research in the Jornada Basin; and lastly, we describe specific patterns of soil water content and availability observed in the Jornada Basin. Our goal is to describe general patterns of soil water that are likely to occur across the Chihuahuan Desert region.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2264</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tartowski, S.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rango, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Restoration of spatial heterogeneity and ecohydrological processes in deserts: Development of artificial islands of hydrologically-enhanced productivity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Geophysical Union</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">echohydrological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">heterogeneity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrologically-enhanced</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 11-15, </style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></number><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Francisco, CA</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">H13A-135B</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temporal and spatial heterogeneity in biological productivity, from the scale of plants to landscapes, is characteristic of arid and semi-arid ecosystems. The processes which control the formation of resource islands and determine the size, shape, longevity and distribution of resource islands across the landscape are influenced by climate, topography, soils and biota. The installation of water retention dikes (7.5-30 cm tall, 50-150 m long) at the Jornada Experimental Range (3-6 dikes/site at 4 sites) in the Chihuahuan Desert from 1975-1981 enabled us to test whether increased surface water retention was sufficient to initiate the formation of islands of enhanced resource availability and biological productivity. Compared to nearby reference areas, soil moisture was 20-45% higher behind dikes. Clay and silt soil fractions tended to be greater behind the dikes, though the detailed pattern depended upon the local site conditions. Soil aggregate stability was higher and saturated infiltration rates were up to 80% lower behind the dikes. Vegetation cover behind the dikes was more than twice that in nearby reference areas. Plant species richness was up to 4 times greater behind the dikes. Mesquite (Prosopis spp.) and unpalatable shrubs were less dominant behind the dikes, while cover of small shrubs, grasses and forbs was greater than in reference areas. Rehabilitation of degraded arid ecosystems often entails the restoration of spatial heterogeneity and the creation of islands of concentrated resources. Artificial water retention structures can mimic natural processes that reduce surface water flow rates, allowing more time for infiltration, and can initiate formation of islands of increased resource availability and increased biological productivity. The effects of these water retention dikes persisted for up to 30 years without maintenance.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2340</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tugel, A.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, J.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrews, S.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hipple, K.W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterizing soil change within the human time scale for resource assessment and prediction</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18th World Congress of Soil Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prediction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">time scale</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 9-15, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philadelphia, PA</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paper No. 16-4</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knowledge of soil conditions and the ability to predict soil response to changes in climate and management are essential for strategic resource planning and assessment at local, regional and global scales. Soil and its dynamic interactions as an ecosystem component, including anthropogenic impacts, must be characterized in order to portray causes and effects necessary to make useful predictions of future soil responses. There is sufficient expertise to achieve this goal, although it is fragmented and exists in a variety of disciplines including, among others, geomorphology, terrestrial, community and landscape ecology, ecophysiology, climatology, pedology, agronomy, range sciences, and forestry. Key processes involved in soil change are the transfer of energy and matter among communities within a landscape; feedbacks between the biotic and abiotic components; spatial and temporal patterning that reflects self-reorganization; and the threshold response within these processes that drives change in the system. The goal of this paper is to present necessary elements for integrated approaches to characterize soil change as one step toward multi-use enhancements of soil survey databases. The elements include the human time scale, attributes of soil change, disturbance impacts on ecological, pedogenic, and geomorphic processes, function-based soil resistance and resilience and non-equilibrium models.  The human time scale should be defined on the basis of past human impacts on the land within the current climatic regime and likely periods of recovery, with respect to processes. Most generally stated, the human time scale covers decades to centuries. The current climate governs the geomorphic processes that are shaping or preserving the landscape today. Consequently, time zero of the human time scale should be no earlier than the beginning of the most recent episode of climatically-controlled landscape development, roughly 300-3000 years ago, even though human impacts may have occurred prior to that time. Because of the emphasis on geomorphic processes, this period differs from the Anthropocene. Predictions of soil response to management over the human time scale also require a time limit in the future. Some have proposed a management time period of decades based on common agricultural enterprise. However, the time frame of recovery must be included and it may be periods of centuries in arid and semi-arid systems where recovery of nutrients is slow and landscape aggradation and degradation processes are active. Data collection to characterize soil and its dynamic interactions within agricultural and non-agricultural ecosystems should be based on concepts that reflect change, metrics that can be measured or modeled, and conceptual models that represent biotic-abiotic interactions. Soil change is temporal variation in soil properties at a given location. Metapedogenesis provides a schematic representation of human impacts on pedogenesis and is designed to help organize research and long-term studies. Processes and concepts essential for characterizing soil change, which this author identifies as attributes of soil change, include state variables (dynamic soil properties), time changeability, reversibility, trends, rates, drivers, thresholds, and pathways of change. These attributes need to be quantified and used to calculate other function-based metrics, including resistance and resilience, which are vital parameters for sound resource management. The state and transition model as applied to rangeland ecosystems is capable of capturing non-equilibrium and non-linear dynamics of the effects of disturbances, such as management or climate change on plant-soil interactions. The state and transition model can provide a tool to organize soil-plant-disturbance information for both improved decision making at a wide variety of scales and generating research. It can also be used to illustrate and help define metrics for soil change attributes and function-based soil interpretations.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2396</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tugel, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ward, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrick, J.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biggam, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seybold, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remmenga, M.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benham, E.C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bestelmeyer, B.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moore, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guidelines for sampling for dynamic soil properties for soil survey updates</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Western Society of Soil Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">guidelines</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil survey</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 19-23, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Park City, UT</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dynamic soil property data can be collected during soil survey updates to add value to soil survey products and meet users’ needs. Producers and land managers need information about soil and ecosystem change in order to plan for long-term productivity, conduct monitoring and assessments and predict management effects on soil. Data collection technologies that can be used in the soil survey program are, however, not fully developed. NRCS is now developing guidelines in cooperation with the Agricultural Research Service Jornada Experimental Range, National Park Service, Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. This poster describes the steps for designing dynamic soil properties projects.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2392</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utsumi, S.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cibils, A.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soto-Navarro, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ross, T.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivey, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peterson, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biacomini, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cox, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubio, M./</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One Seed Juniper Intake by Sheep and Goats Supplemented with Degradable or By-Pass Protein</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14th Wildland Shrub Symposium</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ewes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">goats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">juniper</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prescribed burn</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 6-8, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suppression of one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma Englem. Sarg.) re-invasion into previously cleared woodlands is an increasingly challenging endeavor for New Mexico ranchers. Prescribed burn regulations are becoming more stringent, herbicide application is often costly, and demands by the general public to conduct management perceived as being environment-friendly are increasing rapidly. Prescribed grazing with sheep and goats is an alternative suppression method that could be used within the land management constraints described above. A successful prescribed grazing plan, however, may depend on identifying times of the year when juniper terpenoid levels are less likely to deter herbivory and may be contingent on the use of supplements to help animals detoxify terpenes and boost intake. We conducted a pen experiment with sheep and goats to determine if individual juniper intake varied seasonally (summer, fall or winter) or was affected by the amount and kind of crude protein (CP) in the diet. Twelve Ramboullet ewes and 12 Spanish-Boer goats were offered a basal diet of sudangrass hay with either no protein added (Control diet: 5% CP), or with soybean meal (degradable CP: DCP) or fishmeal (by-pass CP: BPCP) to achieve two treatment diets with 12.5 % CP each. Diets were offered at 1.6% of body weight (BW) to each animal for 10 days during each season. Overnight fasting (10 h) was applied prior to juniper browsing trials that were conducted during the morning hours. Juniper trials consisted of a 30 min feeding bout on juniper branches (175g) attached to wooden stands (0.8 m height). Juniper intake (± 1 g) was calculated as the difference between pre- and post- trial juniper biomass corrected by the water loss of 5 control juniper stands. Juniper intake per unit of BW (JI) varied among herbivore species and was greater for goats than sheep (Goats: 0.54g kgBW-1 vs. Sheep: 0.23g kgBW-1). JI varied among diets and was highest for animals receiving the DCP (0.5g kgBW-1) and BPCP (0.41g kgBW-1) supplements and lowest for control animals (0.25g kgBW-1). JI also varied among seasons and was highest in winter (0.54g kgBW-1), intermediate in summer (0.38g kgBW-1) and lowest during the fall (0.23g kgBW-1). Sheep and, especially, goats could be used in prescribed grazing programs to suppress juniper re-invasion. Greater suppression could be expected from goats browsing during winter, provided that protein levels are sufficient to allow animals to detoxify terpenoids.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2426</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utsumi, S.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cibils, A.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Y.F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of plant material handling protocols on terpenoid profiles of one-seed Juniper saplings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gas chromatography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">handling protocols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">one seed juniper</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">terpenoids</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-pdf&amp;doi=10.2111%2F06-010R1.1</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">668-673</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Accurate estimation of one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma (Englem). Sarg.) intake by goats and sheep often requires harvesting, transporting, and storing plant material that is later used in pen experiments. Such manipulation could alter terpenoid profiles and modify herbivory levels significantly. We used gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to analyze the terpenoid profile of the ethanol extract of leaves of small and large one-seed juniper saplings subjected to three different handling protocols. Plant materials were either: a) placed on dry ice after clipping and then at -80º C until analysis (Control); b) stored at ambient temperature during the first 24 hours and then frozen; or c) stored at ambient temperature during the first 24 hours, and then stored at 8ºC for 3 weeks. Juniper saplings contained a mixture of 51 terpenoids, three of which were unknown compounds. Only 14 terpenoids accounted for 95% of the total volatiles extracted. Alpha-pinene was the most abundant compound, accounting for 65% of total terpenoid concentration. Total terpenoid content did not differ among handling protocol treatments (Control: 21,682.19 ±1,424.72 'g g-1 DM; Frozen after 24 h: 19,553.63 ±1,081.88 'g g-1 DM; Refrigerated for three weeks: 18,799.89 ±1,126.03 'g g-1 DM). Handling protocols appeared to induce only slight variations in a small number of minor terpenes. We detected large among-plant variation in terpenoid profiles that was not fully explained by sapling size. This study suggests that juniper feeding trials can be simplified using plant material stored at 8ºC for three weeks without significant alteration of terpenoid profiles. Among-plant variation in chemical composition, however, must be considered in pen feeding trials.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2432</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utsumi, S.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cibils, A.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soto-Navarro, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ross, T.T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivey, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Giacomini, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peterson, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cox, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubio, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One Seed Juniper Intake by Sheep and Goats Supplemented with Degradable or By-Pass Protein</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Mexico Section Range Science Winter Meetings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">goats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">juniper</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">protein</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sheep</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 12-13, 2</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Las Cruces, NM</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Re-invasion of one seed juniper previously cleared woodlands is a concern of range managers throughout the southwestern United States. Prescribed browsing with sheep and goats could be used as a juniper control method. Success with this tool may depend on improving the herbivore’s ability to detoxify plant terpenoids in order to induce levels of herbivory that are likely to suppress juniper growth and recruitment. Our objective was to test the effect of two kinds of protein supplementation on juniper consumption by sheep and goats. One seed juniper intake was compared in sheep and goats fed diets varying in amount and quality of crude protein during three seasons (summer, fall, and winter). Goats consumed significantly more juniper than ewes and protein supplements more than doubled juniper intake by both sheep and goats. Goats aggressively defoliated juniper branches, while sheep consumed leaves in a more selective manner. In summary, sheep and goats have potential for use to suppress juniper sapling encroachment. Goats consumed more juniper and protein supplements had a stronger influence on juniper intake of goats.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JRN2425</style></accession-num><custom7><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></custom7></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utsumi, S.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cibils, A.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, R.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soto-Navarro, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep and goat grazing as a tool to mange encroachment of one-seed juniper (&lt;i&gt;Juniperus monosperma&lt;/i&gt; Engelm. Sarg.)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">III Simposium Internacional de Pastizales</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">goat</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sheep</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">uniper</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 9-11, 200</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chihuahua, Mexico</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</st
